an economic, political, and social system in which property, business, and industry are privately owned, directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful organizations and people
نظام سرمایه داری
capitalism
cap‧i‧tal‧is‧m /ˈkæpətl-ɪzəm, ˈkæpɪtl-ɪzəm/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
an economic and political system in which businesses belong mostly to private owners, not to the government ⇨ communism, socialism
capitalism
cap·it·al·ism [capitalism] [ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] [ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] noun uncountable
an economic system in which a country's businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government
• the growth of industrial capitalism in the West
compare socialism
Example Bank:
• He predicted the fall of world capitalism.
• He was one of the leading advocates of laissez-faire capitalism.
• She deplored unbridled capitalism as much as communism.
• a protest against global capitalism
• a study of the development of agriculture under capitalism
capitalism / ˈkæp.ɪ.t ə l.ɪ.z ə m / / -t̬ ə l- / noun [ U ]
C2 an economic, political, and social system in which property, business, and industry are privately owned, directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful organizations and people
→ Compare communism , socialism
capitalism
[kæ̱pɪtəlɪzəm]
N-UNCOUNT
Capitalism is an economic and political system in which property, business, and industry are owned by private individuals and not by the state.
...the two fundamentally opposed social systems, capitalism and socialism.
capitalism
cap·i·tal·ism /ˈkæpətəˌlɪzəm/ noun [noncount] : a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government - compare communism, socialism
the need for something
ضرورت، مورد نیاز
You can come early if you want to, but there's no necessity for it.
necessity
noun (plural necessities)
something that you must have:
Food and clothes are necessities of life.
necessity
ne‧ces‧si‧ty /nəˈsesəti, nɪˈsesəti/ BrE AmE noun (plural necessities)
[Word Family: noun: ↑necessity, the necessaries, the necessary; verb: ↑necessitate; adverb: ↑necessarily ≠ ↑unnecessarily; adjective: ↑necessary ≠ ↑unnecessary]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: necessité, from Latin necessitas, from necesse; ⇨ ↑necessary]
1. [countable] something that you need to have in order to live OPP luxury:
She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.
A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
the basic/bare necessities
A lot of families cannot even afford to buy the basic necessities of life.
2. [uncountable] when something is necessary
necessity for
He emphasized the necessity for good planning and management.
the necessity of (doing) something
This illustrates the necessity of keeping accurate records of your work.
Many teachers are now questioning the necessity of formal exams.
through/out of necessity
He only remained with the group out of necessity.
economic/practical/political etc necessity
I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity.
3. [countable] something that must happen, even if it is unpleasant:
Taxes are a regrettable necessity.
4. of necessity formal used when something happens in a particular way because that is the only possible way it can happen:
Many of the jobs are, of necessity, temporary.
5. necessity is the mother of invention used to say that if someone really needs to do something, they will find a way of doing it
necessity
ne·ces·sity [necessity necessities] [nəˈsesəti] [nəˈsesəti] noun
1. uncountable the fact that sth must happen or be done; the need for sth
• ~ (for sth) We recognize the necessity for a written agreement.
• ~ (of sth/of doing sth) We were discussing the necessity of employing more staff.
• ~ (for sb) to do sth There had never been any necessity for her to go out to work.
• There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved.
• This is, of necessity, a brief and incomplete account.
2. countable a thing that you must have and cannot manage without
• Many people cannot even afford basic necessities such as food and clothing.
• Air-conditioning is an absolute necessity in this climate.
3. countable, usually singular a situation that must happen and that cannot be avoided
• Living in London, he felt, was an unfortunate necessity.
more at make a virtue of necessity at virtue
Idiom: necessity is the mother of invention
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from Old French necessite, from Latin necessitas, from necesse ‘be needful’.
Example Bank:
• Culling of the animals was born out of the necessity for successful conservation.
• Driven by financial necessity, she decided to give up her writing career.
• Food is a necessity of life.
• He argued that nuclear weapons were a political necessity.
• He is changing job out of necessity, not because he particularly wants to.
• I've never felt the necessity to rely on such a strict rule.
• Most disputes can be resolved without the necessity of going to court.
• Most of the women are forced, through economic necessity, to work in part-time low-paid jobs.
• Mrs R has been spared the necessity of having to give evidence.
• Necessity forced an urgent solution.
• Observers stressed the necessity for the ceasefire to be observed.
• Policies which address these issues are an urgent necessity.
• She saw the necessity to make an immediate impression on him.
• Sleep is an absolute necessity for life.
• The company sees no necessity for a more cautious approach to investment.
• The people in the rural areas use mud bricks only as an immediate, practical necessity.
• The visit will, of necessity, be brief.
• There's no necessity for you to come.
• These animals don't like water but will swim if the necessity arises.
• They have accepted the necessity of greater state intervention.
• They have nothing but the barest necessities.
• This rule is carried no farther than necessity requires.
• Where necessity demands, we can seat more guests in the gallery.
• You can dial direct without the necessity of going through the operator.
• the necessity to earn a living
• Living in London he felt, was an unfortunate necessity.
necessity / nəˈses.ɪ.ti / / -ə.t̬i / noun
C1 [ U ] the need for something:
You can come early if you want to, but there's no necessity for it.
[ + to infinitive ] Is there any necessity to reply to her letter?
The report stresses the necessity of eat ing plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
With a personal fortune of six million pounds, she certainly doesn't work out of necessity (= because she needs to) .
We'll employ extra staff to help out as and when the necessity arises (= when we need to) .
C1 [ C ] something that you need, especially in order to live:
We brought only the bare necessities with us.
He regarded music as one of life's necessities.
necessity
[nɪse̱sɪti]
necessities
1) N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp The necessity of something is the fact that it must happen or exist.
There is agreement on the necessity of reforms...
As soon as the necessity for action is over the troops must be withdrawn...
Most women, like men, work from economic necessity...
Some people have to lead stressful lifestyles out of necessity.
●
PHRASE: usu PHR before v, PHR n/adj/adv If you say that something is of necessity the case, you mean that it is the case because nothing else is possible or practical in the circumstances. [FORMAL]
The assembly line of necessity kept moving...
Negotiations between the enemies are of necessity indirect.
Syn:
inevitably
2) N-COUNT A necessity is something that you must have in order to live properly or do something.
Water is a basic necessity of life.
...food, fuel and other daily necessities.
Syn:
essential
Ant:
luxury
3) N-COUNT: usu sing A situation or action that is a necessity is necessary and cannot be avoided.
The President pleaded that strong rule from the centre was a regrettable, but temporary necessity.
necessity
ne·ces·si·ty /nɪˈsɛsəti/ noun, pl -ties
1 [count] : something that you must have or do : something that is necessary
• Sunscreen is an absolute necessity for the beach.
• food, clothes, and other basic necessities
• Getting plenty of rest is a necessity.
• Without a car, living close to work is a necessity.
• All we took with us on our hiking trip were the bare necessities.
• Many families cannot even afford the basic/bare necessities of life. [=things that a person must have in order to survive]
2 [noncount] formal : the quality of being necessary - usually + of or for
• She talked about the necessity of having the right training. [=she said that having the right training is necessary]
• He questioned the necessity for the change. [=he questioned whether the change was necessary]
by necessity or out of necessity : because of conditions that cannot be changed
• The process is by necessity a slow one. [=the process is necessarily slow; the slowness of the process cannot be avoided]
• He works two jobs out of necessity. [=because it is necessary]
make a virtue (out) of necessity
- see virtue
necessity is the mother of invention
- see 1mother
of necessity formal
- used to say that something must happen or must be the way it is
• Further changes to the company will occur of necessity.
a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is
موقعیت، شرایط، اوضاع و احوال
I think she coped very well under the circumstances.
circumstance
cir‧cum‧stance S2 W1 AC /ˈsɜːkəmstæns, -stəns $ ˈsɜːr-/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin circumstantia, from circumstare 'to stand around', from circum- (CIRCUM-) + stare 'to stand']
1. [countable usually plural] the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc:
The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.
