noun

post

post [noun] (LETTERS)

mainly UK (US usually mail) letters and parcels that are delivered to homes or places of work

/poʊst/

/pəʊst/

پست

مثال:

The package had been badly crushed in the post.

بسته در حین پست به طور بدی آسیب دیده است.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

noun

1 (British) (American mail) (no plural) the official system for sending and receiving letters, packages, etc.:
I sent your present by post.

2 (British) (American mail) (no plural) all the letters and packages that you send or receive:
Did you get any post this morning?

3 (plural posts) a job, especially an important one in a large organization:
a government post

4 (plural posts) a piece of wood or metal that stands in the ground to hold something or to show where something is:
The sign had fallen off the post.
a lamp post
Look at goalpost and signpost.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

post

I. post¹ S2 W2 /pəʊst $ poʊst/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: ↑post, ↑postage, ↑postie, ↑posting; verb: ↑post; adjective: ↑postal]
1. JOB [countable] formal a job, especially an important one in a large organization SYN position:
I applied for the post and was asked to attend an interview.
She was offered the post of ambassador to India.
He will take up his post as Head of Modern Languages in September.
Goddard has held the post since 1998.
Unfortunately they were unable to find a suitable person to fill the post.
Mr Thomson resigned his £50,000 a year post in April.
She now holds a senior post in the Department of Education.
the creation of 4,000 new teaching posts
2. POSTAL SYSTEM the post British English the official system for carrying letters, packages etc from one place to another SYN mail
by post
The winners will be notified by post.
in the post
Your letter must have got lost in the post.
I’ll put a copy of the book in the post (=send it).
through the post
A parcel arrived through the post.
3. LETTERS [uncountable] British English letters, packages etc that are sent and delivered SYN mail:
Was there any post for me today?
Emma was opening her post.
4. COLLECTION/DELIVERY [singular, uncountable] British English when letters are collected or delivered SYN mail:
What time does the post go (=get collected)?
(the) first/second/last post (=the first, second etc collection or delivery of letters each day)
Applications must arrive by first post on September 23.
catch/miss the post (=post your letter in time for it to be collected, or not in time) ⇨ by return (of post) at ↑return²(11)
5. PIECE OF WOOD/METAL [countable] a strong upright piece of wood, metal etc that is fixed into the ground, especially to support something:
a fence post ⇨ ↑bedpost, ↑gatepost(1), ↑lamp-post, ↑signpost¹(1)
6. FOOTBALL/HOCKEY ETC [countable] one of the two upright pieces of wood between which players try to kick or hit the ball in football, ↑hockey etc SYN goalpost:
The ball hit the post and bounced off.
7. NEWSPAPER [singular] used in the names of some newspapers:
the ‘Washington Post’
8. SOLDIER/GUARD ETC sb’s post the place where a soldier, guard etc is expected to be in order to do their job
at sb’s post
By 5 am the soldiers were already at their posts.
No one was allowed to leave their post.
9. border/military/customs/police post a place, especially one on a border, where soldiers or police are guarding, checking etc something
10. RACE the post (also the finishing post) the place where a race finishes, especially a horse race:
Mr Magic was first past the post.
11. INTERNET MESSAGE [countable] (also posting) a message sent to an Internet discussion group so that all members of the group can read it:
There was post after post criticizing the Minister.
⇨ as deaf as a post at ↑deaf(1), ⇨ be driven/passed from pillar to post at ↑pillar(4), ⇨ pip somebody at the post at ↑pip²(1), ⇨ ↑first-past-the-post

COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 1)
■ verbs
▪ hold a post (=have a job) He had previously held the post of Foreign Minister.
▪ apply for a post I am writing to apply for the post of secretary.
▪ take up a post (=start a new job) She will take up her new post next month.
▪ leave a post The previous ambassador left his post in June.
▪ resign (from) a post (=leave it) John Sargent has resigned his post as chairman.
▪ be dismissed from a post (=be told to leave) As a result of the scandal, he was dismissed from his post.
▪ offer somebody a post He was offered the post of Secretary of State for Wales.
▪ appoint somebody to a post (=give someone a job officially) Mr Collingwood has been appointed to the post of Headteacher.
▪ fill a post (=find someone to do a job) They have advertised the post but it hasn't yet been filled.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + post
▪ a senior post Senior posts in industry attract very high salaries.
▪ a junior post He was offered a junior post in a bank.
▪ a permanent/temporary post I have a two-year contract, not a permanent post.
▪ a full-time/part-time post a part-time post as a university lecturer
▪ a teaching post My first teaching post was in outer London.
▪ an administrative post For the next twelve years, he held various administrative posts in Bombay.
▪ a government post I decided to apply for a local government post.

COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ verbs
▪ send something by post They sent me the contract by post.
▪ put something in the post (=put it in a box to be collected) I put it in the post on Friday, so it should have arrived today.
▪ get something in the post (=receive it) Did you get anything in the post today?
▪ something comes/arrives in the post This letter came in the post this morning.
▪ something gets lost in the post I'm afraid the cheque must have got lost in the post.
■ adjectives
▪ first-class post The package arrived by first-class post.
▪ second-class post Items sent by second-class post can take up to five days to arrive.

COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 4)
■ adjectives
▪ first/second/last post (=the first, second, or last collection or delivery of letters each day) The last post is at 5.30.
■ verbs
▪ catch the post (=post your letter in time for it to be collected) He wrote the letter hurriedly because he was anxious to catch the post.
▪ miss the post (=not post your letter in time for it to be collected) If I miss the post today, the card won’t arrive on her birthday.
▪ the post goes (=it is collected) The first post goes at 7.30 am.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ job noun [countable] the regular paid work that you do for an employer: a full-time job | John got a job in a car factory.
▪ work noun [uncountable] activities that you are paid for doing – used either when you work for an employer or when you work in your own business: I started work when I was 18. | He graduated from college last year and is still looking for work.
▪ profession noun [countable] a job for which you need special education and training: There are now a lot more women in the legal profession. | Many teachers are leaving the profession.
▪ occupation noun [countable] formal a job, or a type of job – often used on official documents: Please give your name, age, and occupation. | a traditionally male occupation
▪ career noun [countable] the work you do or plan to do for most of your life: I’m interested in a career in journalism.
▪ position noun [countable] formal a particular job within an organization: I am writing to apply for the position of technical assistant. | We regret that the position has already been filled. | Please state the position which you are applying for.
▪ post noun [countable] formal a job, especially an important one in a large organization: She has held the post of managing director for two years. | He applied for the post of Senior Manager.
▪ vacancy/opening noun [countable] a job that is available for someone to do: The hospital has been unable to fill the vacancy. | There are very few openings in scientific research.
▪ appointment noun [countable] an important job which someone is asked to do: He took an appointment as US trade ambassador in Geneva.
▪ posting noun [countable] a situation in which someone is sent somewhere to do a job for a period of time by the organization they work for: This was his first posting outside the UK. | an overseas posting | His next posting took him to the Ministry of Defence.
▪ trade noun [countable] a job that involves using your hands, and for which you need special training: Most of the men had worked in skilled trades such as carpentry and printing.
▪ employment noun [uncountable] the fact of having a job: The factory will provide employment for local people. | She was offered employment in the sales office.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

post

post [post posts posted posting] noun, verb [pəʊst] [poʊst]

noun

LETTERS
1. (BrE) (also mail NAmE, BrE) uncountable the official system used for sending and delivering letters, packages, etc
• I'll send the original to you by post.
• I'll put the information in the post to you tomorrow.

• My application got lost in the post.

2. (BrE) (also mail NAmE, BrE) uncountable letters, packages, etc. that are sent and delivered
• There was a lot of post this morning.

• Have you opened your post yet?

3. (BrE) uncountable, singular an occasion during the day when letters, etc. are collected or delivered
• to catch/miss the post
• The parcel came in this morning's post.
• Payment should be sent by return of post (= immediately).

• Do you get a second post here?

JOB

4. countable a job, especially an important one in a large organization
Syn: position
• an academic/government post
• to take up a post
• to resign (from) a post
• We will be creating 15 new posts next year.
• The company has been unable to fill the post.
• He has held the post for three years.

• She was offered a key post in the new government.

5. (especially NAmE) (BrE usually posting) an act of sending sb to a particular place to do their job, especially for a limited period of time
• an overseas post

• The island is rated by diplomats as a hardship post (= one that people do not like to be sent to because it is not a very comfortable place to live).

FOR SOLDIER/GUARD

6. countable the place where sb, especially a soldier, does their job
• a police/customs/military post
• an observation post
• The guards were ordered not to leave their posts.
• Three soldiers were shot dead at a border post.

see also last post, staging post, trading post

WOOD/METAL

7. countable (often in compounds) a piece of wood or metal that is set in the ground in a vertical position, especially to support sth or to mark a point
• corner posts (= that mark the corners of a sports field)
• The team's ‘net’ was a piece of string tied to two posts.

see also bedpost, gatepost, lamp post, signpost

END OF RACE

8. the post singular the place where a race finishes, especially in horse racing

see also first-past-the-post, winning post

FOOTBALL
9. countable, usually singular = goalpost

• The ball hit the post and bounced in.