I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
in ... circumstances
The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances.
under ... circumstances
Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances.
2. under no circumstances (also in no circumstances British English) used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen:
Under no circumstances are you to go out.
3. under/given the circumstances (also in the circumstances British English) used to say that a particular situation makes an action, decision etc necessary, acceptable, or true when it would not normally be:
It’s the best result that could be expected under the circumstances.
4. [uncountable] formal the combination of facts, events etc that influence your life, and that you cannot control:
He was a victim of circumstance.
5. circumstances [plural] formal the conditions in which you live, especially how much money you have
economic/financial/personal etc circumstances
Whether or not you qualify for a loan will depend on your financial circumstances.
people living in difficult social circumstances
in reduced circumstances old-fashioned (=with much less money than you used to have)
⇨ pomp and circumstance at ↑pomp
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adjectives
▪ in/under certain circumstances (=if particular conditions exist) In certain circumstances you may be refused a visa.
▪ exceptional/special circumstances The court may allow this evidence in exceptional circumstances.
▪ normal circumstances In normal circumstances, a child’s language will develop naturally.
▪ particular circumstances (=special or specific) There may be particular circumstances in which this rule will not apply.
▪ difficult circumstances Many teachers are doing a very good job under difficult circumstances.
▪ suspicious circumstances (=making you think something illegal has happened) Officers said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding his death.
▪ mysterious circumstances (=strange or suspicious) One of their colleagues had vanished in mysterious circumstances.
▪ unusual circumstances There were several unusual circumstances that night.
▪ unforeseen circumstances (=that you did not realize would happen) The tragedy was the result of a series of unforeseen circumstances.
▪ tragic circumstances (=extremely sad and unfortunate) Both parents had died in tragic circumstances.
▪ extenuating/mitigating circumstances (=conditions that make it reasonable for someone to break the rules or law) Hunger and poverty are not treated by the courts as extenuating circumstances.
■ phrases
▪ a set/combination of circumstances This was a very unusual set of circumstances.
▪ the circumstances surrounding something Police are investigating the circumstances surrounding the accident.
▪ due to circumstances beyond sb’s control Occasionally flights are cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
circumstance
cir·cum·stance AW [circumstance circumstances] [ˈsɜːkəmstəns] [ˈsɜːkəmstɑːns] [ˈsɜːkəmstæns] [ˈsɜːrkəmstæns] noun
1. countable, usually plural the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action
• The company reserves the right to cancel this agreement in certain circumstances.
• changing social and political circumstances
• I know I can trust her in any circumstance.
• Police said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the boy's death.
• The ship sank in mysterious circumstances.
• She never discovered the true circumstances of her birth.
2. circumstances plural the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have
• Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.
• family/domestic/personal circumstances
3. uncountable (formal) situations and events that affect and influence your life and that are not in your control
• a victim of circumstance (= a person who has suffered because of a situation that they cannot control)
• He had to leave the country through force of circumstance (= events made it necessary).
• We were simply thrown together by circumstance on the long journey.
more at pomp and circumstance at pomp, reduced circumstances at reduce
Idioms: in no circumstances ▪ in the circumstances
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French circonstance or Latin circumstantia, from circumstare ‘encircle, encompass’, from circum ‘around’ + stare ‘stand’.
Thesaurus:
circumstance noun C, usually pl.
• She did the job very well in the circumstances.
conditions • • situation • • position • • the case • • state of affairs • |informal, especially spoken things •
in the/a circumstances/particular situation/position/state of affairs
the general/current/present/real circumstances/conditions/situation/position/state of affairs
sb's economic/financial/social circumstances/conditions/situation/position
describe/explain the circumstances/situation/position/state of affairs/things
Circumstances or conditions? Circumstances refers to sb's financial situation; conditions refers to things such as food, shelter, or the working environment. The circumstances that affect an event are the facts surrounding it; the conditions are usually physical things, such as the weather.
Synonyms:
situation
circumstances • position • conditions • things • the case • state of affairs
These are all words for the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect the way things are.
situation • all the things that are happening at a particular time and in a particular place: ▪ the present economic situation
circumstances • the facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action; the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have: ▪ The ship sank in mysterious circumstances.
position • the situation that sb is in, especially when it affects what they can and cannot do: ▪ She felt she was in a position of power.
conditions • the circumstances in which people live, work or do things; the physical situation that affects how sth happens: ▪ We were forced to work outside in freezing conditions.
circumstances or conditions?
Circumstances refers to sb's financial situation; conditions are things such as the quality and amount of food or shelter they have. The circumstances that affect an event are the facts surrounding it; the conditions that affect it are usually physical ones, such as the weather.
things • (rather informal) the general situation, as it affects sb: ▪ Hi, Jane! ▪ How are things? ◊ ▪ Think things over before you decide.
the case • the true situation: ▪ If that is the case ▪ (= if the situation described is true) ▪, we need more staff.
state of affairs • a situation: ▪ How did this unhappy state of affairs come about?
situation or state of affairs?
State of affairs is mostly used with this. It is also used with adjectives describing how good or bad a situation is, such as happy, sorry, shocking, sad and unhappy, as well as those relating to time, such as present and current. Situation is much more frequent and is used in a wider variety of contexts.
in (a) particular situation/circumstances/position/state of affairs
the/sb's economic/financial/social situation/circumstances/position/conditions
(a/an) happy/unhappy situation/circumstances/position/state of affairs
to look at/review the situation/circumstances/conditions/things
Example Bank:
• Due to unforeseen circumstances, we have had to reschedule the concert.
• He died in tragic circumstances.
• He was a writer living in straitened circumstances.
• He was simply a victim of circumstance.
• His sentence was reduced because of the extenuating circumstances.
• I felt that circumstances were conspiring against me.
• In normal circumstances I would let you use my car, but today I need it.
• In the circumstances, you'd better call the police.
• Only if the circumstances are exceptional will we accept late applications.
• She died in rather suspicious circumstances.
• The amount paid will vary according to circumstances.
• The bank will investigate the circumstances surrounding the robbery.
• The delays were due to circumstances beyond our control.
• The plan might work better with more favourable/favorable circumstances.
• The survivors ate plants and insects by force of circumstance.
• Under no circumstances should you leave the door unlocked.
• We lost our position in the market due to a combination of circumstances.
• an unfortunate set of circumstances that made her life difficult
• life in the changing economic circumstances of China
• people facing adverse circumstances
• the tragic circumstances of his early life
• Don't open the door, in any circumstances.
• Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.
• He had to leave the country through force of circumstance.
• Police said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the boy's death.
• Under the circumstances, it seemed better not to tell him about the accident.
circumstance / ˈsɜː.kəm.stɑːns / / ˈsɝː.kəm.stæns / noun
B2 [ C usually plural ] a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is:
I think she coped very well under the circumstances.
Obviously we can't deal with the problem until we know all the circumstances.
She died in suspicious circumstances.
We oppose capital punishment in/under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances should you (= you should not) approach the man.
The meeting has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
[ U ] formal events that change your life, over which you have no control:
They were victims of circumstance.
We were obliged to go by force of circumstance.
circumstances how much money someone has:
Grants are available depending on your circumstances.
By now she was alone and living in reduced circumstances (= with little money) .
circumstance
[sɜ͟ː(r)kəmstæns]
circumstances
1) N-COUNT: usu pl, with supp The circumstances of a particular situation are the conditions which affect what happens.
Recent opinion polls show that 60 percent favor abortion under certain circumstances...
The strategy was too dangerous in the explosive circumstances of the times...
I wish we could have met under happier circumstances.
2) N-PLURAL: with supp, oft the N of n The circumstances of an event are the way it happened or the causes of it.
I'm making inquiries about the circumstances of Mary Dean's murder...
Hundreds of people had died there in terrible circumstances during and after the revolution.
3) N-PLURAL: usu with poss Your circumstances are the conditions of your life, especially the amount of money that you have.
...help and support for the single mother, whatever her circumstances...
I wouldn't have expected to find you in such comfortable circumstances.
Syn:
situation
4) N-UNCOUNT Events and situations which cannot be controlled are sometimes referred to as circumstance.
There are those, you know, who, by circumstance, end up homeless...
You might say that we've been victims of circumstance.
5) PHRASE: PHR with cl (emphasis) You can emphasize that something must not or will not happen by saying that it must not or will not happen under any circumstances.
Racism is wholly unacceptable under any circumstances...
She made it clear that under no circumstances would she cancel the trip.
6) PHRASE: PHR with cl You can use in the circumstances or under the circumstances before or after a statement to indicate that you have considered the conditions affecting the situation before making the statement.
Under the circumstances, a crash was unavoidable...
In the circumstances, Paisley's plans looked highly appropriate.
circumstance
cir·cum·stance /ˈsɚkəmˌstæns/ noun, pl -stanc·es
1 [count] : a condition or fact that affects a situation
• I can't imagine a circumstance in/under which I would do that.
- usually plural
• If our business is to survive, we must be able to adapt to changing circumstances.
• It is impossible under these circumstances to meet our deadline.
• Do not, under any circumstances, open that door. = Under no circumstances are you to open that door. [=no matter what happens, do not open that door]
• Due to circumstances beyond our control [=things that have happened that we cannot change or influence], the flight is canceled.
• There is nothing we can do under the circumstances. [=in this specific situation]
• Given the circumstances, I think we did well. [=when you consider how everything went, I think we did well]
2 circumstances [plural] : the way something happens : the specific details of an event
• The circumstances of his death are suspicious.
3 : an event or situation that you cannot control
[noncount]
• She says that her client is a victim of circumstance and should not be blamed for the accident.
[plural]
• He was a victim of circumstances.
4 circumstances [plural] : the conditions in which someone lives
• Their circumstances changed dramatically after she lost her job.
• I don't know anything about his financial circumstances. [=about how much money he has]
• They have been forced to live in reduced circumstances. [=to live with less money]
pomp and circumstance
- see pomp
relating to how people, situations, or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside
بیرونی، ظاهری
The outward appearance of the building has not changed at all in 200 years.
outward
adjective
1 connected with the way things seem to be:
Despite her cheerful outward appearance, she was in fact very unhappy.
2 travelling away from a place that you will return to later:
There were no delays on the outward journey.
outward
out‧ward /ˈaʊtwəd $ -wərd/ BrE AmE adjective
1. [only before noun] relating to how a person or situation seems to be, rather than how it really is OPP inward:
The economy and outward appearance of the area have changed considerably.
His clenched fist was the only outward sign of his anger.
2. outward journey/voyage etc a journey in which you are travelling away from home
3. [only before noun] directed towards the outside or away from a place:
the outward flow of oil
outward
out·ward [ˈaʊtwəd] [ˈaʊtwərd] adjective only before noun
1. connected with the way people or things seem to be rather than with what is actually true
• Mark showed no outward signs of distress.
• She simply observes the outward forms of religion.
• To all outward appearances (= as far as it was possible to judge from the outside) they were perfectly happy.
• There were no outward signs that the house was inhabited.
Opp: inward
2. going away from a particular place, especially one that you are going to return to
• the outward voyage/journey
3. away from the centre or a particular point
• outward movement
• outward investment (= in other countries)
• Managers need to become more outward-looking (= more open to new ideas).
Opp: inward
Word Origin:
[outward] Old English ūtweard (see out-, -ward).
Example Bank:
• To all outward appearances they were perfectly happy.
outward / ˈaʊt.wəd / / -wɚd / adjective [ before noun ] (ON OUTSIDE)
relating to how people, situations, or things seem to be, rather than how they are inside:
The outward appearance of the building has not changed at all in 200 years.
If he is suffering, he certainly shows no outward sign of it.
To all outward appearances everything was fine, but under the surface the marriage was very shaky.
→ Compare inward adjective (INSIDE)
outward
[a͟ʊtwə(r)d]
1) ADJ: ADJ n An outward journey is a journey that you make away from a place that you are intending to return to later.
Tickets must be bought seven days in advance, with outward and return journey dates specified.
Ant:
return
2) ADJ: ADJ n The outward feelings, qualities, or attitudes of someone or something are the ones they appear to have rather than the ones that they actually have.
In spite of my outward calm I was very shaken...
What the military rulers have done is to restore the outward appearance of order.
3) ADJ: ADJ n The outward features of something are the ones that you can see from the outside.
Mark was lying unconscious but with no outward sign of injury.
4) → See also outwards
1out·ward /ˈaʊtwɚd/ adj always used before a noun
1 : of or relating to the way that someone or something looks or seems on the outside
• Despite her outward [=apparent] calm, she was extremely nervous about the interview.
• They showed no outward signs of fear, but they must have been afraid.
• She was waiting for some outward expression of his love.
• To/By/From all outward appearances, their marriage was quite normal.
2 : able to be seen
• He has great outward [=physical] beauty, but is he beautiful on the inside? [=is he a good person?]
• There was no outward [=visible] evidence that the parents abused the child.
• outward symptoms of the disease
3 : moving or directed away from something
• The outward migration of people from the city has hurt the city's economy greatly.
• He made a slight outward movement with his right hand.
- opposite inward
to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral
فاسد کردن، منحرف کردن
The study claimed that violence on television corrupts the minds of children.
II. corrupt2 BrE AmE verb [transitive]
1. to encourage someone to start behaving in an immoral or dishonest way:
Young prisoners are being corrupted by the older, long-term offenders.
2. to change the traditional form of something, such as a language, so that it becomes worse than it was:
The culture has been corrupted by Western influences.
3. to change the information in a computer, so that the computer does not work properly any more:
a virus which corrupts the data on your hard drive
verb
1. transitive ~ sb to have a bad effect on sb and make them behave in an immoral or dishonest way
• He was corrupted by power and ambition.
• the corrupting effects of great wealth
2. transitive, often passive ~ sth to change the original form of sth, so that it is damaged or spoiled in some way
• a corrupted form of Buddhism
3. transitive, intransitive ~ (sth) (computing) to cause mistakes to appear in a computer file, etc. with the result that the information in it is no longer correct
• The program has somehow corrupted the system files.
• corrupted data
• The disk will corrupt if it is overloaded.
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere ‘mar, bribe, destroy’, from cor- ‘altogether’ + rumpere ‘to break’.
corrupt / kəˈrʌpt / verb [ T ] (MAKE BAD)
C1 to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral:
The study claimed that violence on television corrupts the minds of children.
corrupt
[kərʌ̱pt]
corrupts, corrupting, corrupted
1) ADJ-GRADED Someone who is corrupt behaves in a way that is morally wrong, especially by doing dishonest or illegal things in return for money or power.
...to save the nation from corrupt politicians of both parties.
...corrupt police officers...
He had accused three opposition members of corrupt practices.
Ant:
fair, honest, just
Derived words:
corruptly ADV-GRADED ADV with v ...several government officials charged with acting corruptly.
2) VERB: usu passive If someone is corrupted by something, it causes them to become dishonest and unjust and unable to be trusted.
[be V-ed] It is sad to see a man so corrupted by the desire for money and power.
3) VERB To corrupt someone means to cause them to stop caring about moral standards.
[V n] ...warning that television will corrupt us all...
Cruelty depraves and corrupts.
4) VERB: usu passive If something is corrupted, it becomes damaged or spoiled in some way.
[be V-ed] Some of the finer type-faces are corrupted by cheap, popular computer printers...
[be V-ed] They can ensure that traditional cuisines are not totally corrupted by commercial practices.
[V-ed] ...corrupted data.