INTERNET

10. (also post·ing) countable (computing) a message sent to a discussion group on the Internet; a piece of writing that forms part of a blog
• The forum does not allow posts from non-members.
• a blog post
• I love reading her posts because I learn so much.
• She wrote a great post about the experience on her blog.
see deaf as a post at deaf, be driven, pushed, etc. from pillar to post at pillar
Word Origin:
n. senses 6 to 8 and v. senses 6 to 7 Old English Latin postis ‘doorpost’ ‘rod, beam’ Middle English Old French post ‘pillar, beam’ Middle Dutch Middle Low German post ‘doorpost’
n. senses 1 to 3 and v. senses 1 to 3
early 16th cent. French poste Italian posta Latin posita ponere ‘to place’
n. senses 4 to 5 and v. senses 4 to 5 mid 16th cent. French poste Italian posto popular Latin positum ponere ‘to place’

Culture:
postal services
Most letters and packages posted in Britain are dealt with by the Royal Mail, which is part of the Royal Mail Group Ltd, together with Parcelforce, which delivers larger packages, and the Post Office, which manages the country’s many post offices. As well as selling stamps, post offices take in letters and packages that are to be sent by special delivery. Post offices also sell vehicle licences and often greetings cards and stationery. In villages they are often combined with a newsagent’s and general store. In recent years, many smaller post offices have been closed because they do not make a profit, though this often led to protests from local people.
Mail (= letters, bills, etc.) is often called post in British English. When sending a letter, people can choose between two levels of service, first class or the cheaper second class. Normally, first-class mail is delivered the day after it is posted and second-class mail within two or three days. Every address in Britain includes a postcode of letters and numbers, for example OX1 2PX for an address in Oxford, that makes it possible to sort the post by machine. Letters are posted in red postboxes, also called letter boxes. Each has a sign giving times of collections. Postmen and women deliver mail each morning direct to homes and businesses. They put the mail through a flap in the door, which is also called a letter box. In the country they travel round in red vans, but in towns and villages they often ride bicycles.
The system that deals with mail in the US, the US Postal Service (USPS), is an independent part of the government. Its head is the Postmaster General. Mail carriers, sometimes called mailmen though many are women, deliver mail to homes and businesses once a day. Most homes have mailboxes fixed outside, near the door. It is very uncommon for a house to have a letter box in the door for letters. People whose houses are a long way from the road have a special rural mailbox by the road. This has a flag which the mail carrier raises so that the people in the house can see when they have mail. To mail (= send) a letter, people leave it on top of their own mailbox or put it in one of the many blue mailboxes in cities and towns. Every address in the US includes an abbreviation for the name of the state and a ZIP code, which is used to help sort the mail. Post offices sell stamps and deal with mail that has to be insured. Most cities have one post office which stays open late. Americans complain about the Postal Service, but it usually does an efficient job at a reasonable price.
In the US only Postal Service can deliver mail to letter boxes and the Service has a monopoly on first-class mail that is not urgent.In Britain the post office lost its monopoly on delivery of post in 2006. In both countries there are many companies who provide courier and messenger services for urgent mail. The largest of these include FedEx and DHL. In Britain private companies may also deliver mail to letter boxes.
Thesaurus:
post noun
1. U (BrE)
• Have you opened your post yet?
mail • • letter • |formal correspondence •
post/mail/a letter/correspondence from/to sb
open the post/the mail/a letter
the post/the mail/a letter arrives
2. C
• The was a high roof supported by wooden posts.
pillar • • column • • support • • girder •
tall posts/pillars/columns
a/an iron/steel post/pillar/column/support/girder
a wooden post/pillar/column/support
a post/pillar/column/girder supports sth
British/American:
post / mail
Nouns
In BrE the official system used for sending and delivering letters, parcels/packages, etc. is usually called the post. In NAmE it is usually called the mail: ▪ I’ll put an application form in the post/mail for you today. ◊ ▪ Send your fee by post/mail to this address. Mail is sometimes used in BrE in such expressions as ▪ the Royal Mail. Post occurs in NAmE in such expressions as ▪ the US Postal Service.
In BrE post is also used to mean the letters, parcels/packages, etc. that are delivered to you. Mail is the usual word in NAmE and is sometimes also used in BrE: ▪ Was there any post/mail this morning? ◊ ▪ I sat down to open my post/mail. Verbs
Compare: ▪ I’ll post the letter when I go out. (BrE) and ▪ I’ll mail the letter when I go out. (NAmE)Compounds
Note these words: postman (BrE), mailman/mail carrier (both NAmE); postbox (BrE), mailbox (NAmE) Some compounds are used in both BrE and NAmE: post office, postcard, mail order.
Synonyms:
job
position • post • vacancy • appointment
These are all words for a position doing work for which you receive regular payment.
job • a position doing work for which you receive regular payment: ▪ He's trying to get a job in a bank.
position • (rather formal) a job: ▪ a senior position in a large corporation
job or position?
Position usually refers to a particular job within an organization, especially at a high level, and is not usually used about about jobs generally. It is also often used in job applications, descriptions and advertisements.
post • a job, especially an important one in a large organization: ▪ a key post in the new government
vacancy • a job that is available for sb to do: ▪ We have several vacancies for casual workers.
appointment • (rather formal, especially BrE) a job or position of responsibility: ▪ This is a permanent appointment, requiring commitment and hard work.
a permanent/temporary job/position/post/vacancy/appointment
a full-time/part-time job/position/post/vacancy/appointment
to have/have got a(n) job/position/post/vacancy/appointment
to apply for/fill a job/position/post/vacancy
to resign from/leave/quit a job/position/post
Example Bank:
• He steered a shot between the goalkeeper and the near post.
• He took up a teaching post at Basle University.
• He was dismissed from his post when he was found to have accepted bribes.
• I sent it by first-class post.
• I want to apologize for not making a post on Friday.
• If you hurry you'll just catch the last post.
• More info can be found in my first post on the subject.
• My application for the job is in the post.
• Orders will be sent by return of post.
• Seth made a blog post titled ‘Rules of Engagement’.
• She applied for the new post of training officer.
• She arrived at the office early and checked her post.
• She led for most of the way before being pipped at the post.
• The first horse past the post wins the race.
• The guard took up his post at the gate.
• The gun crew were at their posts.
• The sentries had deserted their posts.
• To respond to your comments, please see my previous post.
• He has held the post for five years.
• He was first past the winning post.
• Ideally I'm looking for an academic post.
• She tied the dog to a post.
• She's due to take up the post next month.
• The book arrived in the morning post.
• The car skidded and hit a lamp post.
• The team's ‘net’ was a piece of string tied to two posts.
• Three company directors have resigned (from) their posts.
• We have been unable to fill the post.
• a Cabinet post
• corner posts