1cor·rupt /kəˈrʌpt/ verb -rupts; -rupt·ed; -rupt·ing
1 : to cause (someone or something) to become dishonest, immoral, etc.
[+ obj]
• He believes that violence on television and film is corrupting our children. [=teaching bad beliefs and behaviors to our children]
• a politician corrupted by greed
• music that corrupts the morals of children
• corrupting the country's legal system
[no obj]
• the corrupting influence/effects of power
2 [+ obj] : to change (something) so that it is less pure or valuable
• He's convinced that the Internet is corrupting [=ruining] the English language.
• Their idealism has been corrupted by cynicism.
3 [+ obj] : to change (a book, computer file, etc.) from the correct or original form
• The file has been corrupted and no longer works properly.
• corrupted databases/files
• a corrupted version of the ancient text
- cor·rupt·er noun, pl -ers [count]
• a corrupter of our nation's youth
- cor·rupt·ibil·i·ty /kəˌrʌptəˈbɪləti/ noun [noncount]
- cor·rupt·ible /kəˈrʌptəbəl/ adj [more ~; most ~]
• young people who are easily corruptible
to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage
سواستفاده كردن، بهره بردارى كردن
Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees.
exploit
verb (exploits, exploiting, exploited)
to treat somebody badly to get what you want:
Some employers exploit foreign workers, making them work long hours for low pay.
exploit
I. ex‧ploit1 AC /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ BrE AmE verb [transitive]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: esploit 'result, success', from Latin explicitus, from explicare; ⇨ ↑explicate]
1. to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval:
Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
2. to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:
The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.
3. to use something fully and effectively:
The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
4. to develop and use minerals, forests, oil etc for business or industry:
the urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish Sea
—exploitable adjective
—exploiter noun [countable]
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ use: Do you mind if I use your phone? | They rebuilt the church using local stone. | We use a range of different methods.
▪ make use of something to use something that is available to you: Staff can make use of a wide range of facilities. | She made full use of her contacts within the organization.
▪ employ formal to use a particular method or skill in order to achieve something: The surgeons employed a new technique. | They employed every means at their disposal (=every available method).
▪ utilize formal to use something that is available to you, for a practical purpose: The company has developed a new way to utilize solar energy. | a better way of utilizing the space
▪ exploit to use something as fully and effectively as possible, or to use something that will give you an advantage over your opponent: The country’s natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. | He was quick to exploit any weakness in his opponent’s argument.
▪ apply to use something such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation: New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process. | I wanted to apply the things that I had learned on the course.
▪ draw on something to use information, knowledge, or experience that you have learned in the past: He was able to draw on his own experience as a diplomat when he was writing the book. | Journalists draw on information from many different sources.
▪ resort to something to use violence, force, threats etc as a way of achieving something: Extremists on both sides resort to violence. | We are prepared to resort to force if necessary.
exploit
ex·ploit AW [exploit exploits exploited exploiting] verb, noun
verb [ɪkˈsplɔɪt] ; [ɪkˈsplɔɪt]
1. ~ sth (disapproving) to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself
• He exploited his father's name to get himself a job.
• She realized that her youth and inexperience were being exploited.
• The opposition parties will always exploit government problems to their own advantage.
2. ~ sb (disapproving) to treat sb unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return
• What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people?
3. ~ sth to use sth well in order to gain as much from it as possible
• She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play.
• Teachers should be exploiting computers in education.
4. to develop or use sth for business or industry
• ~ sth No minerals have yet been exploited in Antarctica.
• ~ sth for sth countries exploiting the rainforests for hardwood
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French esploit (noun), based on Latin explicare ‘unfold’, from ex- ‘out’ + plicare ‘to fold’. The early notion of ‘success, progress’ gave rise to the sense ‘attempt to capture’, ‘military expedition’, hence the current sense of the noun. Verb senses (mid 19th cent.) are from modern French exploiter.
Thesaurus:
exploit verb T (usually disapproving)
• Some employers are exploiting immigrants.
disapproving abuse • • use • |formal misuse •
exploit/abuse your position
abuse/misuse drugs/alcohol/solvents
exploit/use sb/sth for your own ends
Example Bank:
• Birds exploit these wind patterns to the fullest.
• Companies are moving in to exploit the natural resources of the area.
• He pursued his own interests, cynically exploiting his privileged position as trustee.
• He was determined to exploit the potential of this new discovery.
• She was eager to exploit her discovery commercially.
• The architect has cleverly exploited new materials and building techniques.
• The company has been successful in exploiting new technology to the full.
• The team were quick to exploit their competitive advantage.
• The workers are ruthlessly exploited by their employers.
• They were quick to exploit the economic possibilities of the situation.
• He exploited his father's name to get himself a job.
• They were hoping to exploit any weaknesses the other team might have.
• This legal loophole has been ruthlessly exploited by many unscrupulous investors.
• What is being done to stop employers from exploiting immigrants?
Derived Word: exploiter
exploit / ɪkˈsplɔɪt / verb [ T ] (USE UNFAIRLY)
B2 to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage:
Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees.
exploit / ɪkˈsplɔɪt / verb [ T ] (USE WELL)
B2 to use something for advantage:
We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.
exploit
exploits, exploiting, exploited
(The verb is pronounced [ɪksplɔ͟ɪt]. The noun is pronounced [e̱ksplɔɪt].)
1) VERB If you say that someone is exploiting you, you think that they are treating you unfairly by using your work or ideas and giving you very little in return.
[V n] Critics claim he exploited black musicians for personal gain.
[V-ed] ...the plight of the exploited sugar cane workers.
Derived words:
exploitation [e̱ksplɔɪte͟ɪʃ(ə)n] N-UNCOUNT Extra payments should be made to protect the interests of the staff and prevent exploitation.
2) VERB (disapproval) If you say that someone is exploiting a situation, you disapprove of them because they are using it to gain an advantage for themselves, rather than trying to help other people or do what is right.
[V n] The government and its opponents compete to exploit the troubles to their advantage.
Derived words:
exploitation N-SING N of n ...the exploitation of the famine by local politicians.
3) VERB If you exploit something, you use it well, and achieve something or gain an advantage from it.
[V n] You'll need a good aerial to exploit the radio's performance...
[V n] Cary is hoping to exploit new opportunities in Europe...
[V n] So you feel that your skills have never been fully appreciated or exploited?
4) VERB To exploit resources or raw materials means to develop them and use them for industry or commercial activities.
[V n] I think we're being very short sighted in not exploiting our own coal.
Derived words:
exploitation N-UNCOUNT usu N of n ...the planned exploitation of its potential oil and natural gas reserves.
5) N-COUNT: usu pl, with poss If you refer to someone's exploits, you mean the brave, interesting, or amusing things that they have done.
His wartime exploits were later made into a film and a television series.
exploit
2ex·ploit /ɪkˈsploɪt/ verb -ploits; -ploit·ed; -ploit·ing [+ obj]
1 : to get value or use from (something)
• He has never fully exploited his talents.
• Top athletes are able to exploit their opponents' weaknesses.
• We need to exploit [=take advantage of] this opportunity/situation.
• exploit natural resources
2 : to use (someone or something) in a way that helps you unfairly
• They were accused of exploiting [=taking advantage of] migrant workers.
• She said the tragedy had been exploited by the media.
- ex·ploit·able /ɪkˈsploɪtəbəl/ adj [more ~; most ~]
• exploitable resources
- ex·ploi·ta·tion /ˌɛkˌsploɪˈteɪʃən/ noun [noncount]
• a victim of exploitation
to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour
کنترل کردن، اداره کردن
You're going to have to learn to control your temper.
control
verb (controls, controlling, controlled )
to make people or things do what you want:
He can't control his dog.
This switch controls the heating.
verb: ↑control; adverb: uncontrollably]
1. MAKE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING DO WHAT YOU WANT [uncountable] the ability or power to make someone or something do what you want or make something happen in the way you want:
The disease robs you of muscle control.
control of/over
Babies are born with very little control over their movements.