Idiom: keep somebody posted

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

post / pəʊst / / poʊst / noun (LETTERS)

A2 [ U ] mainly UK ( US usually mail ) letters and parcels that are delivered to homes or places of work:

I'd been away for a few days so I had a lot of post waiting for me.

Unless it's marked 'private', my secretary usually opens my post.

Has the post come/arrived yet?

A2 [ U ] mainly UK ( US usually mail ) the public system that exists for the collecting and delivering of letters:

My letter must have got lost in the post.

If you don't want to take it there, you can just send it by post.

[ S ] UK the time during the day when letters, etc. are collected or delivered:

I missed the post this morning.

Did you manage to catch the post?

post / pəʊst / / poʊst / noun (JOB)

B2 [ C ] a job in a company or organization:

Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday's edition of the paper.

She's held the post for 13 years.

They have several vacant posts.

post / pəʊst / / poʊst / noun (POLE)

[ C ] a vertical stick or pole fixed into the ground, usually to support something or show a position [ C ] used as a combining form:

a lamppost

a signpost

the post in the sport of horse racing, the place where the race finishes or, less often, the place from which the race starts in sports such as football, a goalpost (= either of two vertical posts showing the area in which the ball is kicked to score points)

See picture sports 2

post / pəʊst / / poʊst / noun [ C ] (PLACE)

the particular place where someone works, especially where a soldier is told to be for military duty, usually as a guard:

The soldier was disciplined for deserting his post.

I was ordered to remain at my post until the last customer had left.

post / pəʊst / / poʊst / noun (MESSAGE)

an electronic message that you send to a website in order to allow many people to see it

→ Compare posting (MESSAGE)

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

post

I [po͟ʊst]LETTERS, PARCELS, AND INFORMATION

posts, posting, posted
1) N-SING: the N, also by N The post is the public service or system by which letters and packages are collected and delivered. [mainly BRIT]
  You'll receive your book through the post...
  The winner will be notified by post...
  The cheque is in the post.
  Syn:
  mail(in AM, usually use mail)
2) N-UNCOUNT You can use post to refer to letters and packages that are delivered to you. [mainly BRIT]
  He flipped through the post without opening any of it...
  There has been no post in three weeks.
  Syn:
  mail(in AM, usually use mail)
3) N-UNCOUNT: supp N Post is used to refer to an occasion when letters or packages are delivered. For example, first post on a particular day is the first time that things are delivered. [mainly BRIT]
  Entries must arrive by first post next Wednesday...
  They just have to wait patiently for the next post.
  Syn:
  delivery
4) VERB If you post a letter or package, you send it to someone by putting it in a post box or by taking it to a post office. [mainly BRIT]
  [V n] If I write a letter, would you post it for me?...
  [V n n] I'm posting you a cheque tonight...
  [V n to n] I posted a letter to Stanley saying I was an old Army friend.
  Syn:
  mail
PHRASAL VERB
Post off means the same as post. V n P He'd left me to pack up the mail and post it off... V P n (not pron) All you do is complete and post off a form. (in AM, usually use mail)
5) VERB If you post notices, signs, or other pieces of information somewhere, you fix them to a wall or board so that everyone can see them.
  [V n] Officials began posting warning notices...
  [V n prep/adv] She has posted photographs on bulletin boards.
PHRASAL VERB
Post up means the same as post. V n P He has posted a sign up that says `No Fishing'... Also V n P prep/adv V P n (not pron) We post up a set of rules for the house.
6) VERB If you post information on the Internet, you make the information available to other people on the Internet.
  [be V-ed] A consultation paper has been posted on the Internet inviting input from Net users.
7) PHRASE: keep inflects, oft PHR on/with n If you keep someone posted, you keep giving them the latest information about a situation that they are interested in.
  Keep me posted on your progress.II [po͟ʊst]JOBS AND PLACES

posts, posting, posted
1) N-COUNT: usu with supp, oft N of/as n A post in a company or organization is a job or official position in it, usually one that involves responsibility. [FORMAL]
  She had earlier resigned her post as President Menem's assistant...
  Sir Peter has held several senior military posts.
  Syn:
  position
2) VERB: usu passive If you are posted somewhere, you are sent there by the organization that you work for and usually work there for several years.
  [be V-ed prep/adv] After training she was posted to Brixton...
  [be V-ed prep/adv] It is normal to spend two or three years working in this country before being posted overseas.
3) N-COUNT: usu poss N You can use post to refer to the place where a soldier, guard, or other person has been told to remain and to do his or her job.
  Quick men, back to your post!
  Syn:
  station, position
4) VERB If a soldier, guard, or other person is posted somewhere, they are told to stand there, in order to supervise an activity or guard a place.
  [be V-ed prep/adv] Police have now been posted outside all temples...
  [V n prep/adv] British Rail had to post a signalman at the entrance to the tunnel...
  [V-ed] We have guards posted near the windows. [Also be V-ed]
  Syn:
  position
5) → See also posting, staging postIII [po͟ʊst]POLES
posts
(Please look at category 4 to see if the expression you are looking for is shown under another headword.)
1) N-COUNT A post is a strong upright pole made of wood or metal that is fixed into the ground.
  You have to get eight wooden posts, and drive them into the ground...
  The device is fixed to a post.
  Syn:
  pole
2) N-COUNT A post is the same as a goalpost.
  Wimbledon were unlucky not to win after hitting the post twice.
  Syn:
  goalpost
3) N-SING: the N On a horse-racing track, the post is a pole which marks the finishing point.
4) → See also first-past-the-post
to pip someone at the post → see pip

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

⁴post noun, pl posts
1 [count]
a : the place where a soldier or guard is told to be
• No matter what happens, do not abandon your post. [=do not leave your assigned area]
• a command post
b : the place where someone does a job
• The bartender returned to her post behind the counter.
c : a place where soldiers are sent to live for a period of time : camp
• My cousin's Army unit was recently sent to a post in Alaska.
• The large post houses over 25,000 people.
- see also staging post
2 [count] : a usually important job or position in a large organization
• Our old supervisor just retired, so they're looking for someone to fill his post.
• He resigned from his post as superintendent of public schools.
• She applied for a government/administrative post.
3 [count] : trading post
4 the post basketball
a : the area on a basketball court that is near the basket
• He was standing in the post all alone.
b : the position of a player who is in the post
• She usually plays the post.

- compare ¹post, ³post

³post noun, pl posts
1 [noncount] chiefly Brit
a : postal service
• We don't have a telephone at the cottage, so contact us by post. [=mail]
• There are strict rules against sending dangerous materials through the post.
b : letters or packages sent by post : mail
• He got a summer job delivering the post.
• Has the post come yet?
• After lunch, she sat and read the post.
• I put the payment in the post [=I mailed the payment] this morning.
- see also parcel post
2 [count] : a message on an online message board
• The Internet newsgroup is very active, with over 50 posts per day.
- called also posting,
by return of post
- see ²return