Artists like to have some control over where their works are hung in a gallery.
She’s a good teacher who has control of her class.
Students are encouraged to take control of their own learning, rather than just depending on the teacher.
Excessive drinking can make you lose control of your own life.
‘Do you need any help?’ ‘No. It’s under control, thanks.’
Dogs are allowed on the trails if they are kept under control.
The car spun out of control and hit a tree.
Flight delays do occur, for reasons that are outside our control.
2. POWER [uncountable] the power to make the decisions about how a country, place, company etc is organized or what it does:
The press was freed from political control.
control of
Jordan asked for editorial control of the project.
in control (of something)
Anti-government forces are still in control of the area.
By the end of the year, the rebels had control over the northern territories.
The Johnson family has effective control of the company, owning almost 60% of the shares.
China gained control of the island in 1683.
His son is being trained to take control of the family business.
The Democrats lost control of Congress in the last election.
under the control of somebody
The college was under the control of a group of trustees.
The whole of this area came under Soviet control after World War II.
The Conservatives are hoping to regain control of the city council.
3. WAY OF LIMITING SOMETHING [uncountable and countable] an action, method, or law that limits the amount or growth of something, especially something that is dangerous:
pest control
control of
the control of inflation
control on
The authorities imposed strict controls on the movement of cattle.
an agreement on arms control (=control of the amount of weapons a country has)
under control
Firefighters had the blaze under control by 9:44 p.m.
Shea used diet and exercise to bring her weight under control.
The Federal Reserve Bank raised interest rates to keep inflation under control.
rent/price/wage etc controls
Rent controls ensured that no one paid too much for housing.
tight/rigid controls (=strict controls)
the introduction of tighter controls on immigration
Police used fire hoses and dogs for crowd control.
4. ABILITY TO STAY CALM [uncountable] the ability to remain calm even when you feel very angry, upset, or excited:
There were sudden tears in his eyes and he paused, fighting for control.
Davidson lost control of himself and started yelling.
Small children can’t be expected to have the same self-control (=ability to control their emotions and behaviour) as an adult.
under control
Her voice is under control, but she is almost shaking with anger.
in control
I felt calm and in control.
5. MACHINE/VEHICLE [countable] the thing that you press or turn to make a machine, vehicle, television etc work:
the TV remote control
the volume control on the radio
a car with manual controls
at the controls (=controlling a vehicle or aircraft)
Belton, at the controls, made a perfect landing.
6. PEOPLE WHO ORGANIZE AN ACTIVITY [singular, uncountable] the people who direct an activity or who check that something is done correctly, the place where this is done, or the process of doing it:
air-traffic control
Please stop at passport control.
computers used for stock control
7. SCIENTIFIC TEST [countable]
a) a person, group etc against which you compare another person or group that is very similar, in order to see if a particular quality is caused by something or happens by chance
control group/population/sample etc
A control group of non-smoking women was compared to four groups of women smokers.
b) a thing that you already know the result for that is used in a scientific test, in order to show that your method is working correctly ⇨ ↑controlled experiment
8. COMPUTER [singular] (also control key) a particular button on a computer that allows you to do certain operations:
Press control and F2 to exit.
⇨ ↑birth control, ↑quality control, ↑remote control
II. control2 S2 W1 BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle controlled, present participle controlling) [transitive]
[Word Family: adjective: controlling, ↑controllable ≠ ↑uncontrollable, ↑controlled ≠ ↑uncontrolled; noun: ↑control, ↑controller; verb: ↑control; adverb: uncontrollably]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: contreroller 'to keep a copy of an official document in rolled-up form', from Medieval Latin contrarotulare, from contrarotulus 'copy of a roll', from Latin contra- ( ⇨ ↑contra-) + rotulus 'roll']
1. POWER to have the power to make the decisions about how a country, place, company etc is organized or what it does:
The Democrats continued to control the Senate until last year.
a huge company controlling half the world’s coffee trade
Labour-/Republican-/Democrat- etc controlled
2. LIMIT to limit the amount or growth of something, especially something that is dangerous:
a chemical used to control weeds
an economic plan to control inflation
Development in areas of outstanding natural beauty is strictly controlled.
Strict measures were taken to control the spread of foot and mouth disease.
3. MAKE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING DO WHAT YOU WANT to make someone or something do what you want, or make something happen in the way that you want:
Police had to be called in to control the crowds.
a skilled rider controlling a spirited horse
4. EMOTION if you control your emotions, your voice, your expression etc, you succeed in behaving calmly and sensibly, even though you feel angry, upset, or excited:
Sarah took a deep breath, trying to control her anger.
He controlled the urge to laugh.
control yourself
Newman controlled himself with an effort.
5. MACHINE/PROCESS/SYSTEM to make a machine, process, or system work in a particular way:
a radio-controlled toy car
A thermostat controls the temperature in the building.
control how/what/which etc
The valves in the heart control how quickly the blood is pumped around the body.
6. CHECK SOMETHING to make sure that something is done correctly SYN check, monitor:
The company strictly controls the quality of its products.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ control to have power over a country, place, company etc, and decide what happens there: The Democrats controlled the US Congress. | Government forces now control the city.
▪ run to make the important everyday decisions concerning a company, organization, country etc, so that it can continue to operate: He runs a software company in New York. | The parents want to run the school themselves. | The government is unfit to run the country. | The charity runs a medical clinic in one of the poorest parts of the city.
▪ be in charge of somebody/something to have control over something, or responsibility for a group of people: She is in charge of training new employees. | I left him in charge of the children while I was out.
▪ manage to be in charge of a company, especially one that someone else owns: In 1963, she opened a furniture store, and her son has managed it since 1985.
▪ be in power if a group or leader is in power, they have political control of a country: Abe resigned after less than a year in power. | It was the first time a democratically elected government had been in power.
▪ rule if a leader or political group rules a country, they have political control of that country: President Assad ruled the country for almost 30 years. | The same party has ruled Japan for many years.
▪ supervise to be in charge of a group of workers or students and make sure that they do their work properly: Professor Braude supervised the research team. | He’s supervising the building work.
verb (-ll-)
HAVE POWER
1. ~ sb/sth to have power over a person, company, country, etc. so that you are able to decide what they must do or how it is run
• By the age of 21 he controlled the company.
• The whole territory is now controlled by the army.
• Can't you control your children?
• a multi-national company based in Britain but controlled from South Africa
LIMIT/MANAGE
2. to limit sth or make it happen in a particular way
• ~ sth government attempts to control immigration
• Many biological processes are controlled by hormones.
• Try to control your breathing.
• ~ what/how, etc… Parents should control what their kids watch on television.
3. ~ sth to stop sth from spreading or getting worse
• Firefighters are still trying to control the blaze.
• She was given drugs to control the pain.
MACHINE
4. ~ sth to make sth, such as a machine or system, work in the way that you want it to
• This knob controls the volume.
• The traffic lights are controlled by a central computer.
STAY CALM
5. to manage to make yourself remain calm, even though you are upset or angry
• ~ yourself I was so furious I couldn't control myself and I hit him.
• ~ sth He was finding it difficult to control his feelings.
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
late Middle English (as a verb in the sense ‘check or verify accounts’, especially by referring to a duplicate register): from Anglo-Norman French contreroller ‘keep a copy of a roll of accounts’, from medieval Latin contrarotulare, from contrarotulus ‘copy of a roll’, from contra- ‘against’ + rotulus ‘a roll’. The noun is perhaps via French contrôle.