- compare ¹post, ⁴post

¹post /ˈpoʊst/ noun, pl posts [count]
1 : a piece of wood or metal that is set in an upright position into or on the ground especially as a support or marker
• fence posts
- see picture at house
2 : a pole that marks the starting or finishing point of a horse race - usually singular
• a horse's post position [=the position of a horse in the line of horses at the start of a race]
• (Brit) The horses galloped toward the finishing post.
3 : goalpost
- usually singular
• The shot hit the post.
from pillar to post
- see pillar

- compare ³post, ⁴post

catastrophe

catastrophe [noun]

a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction

/kəˈtæs.trə.fi/

(در نمايش‌ به‌ ويژه‌ در تراژدى) صحنه‌ى نهايى‌ و سرنوشت‌ ساز (كه‌ در آن‌ قهرمان‌ كشته‌ مى‌شود يا گره‌ كارها گشوده‌ مى‌گردد)، شور اوج‌، دژآشوب‌

مثال:

Losing his job was a great catastrophe to him.

از دست‌ دادن‌ شغل‌ براى او سانحه‌ى بزرگى‌ بود.‏

Oxford Essential Dictionary

catastrophe

noun
a sudden disaster that causes great suffering or damage:
major catastrophes such as floods and earthquakes

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

catastrophe

ca‧tas‧tro‧phe /kəˈtæstrəfi/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: katastrephein 'to turn upside down', from kata- ( ⇨ ↑cataclysm) + strephein 'to turn']
1. [uncountable and countable] a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, suffering, or death SYN disaster
environmental/nuclear/economic etc catastrophe
The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.
prevent/avert a catastrophe
Sudan requires food immediately to avert a humanitarian catastrophe.
2. [countable] an event which is very bad for the people involved SYN disaster
catastrophe for
If the contract is cancelled, it’ll be a catastrophe for everyone concerned.
—catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk◂ $ -ˈstrɑː-/ adjective:
a catastrophic fall in the price of rice
The failure of the talks could have catastrophic consequences.
—catastrophically /-kli/ adverb

THESAURUS
▪ disaster a sudden event such as an accident, or a natural event such as a flood or storm, which causes great damage or suffering: 200 people died in the train disaster. | The earthquake was the worst natural disaster to hit India for over 50 years.
▪ catastrophe a terrible event in which there is a lot of destruction, damage, suffering, or death over a wide area of the world: A large comet hitting the earth would be a catastrophe. | We don’t want another nuclear catastrophe like Chernobyl. | Scientists say that the oil spill is an ecological catastrophe.
▪ tragedy a very sad event, that shocks people because it involves death: It was a tragedy that he died so young. | the AIDS tragedy in Africa
▪ debacle an event or situation that is a complete failure and is very embarrassing: The opening ceremony turned into a debacle. | The team is hoping to do better this game, after last week’s debacle against the Chicago Bears.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

catastrophe

ca·tas·trophe [catastrophe catastrophes] [kəˈtæstrəfi] [kəˈtæstrəfi] noun
1. a sudden event that causes many people to suffer
Syn: disaster

• Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major catastrophe.

2. an event that causes one person or a group of people personal suffering, or that makes difficulties
• The attempt to expand the business was a catastrophe for the firm.
• We've had a few catastrophes with the food for the party.
Derived Words: catastrophic ▪ catastrophically
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘denouement’): from Latin catastropha, from Greek katastrophē ‘overturning, sudden turn’, from kata- ‘down’ + strophē ‘turning’ (from strephein ‘to turn’).
Example Bank:
• The country is on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe.
• These policies could lead the country to environmental catastrophe.
• We had a few catastrophes with the food for the party.
• moves to avert a national catastrophe
• It wouldn't be a catastrophe if he didn't turn up.

• The verdict of this hearing is a personal and professional catastrophe for her.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

catastrophe / kəˈtæs.trə.fi / noun [ C ]

C2 a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction:

They were warned of the ecological catastrophe to come.

a bad situation:

The emigration of scientists is a catastrophe for the country.

catastrophic / ˌkæt.əˈstrɒf.ɪk / / ˌkæt̬.əˈstrɑː.fɪk / adjective

An unchecked increase in the use of fossil fuels could have catastrophic results for the planet.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

catastrophe

[kətæ̱strəfi]
catastrophes
N-COUNT
A catastrophe is an unexpected event that causes great suffering or damage.
From all points of view, war would be a catastrophe...
If the world is to avoid environmental catastrophe, advanced economies must undergo a profound transition.
Syn:
disaster

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

catastrophe

ca·tas·tro·phe /kəˈtæstrəfi/ noun, pl -phes : a terrible disaster

[count]

• The oil spill was an environmental catastrophe.
• Experts fear a humanitarian catastrophe if food isn't delivered to the refugees soon.
• a global/nuclear/economic catastrophe

[noncount]

• an area on the brink of catastrophe
- cat·a·stroph·ic /ˌkætəˈstrɑːfɪk/ adj [more ~; most ~]
• The effect of the war on the economy was catastrophic.
• a catastrophic drought
- cat·a·stroph·i·cal·ly /ˌkætəˈstrɑːfɪkli/ adv
• The dam failed catastrophically, flooding the entire valley.

American English

British English

accidents and disasters

catastrophe

noun

comment

comment [noun]

something that you say or write that expresses your opinion

/ˈkɑː.ment/

/ˈkɒm.ent/

نظر، عقيده‌، اظهار

مثال:

He made negative comments to the press.

او نسبت به خبر نظر منفی داد.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

noun
something that you say that shows what you think about something:
She made some interesting comments about the film.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

comment

I. com‧ment¹ S1 W2 AC /ˈkɒment $ ˈkɑː-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: ↑comment, ↑commentary; verb: ↑comment]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: commentum, from Latin, 'invention', from comminisci 'to invent']
1. [uncountable and countable] an opinion that you express about someone or something SYN remark
comment on/about
his comments about asylum seekers
He was fined for making abusive comments to the referee.
no comment (=used by people in public life when they do not want to answer questions)
2. [uncountable] criticism or discussion of something someone has said or done:
The speech received much comment in the press.
3. be a comment on something to be a sign of the bad quality of something:
The number of adults who cannot read is a sad comment on the quality of our schools.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ make a comment Everyone was making appreciative comments about the delicious food.
▪ have a comment (=want to make a comment) Do you have any comments on that, David?
▪ pass (a) comment British English (=give an opinion) He looked at my photos but he didn’t pass comment.
▪ invite comment(s) (=ask people to give an opinion) The website invites comments from people who visit it.
▪ welcome comments (=be glad to hear people’s opinions) We would welcome your comments and suggestions.
▪ receive comments It is very helpful to receive comments from the public.
■ adjectives
▪ a brief/quick comment I just want to make a very brief comment.
▪ a helpful/constructive comment (=one that helps you make progress) Pay close attention to your teacher’s constructive comments.
▪ a positive/negative comment There were some very positive comments in the report.
▪ a critical comment The school has received critical comments from inspectors.
▪ (a) fair comment (=a criticism that is reasonable) I accepted as fair comment 90% of what he said.
▪ a snide comment (=unkind and made in a secret or indirect way) She made some really snide comments about you when you weren’t here.
▪ a disparaging/derogatory comment (=criticizing someone or something in an unpleasant way) Never make disparaging comments about a colleague’s work.
▪ a scathing/damning comment (=a very critical one) There were a lot of scathing comments about the film.
▪ an appreciative comment (=showing that you think something is good or nice) Appreciative comments may improve your staff’s performance.
▪ a sarcastic comment (=in which you say the opposite of what you mean, as an unkind joke) I tried to stay calm, despite his sarcastic comments.
▪ a casual comment (=not very serious or important) I only made a casual comment about finding the work a bit boring.
▪ a passing comment (=a quick comment made without thinking about it very carefully) She got upset about a passing comment I made about her clothes.
▪ a shrewd comment (=good at judging people or situations) His newspaper article is always full of shrewd comments.
▪ a wry comment (=saying that something is bad in an amusing way) ‘Perhaps the food could be improved,’ was the wry comment of one prisoner.
▪ a bitter comment (=an angry one) Several pensioners passed some bitter comments.
▪ a public comment The jury are forbidden from making public comments.

THESAURUS
▪ comment something that you say or write in order to give your opinion: Does anyone have any comments? | Readers are invited to send in their comments and suggestions.
▪ remark something that you say: Just ignore them if they start making rude remarks. | I’m not sure what he meant by that last remark.
▪ point something that someone mentions about a subject in a discussion, argument, article etc: That’s an interesting point, Steve. | He raises (=mentions) a number of important points in his paper.
▪ observation a comment in which you say what you think or have noticed about something: Karl Marx made the observation that history repeats itself first as tragedy, second as farce.
▪ aside a comment made in a low voice, that you intend only certain people to hear: ‘Is that true?’, she whispered in an aside to Don.
▪ quip /kwɪp/ a clever and amusing comment: She knew she should reply with some light-hearted quip.
▪ dig informal a comment you make to annoy or criticize someone: I’m tired of her little digs at me.
▪ taunt /tɔːnt $ tɒːnt/ a comment intended to make someone angry or upset: The fans made racist taunts throughout the game.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

comment

com·ment AW [comment comments commented commenting] noun, verb [ˈkɒment] [ˈkɑːment]

noun
1. countable, uncountable ~ (about/on sth) something that you say or write which gives an opinion on or explains sb/sth
• Have you any comment to make about the cause of the disaster?
• She made helpful comments on my work.
• The director was not available for comment.
• He handed me the document without comment.
• (computing) Please email us or leave a comment on our website.