Thesaurus:
control verb
1. T
• By the age of 25 he controlled the company.
run • • manage • • be in charge • • direct • • be responsible for sb/sth • • administer • • command •
control/run/manage a/an company/business/organization
control/run/manage/direct/be responsible for/administer a project
control/run/manage/be in charge of/direct/be responsible for operations
2. T
• Can't you control your dog?
manage • • handle •
control/manage a child
be easy/difficult to control/manage/handle
control/manage/handle sb/sth properly
3. T
• new measures to control immigration
limit • • restrict • • curb • • check • • keep/hold sth in check • • rein sth in • |especially BrE cap • |written contain • • suppress •
control/limit/restrict/curb/check/rein in/cap spending
keep/hold spending in check
control/limit/curb/check/contain the spread of sth
control/limit/restrict the size/number/extent/amount of sth
4. T
• She was given drugs to control the pain.
overcome • • bring/get/keep sth under control • • get over sth • |informal beat • |written conquer •
control/overcome/get over/beat/conquer a problem
control/overcome/get over/conquer a fear
control a fire /bring a fire under control
5. T
• The lights are controlled by a computer.
operate • • run • |especially spoken work • |formal manipulate •
control/operate/run/work a machine
control/operate/run a/an engine/motor
Control, operate or run? A person operates or runs a machine; machines are often controlled by the controls, such as a computer, knob or lever.
6. T
• She struggled to control her temper.
restrain • • hold sth back • • suppress • • repress • • stifle • • curb • |written contain • • check •
control/restrain/contain/check yourself
control/restrain/hold back/suppress/repress/contain/check your anger
control/restrain/suppress/repress/stifle/curb/check an impulse
control/curb/contain your temper
Example Bank:
• Conditions in the greenhouse are carefully controlled.
• Expenditure within the company is tightly controlled.
• The shutters can be electronically controlled.
• You can easily control the speed of the fan.
• Can't you control your children?
• Each school is controlled by a Board of Governors.
• Government forces have proved incapable of controlling the rebels.
• He had an emergency operation in which surgeons attempted to control the bleeding.
• He was finding it hard to control his feelings.
• His diabetes can be controlled by diet.
• I was so furious I couldn't control myself and I hit him.
• It is a multi-national company based in Britain but controlled from South Africa.
• Mounted police had been called to control the crowds.
• She was struggling to control her temper.
• Symptoms can be controlled in most patients.
• The National Bank is directly controlled by the government.
• The clerk could scarcely control his excitement.
• The clubs were found guilty of failing to control their fans.
• The government has announced new measures to control immigration
• This government has failed to control inflation.
• Time out is an effective way of controlling aggressive behaviour.
control / kənˈtrəʊl / / -ˈtroʊl / verb [ T ] ( -ll- )
B1 to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour:
If you can't control your dog, put it on a lead!
You're going to have to learn to control your temper.
The temperature is controlled by a thermostat.
The laws controlling drugs are very strict in this country.
The government is trying to control spending.
control
[kəntro͟ʊl]
controls, controlling, controlled
1) N-UNCOUNT: oft N of/over n Control of an organization, place, or system is the power to make all the important decisions about the way that it is run.
The restructuring involves Mr Ronson giving up control of the company...
The first aim of his government would be to establish control over the republic's territory.
PHRASE: usu v-link PHR, usu PHR of n If you are in control of something, you have the power to make all the important decisions about the way it is run.
Nobody knows who is in control of the club...
In the West, people feel more in control of their own lives.
PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link PHR If something is under your control, you have the power to make all the important decisions about the way that it is run.
All the newspapers were taken under government control.
2) N-UNCOUNT: oft N of/over n If you have control of something or someone, you are able to make them do what you want them to do.
He lost control of his car...
Some teachers have more control over pupils than their parents have.
3) N-UNCOUNT If you show control, you prevent yourself behaving in an angry or emotional way.
He had a terrible temper, and sometimes he would completely lose control...
He was working hard to keep control of himself.
4) VERB The people who control an organization or place have the power to take all the important decisions about the way that it is run.
[V n] He now controls the largest retail development empire in southern California...
[V n] Almost all of the countries in Latin America were controlled by dictators...
[V-ing] Minebea ended up selling its controlling interest in both firms.
Derived words:
-controlled COMB in ADJ AGA Gas is Swedish-controlled. ...the state-controlled media.
5) VERB To control a piece of equipment, process, or system means to make it work in the way that you want it to work.
[V n] ...a computerised system to control the gates...
[V n] Scientists would soon be able to manipulate human genes to control the ageing process.
[V-ed] ...the controlled production of energy from sugar by a cell.
Derived words:
-controlled COMB in ADJ ...computer-controlled traffic lights.
6) VERB When a government controls prices, wages, or the activity of a particular group, it uses its power to restrict them.
[V n] The federal government tried to control rising health-care costs.
[V n] ...measures to control illegal mining.
N-UNCOUNT: with supp
Control is also a noun. Control of inflation remains the government's absolute priority.
7) VERB If you control yourself, or if you control your feelings, voice, or expression, you make yourself behave calmly even though you are feeling angry, excited, or upset.
[V pron-refl] Jo was advised to learn to control herself...
[V n] I just couldn't control my temper.
Syn:
restrain
Derived words:
controlled ADJ-GRADED Her manner was quiet and very controlled.
8) VERB To control something dangerous means to prevent it from becoming worse or from spreading.
[V n] ...the need to control environmental pollution...
[V n] One of the biggest tasks will be to control the spread of malaria.
9) N-COUNT A control is a device such as a switch or lever which you use in order to operate a machine or other piece of equipment.
I practised operating the controls.
...the control box.
PHRASE If someone is at the controls of a machine or other piece of equipment, they are operating it.
He died of a heart attack while at the controls of the plane.
10) N-VAR Controls are the methods that a government uses to restrict increases, for example in prices, wages, or weapons.
Critics question whether price controls would do any good...
Their talks are expected to focus on arms control...
They have very strict gun control in Sweden.
11) N-VAR: n N The word control is used to refer to a place where your documents or luggage are officially checked when you enter a foreign country.
He went straight through Passport Control without incident.
...an agreement to abolish border controls.
12) → See also air traffic control, birth control, quality control, remote control, stock control
13) PHRASE: usu v PHR, v-link PHR If something is out of control, no-one has any power over it.
The fire is burning out of control...
I'm dealing with customers all the time who have let their debts get out of control.
14) PHRASE: v-link PHR, PHR after v If something harmful is under control, it is being dealt with successfully and is unlikely to cause any more harm.
The situation is under control...
If the current violence is to be brought under control, the government needs to act.
1con·trol /kənˈtroʊl/ verb -trols; -trolled; -trol·ling [+ obj]
1 : to direct the behavior of (a person or animal) : to cause (a person or animal) to do what you want
• The parents could not control their child.
• The police controlled the crowd.
• The small boy could not control the big dog.
2 : to have power over (something)
• Her family controls the business.
• One country controls the whole island.
• The rebel army now controls nearly half the country.
3 a : to direct the actions or function of (something) : to cause (something) to act or function in a certain way
• The lights on stage are controlled by this computer.
• She struggled to control the cart as it rolled before her down the steep, bumpy road.
b : to set or adjust the amount, degree, or rate of (something)
• He controlled the volume by turning the radio's knob.
• A thermostat controls the room's temperature.
• The dam controls the flow of the river.
4 : to limit the amount or growth of (something)
• The farmer used insecticides to control the pests.
• The state allowed hunting in the area to control the deer population.
• The government made new laws to control pollution.
• The firefighters worked all night to control the fire.
5 a : to keep (emotions, desires, etc.) from becoming too strong or from being shown
• Please control your temper. [=keep yourself calm]
• He tried hard to control his laughter. [=to avoid laughing]
• I was hungry, but I controlled my appetite [=I resisted the desire to eat] and waited for dinner.
b : to keep or make (yourself) calm especially when you are angry, upset, or excited
• He couldn't control himself any longer.
- con·trol·la·ble /kənˈtroʊləbəl/ adj [more ~; most ~]
• The temperature of the room is controllable.
• The lighter drill was more controllable than the heavier one.
to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you feel unhappy and frightened
نگران بودن
Don't worry, she'll be all right.
verb (worries, worrying, worried /, has worried)
to feel that something bad will happen or has happened; to make somebody feel this:
I always worry when Mark doesn't come home at the usual time.
Don't worry if you don't know the answer.
There's nothing to worry about.
What worries me is how we are going to get home.
worry
I. wor‧ry1 S1 W2 /ˈwʌri $ ˈwɜːri/ BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle worried, present participle worrying, third person singular worries)
[Word Family: adjective: ↑worried ≠ UNWORRIED, ↑worrying, ↑worrisome; noun: ↑worry, ↑worrier; adverb: ↑worryingly, ↑worriedly; verb: ↑worry]
[Language: Old English; Origin: wyrgan 'to strangle']
1. BE ANXIOUS [intransitive] to be anxious or unhappy about someone or something, so that you think about them a lot
worry about
I worry about my daughter.
You’ve really got no need to worry about your weight.
worry (that)
She worried that she wasn’t doing enough to help.
worry over
Dad worries over the slightest thing.
Don’t tell Mum about this – she’s got enough to worry about (=she already has a lot of problems or is very busy).
2. don’t worry spoken
a) used when you are trying to make someone feel less anxious:
Don’t worry, darling, Daddy’s here.
don’t worry if
Don’t worry if you can’t finish all the questions.
b) used to tell someone that they do not need to do something
don’t worry about
Don’t worry about sorting them out – I’ll do it later.
c) used to tell someone that you will definitely do something:
Don’t you worry, I’ll make sure he does his fair share.
3. MAKE SOMEBODY ANXIOUS [transitive] to make someone feel anxious about something:
The recent changes in the Earth’s climate are beginning to worry scientists.
I didn’t tell Mum and Dad – I didn’t want to worry them.
what worries me is .../the (only) thing that worries me is ...
The only thing that worries me is the food. I don’t want to get food poisoning.
Doesn’t it worry you that Sarah spends so much time away from home?
worry yourself (=feel anxious, especially when there is no need to)
You’re worrying yourself unnecessarily.
4. not to worry British English spoken used to say that something is not important:
Not to worry, we can always go another time.
5. nothing to worry about spoken used to tell someone that something is not as serious or difficult as they think:
It’s just a check-up – nothing to worry about.
6. ANNOY [transitive] to annoy someone SYN bother:
The heat didn’t seem to worry him.
7. ANIMAL [transitive] if a dog worries sheep, it tries to bite or kill them
worry at something phrasal verb
1. if an animal worries at a bone or piece of meat, it bites and shakes it
2. if you worry at a problem, you think about it a lot in order to find a solution
worry
worry [worry worries worried worrying] verb, noun [ˈwʌri] [ˈwɜːri]
verb (wor·ries, worry·ing, wor·ried, wor·ried)
1. intransitive to keep thinking about unpleasant things that might happen or about problems that you have
• Don't worry. We have plenty of time.
• ~ about sb/sth Don't worry about me. I'll be all right.
• He's always worrying about his weight.
• ~ over sb/sth There's no point in worrying over things you can't change.
• ~ (that)… I worry that I won't get into college.
2. transitive to make sb/yourself anxious about sb/sth
• ~ sb/yourself (about sb/sth) What worries me is how I am going to get another job.
• ~ sb/yourself + adj. (about sb/sth) He's worried himself sick (= become extremely anxious) about his daughter.
• it worries sb that… It worries me that he hasn't come home yet.
• it worries sb to do sth It worried me to think what might happen.
3. transitive to annoy or disturb sb
• ~ sb The noise never seems to worry her.
• ~ sb with sth Don't keep worrying him with a lot of silly questions.
4. transitive ~ sth (of a dog) to attack animals, especially sheep, by chasing and/or biting them
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
Old English wyrgan ‘strangle’, of West Germanic origin. In Middle English the original sense of the verb gave rise to the meaning ‘seize by the throat and tear’, later figuratively ‘harass’, which led to the sense ‘cause anxiety to’ (early 19th century, the date also of the noun).
Example Bank:
• Don't bother Harry— he has enough to worry about as it is.
• Don't let it worry you unduly.
• Don't worry about me, I'll be fine.
• Don't worry the driver with unnecessary requests.
• Don't worry too much about it.
• I can't help worrying about the future.
• She worries a lot about crime.
• Stop worrying, Dad, we'll be fine.
• We can't help worrying for your safety.
• What really worries me is what we do if there's nobody there.
• You do worry unnecessarily, you know.
• He's worried himself sick about his daughter.
• I worry that I won't get into college.
• What worries me is how I'm going to get another job.
• You worry too much.
Idioms: no worries! ▪ not to worry
Derived: worry at something
worry / ˈwʌr.i / / ˈwɝː- / verb (PROBLEM)
A2 [ I ] to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you feel unhappy and frightened:
Try not to worry - there's nothing you can do to change the situation.
Don't worry, she'll be all right.
It's silly worrying about things which are outside your control.
[ + (that) ] She's worried (that) she might not be able to find another job.
B2 [ T ] to make someone feel unhappy and frightened because of problems or unpleasant things that might happen:
You worried your mother by not writing.
[ + that ] It worries me that he hasn't phoned yet.
The continued lack of rain is starting to worry people.
worry
[wʌ̱ri, AM wɜ͟ːri]
worries, worrying, worried
1) VERB If you worry, you keep thinking about problems that you have or about unpleasant things that might happen.
Don't worry, your luggage will come on afterwards by taxi...
[V about n/-ing] I worry about her constantly...
[V about n/-ing] I work in a school so I don't have to worry about finding someone to look after my little boy...
[V that] They worry that extremists might gain control.
2) VERB If someone or something worries you, they make you anxious because you keep thinking about problems or unpleasant things that might be connected with them.
[V n] I'm still in the early days of my recovery and that worries me...
[V n] `Why didn't you tell us?' - `I didn't want to worry you.'...
[V-ed] The English, worried by the growing power of Prince Henry, sent a raiding party to Scotland to kill him...
[it V n that/to-inf] Does it worry you that the Americans are discussing this?
3) VERB: oft with neg If someone or something does not worry you, you do not dislike them or you are not annoyed by them. [SPOKEN]
[V n] The cold doesn't worry me...
[it V n if] It wouldn't worry me if he came to my house, but I don't know if I would go out of my way to ask him.
Syn:
bother
4) N-UNCOUNT Worry is the state or feeling of anxiety and unhappiness caused by the problems that you have or by thinking about unpleasant things that might happen.
The admission shows the depth of worry among the Tories over the state of the economy...
His last years were overshadowed by financial worry.
5) N-COUNT A worry is a problem that you keep thinking about and that makes you unhappy.
My main worry was that Madeleine Johnson would still be there...
The worry is that the use of force could make life impossible for the UN peacekeepers...
His wife Cheryl said she had no worries about his health.
6) CONVENTION You say not to worry to someone to indicate that you are not upset or angry when something has gone wrong. [INFORMAL]
`Not to worry, Baby,' he said, and kissed her tenderly.
1wor·ry /ˈwɚri/ verb -ries; -ried; -ry·ing
1 : to think about problems or fears : to feel or show fear and concern because you think that something bad has happened or could happen
[no obj]
• We didn't want you to worry.
• Don't worry. You'll be fine.
• Don't make your parents worry.
• When they didn't call after two hours, we began to worry.
• They were fine. We needn't have worried.
- often + about
• Let the travel agent worry about the details.
• Haven't we got enough to worry about?
• We don't have to worry about choosing a restaurant. [=someone else will choose a restaurant]
• The nurse said her condition was nothing to worry about. [=her condition was not serious]
• I'll take care of it. Don't worry about a thing.
- sometimes + over
• She worried over her husband's health.
[+ obj]
- + that
• Medical experts worry that a new strain of the virus will be more difficult to contain.
• We worry that children don't get enough exercise.
• My parents worry [=fear] that I won't go to college.
2 [+ obj] : to make (someone) anxious or upset : to cause (someone) to worry
• His poor health worries me.
• What's worrying you? [=what is causing you to feel upset?]
• It doesn't seem to worry him that rain is in the forecast.
• We didn't tell you about the accident because we didn't want to worry you.
• Don't worry yourself. [=don't be upset or concerned]
• He worried himself sick [=he was extremely worried] before the exam.
not to worry informal
- used to say that there is no cause for concern or worry
• “It looks like we're almost out of milk.” “Not to worry. I'll get some more when I go to the store this afternoon.”
worry at [phrasal verb] worry at (something) chiefly Brit
1 : to pull, twist, or bite (something) repeatedly
• The dog was in the corner worrying at a bone.
2 : to try to solve (a problem) by thinking about it for a long time
• She kept worrying at the problem all day.
go to Ruthless
to damage something so badly that it cannot be used
نابود کردن، خراب کردن
Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war.
destroy
verb (destroys, destroying, destroyed )
to break something completely so that you cannot use it again or so that it is gone:
The house was destroyed by fire.
destroy
de‧stroy S2 W2 /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ BrE AmE verb [transitive]
[Word Family: noun: destroyer, destruction; adjective: indestructible, destructive; verb: destroy; adverb: destructively]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: destruire, from Latin destruere, from struere 'to build']
1. to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired ⇨ destruction
completely/totally destroy
The school was completely destroyed by fire.
companies that are polluting and destroying the environment
destroy sb’s confidence/hope/faith etc
2. if something destroys someone, it ruins their life completely:
The scandal destroyed Simmons and ended his political career.
3. informal to defeat an opponent easily:
The Bears destroyed the Detroit Lions 35–3.
4. to kill an animal, especially because it is ill or dangerous:
One of the bulls had to be destroyed.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ nouns
▪ destroy the evidence (=deliberately destroy evidence of a crime) They set light to the car to destroy the evidence.
▪ destroy the environment Some of these companies are polluting and destroying the environment.
▪ destroy the world/planet No one wants another war, which might destroy the world.
▪ destroy sb’s career She made one bad mistake and it destroyed her career.
▪ destroy sb’s reputation The scandal destroyed his reputation.
▪ destroy the character of something New buildings have destroyed much of the character of the area.
▪ destroy sb’s hopes Losing the game destroyed the team’s hopes of reaching the semi-finals.
▪ destroy sb’s confidence When he failed his degree, it completely destroyed his confidence.
■ adverbs
▪ completely/totally destroy something The plane was completely destroyed when it hit a mountain.
▪ partially destroy something The Great Fire of 1666 partially destroyed the prison.
■ phrases
▪ be destroyed by fire/a bomb/earthquake etc The building was destroyed by fire in 2004.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ destroy to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired: The earthquake almost completely destroyed the city. | The twin towers were destroyed in a terrorist attack.
▪ devastate to damage a large area very badly and destroy many things in it: Allied bombings in 1943 devastated the city. | The country’s economy has been devastated by years of fighting.
▪ demolish to completely destroy a building, either deliberately or by accident: The original 15th century house was demolished in Victorian times. | The plane crashed into a suburb of Paris, demolishing several buildings.
▪ flatten to destroy a building or town by knocking it down, bombing it etc, so that nothing is left standing: The town centre was flattened by a 500 lb bomb.
▪ wreck to deliberately damage something very badly, especially a room or building: The toilets had been wrecked by vandals. | They just wrecked the place.
▪ trash informal to deliberately destroy a lot of the things in a room, house etc: Apparently, he trashed his hotel room while on drugs.
▪ obliterate formal to destroy a place so completely that nothing remains: The nuclear blast obliterated most of Hiroshima.
▪ reduce something to ruins/rubble/ashes to destroy a building or town completely: The town was reduced to rubble in the First World War.
▪ ruin to spoil something completely, so that it cannot be used or enjoyed: Fungus may ruin the crop. | The new houses will ruin the view.
destroy
des·troy [destroy destroys destroyed destroying] [dɪˈstrɔɪ] [dɪˈstrɔɪ] verb
1. ~ sth/sb to damage sth so badly that it no longer exists, works, etc
• The building was completely destroyed by fire.
• They've destroyed all the evidence.
• Heat gradually destroys vitamin C.
• You have destroyed my hopes of happiness.
• Failure was slowly destroying him (= making him less and less confident and happy).
2. ~ sth to kill an animal deliberately, usually because it is sick or not wanted
• The injured horse had to be destroyed.
see also soul-destroying
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French destruire, based on Latin destruere, from de- (expressing reversal) + struere ‘build’.
Thesaurus:
destroy verb T
• a mission to destroy the enemy
devastate • • wipe sb/sth out • • annihilate • • eradicate • • decimate • • exterminate • • stamp sth out • |informal zap • |especially written ravage •
Opp: create
destroy/devastate/wipe out/decimate/ravage a village/town/city
destroy/wipe out/decimate/annihilate/exterminate/zap the enemy
a/an earthquake/flood/fire destroys/devastates/ravages sth
Destroy or devastate? Devastate is stronger than destroy, but is only used about places or buildings, not substances or objects. When used about people it has a different meaning.
Word Family:
destroy verb
destroyer noun
destruction noun
destructive adjective
indestructible adjective
Example Bank:
• Drugs can destroy the health and lives of young people.
• He physically destroyed the computer by smashing it to pieces.
• Our greed may ultimately destroy the planet.
• She seemed intent on destroying everything they had built up together.
• That guy just single-handedly destroyed everything we've worked for.
• The bomb hit, instantly destroying the building.
• The building was destroyed by fire last year.
• The earthquake literally destroyed their villages.
• The horse broke a leg and had to be destroyed.
• The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.
• Their lives have been virtually destroyed by this tragedy.
• These weapons are capable of destroying the entire planet.
• This disease threatens to destroy many of our native trees.
• a new attempt to destroy enemy positions
• Failure was slowly destroying him.
• The brigade's mission was to destroy the enemy.
• They've destroyed all the evidence.
destroy / dɪˈstrɔɪ / verb [ T ]
B1 to damage something so badly that it cannot be used:
Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war.
The accident seemed to have completely/totally destroyed his confidence.
to kill an animal because it is ill, in pain, or dangerous
destroy
[dɪstrɔ͟ɪ]
destroys, destroying, destroyed
1) VERB To destroy something means to cause so much damage to it that it is completely ruined or does not exist any more.
[V n] That's a sure recipe for destroying the economy and creating chaos...
[V n] No one was injured in the explosion, but the building was completely destroyed...
[V n] Even the most gifted can have confidence destroyed by the wrong instructor.
Syn:
wreck
2) VERB To destroy someone means to ruin their life or to make their situation impossible to bear.
[V n] If I was younger or more naive, the criticism would have destroyed me.
3) VERB: usu passive If an animal is destroyed, it is killed, either because it is ill or because it is dangerous.
[be V-ed] Lindsay was unhurt but the horse had to be destroyed.
Syn:
be put down
4) → See also soul-destroying
destroy
de·stroy /dɪˈstroɪ/ verb -stroys; -stroyed; -stroy·ing [+ obj]
1 : to cause (something) to end or no longer exist : to cause the destruction of (something)
• Eventually our problems with money destroyed our marriage.
• All the files were deliberately destroyed.
• The disease destroys the body's ability to fight off illness. : to damage (something) so badly that it cannot be repaired
• The bomb blast destroyed the village.
• The scandal destroyed [=ruined] his reputation.
• The building was partially destroyed [=demolished] by fire.
2 : to kill (an animal) especially because it is sick, injured, or dangerous
• The dog had to be destroyed since its owner could not prevent it from attacking people.
3 informal : to defeat (someone or something) easily or completely
• They destroyed [=demolished] the other team 51–7.
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