• (especially BrE) What she said was fair comment (= a reasonable criticism).

2. singular, uncountable criticism that shows the faults of sth
• The results are a clear comment on government education policy.
• There was a lot of comment about his behaviour.
Word Origin:
late Middle English (in the sense ‘explanatory piece of writing’): from Latin commentum ‘contrivance’ (in late Latin also ‘interpretation’), neuter past participle of comminisci ‘devise’.
Thesaurus:
comment noun C
• She made helpful comments on my work.
remark • • statement • |formal observation •
a/an comment/remark/observation/statement about sth
a/an comment/observation/statement on sth
make a comment/remark/observation/statement
Comment, remark or observation? A comment can be official or private. An observation may be more considered than a remark, but both are always unofficial.
Synonyms:
statement
comment • announcement • remark • declaration • observation
These are all words for sth that you say or write, especially sth that gives information or an opinion.
statement • something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion, often in a formal way: ▪ A government spokesperson made a statement to the press.
comment • something that you say or write that gives an opinion on sth or is a response to a question about a particular situation: ▪ She made helpful comments on my work.
announcement • a spoken or written statement that informs people about sth: ▪ the announcement of a peace agreement
remark • something that you say or write that gives an opinion or thought about sb/sth: ▪ He made a number of rude remarks about the food.
declaration • (rather formal) an official or formal statement, especially one that states an intention, belief or feeling, or that gives information: ▪ the declaration of war
observation • (rather formal) a comment, especially one based on sth you have seen, heard or read: ▪ He began by making a few general observations about the report.
comment, remark or observation?
A comment can be official or private. A remark can be made in public or private but is always unofficial and the speaker may not have considered it carefully. An observation is unofficial but is usually more considered than a remark.
a(n) statement/comment/announcement/remark/declaration/observation about sth
a(n) statement/comment/observation on sth
a(n) public/official statement/comment/announcement/declaration
to make a(n) statement/comment/announcement/remark/declaration/observation
to issue a(n) statement/announcement/declaration
Example Bank:
• Editorial comment in the press tended to support the government in this matter.
• Feel free to post your comments if you have any.
• He made a few casual comments to her about her hair and now she's chopped it all off!
• Her novels were a vehicle for shrewd social comment.
• Highly critical comments have been made about the conduct of some ministers.
• His visits were the source of much comment.
• I would prefer not to pass comment before I have more information on the case.
• If you have any comments, please send them to the above address.
• KPJ officials declined comment.
• She accepted his diagnosis without comment.
• She directed all her comments at Steve.
• She made a cryptic comment about how the film mirrored her life.
• The article attracted much adverse comment.
• The attack is a sad comment on the public's understanding of mental illness.
• The minister was unavailable for comment last night.
• The school has invited comments from parents about the new curriculum.
• The spokesman was not available for comment last night.
• This idea deserves more than passing comment.
• Viewers are encouraged to phone in questions and comments.
• We have received many helpful comments from fellow-sufferers.
• We welcome comments from readers.
• What she said was (a) fair comment.
• When asked about the allegations, the chairman replied ‘no comment’.
• a book with critical comment on the various strands of feminism
• a general comment on the weather

Idiom: no comment

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

comment / ˈkɒm.ent / / ˈkɑː.ment / noun [ C or U ]

B1 something that you say or write that expresses your opinion:

I don't want any comments on/about my new haircut, thank you!

He made negative comments to the press.

I suppose his criticism was fair comment (= a reasonable opinion) .

She was asked about the pay increase but made no comment (= did not give an opinion) .

no comment

C2 used to say that you do not want to answer someone's question

Word partners for comment noun

make a comment • pass comment • attract / draw / excite comment • adverse / caustic / critical / disparaging comments • favourable comments • a casual / general / passing comment • fair comment • comments about / on sth • without comment

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

comment

[kɒ̱ment]

comments, commenting, commented
1) VERB If you comment on something, you give your opinion about it or you give an explanation for it.
  [V on n/wh] So far, Mr Cook has not commented on these reports...
  [V on n/wh] Stratford police refuse to comment on whether anyone has been arrested...
  You really can't comment till you know the facts...
  [V with quote] `I'm always happy with new developments,' he commented...
  [V that] Stuart commented that this was very true.
2) N-VAR A comment is something that you say which expresses your opinion of something or which gives an explanation of it.
  He made his comments at a news conference in Amsterdam...
  I was wondering whether you had any comments about that?...
  There's been no comment so far from police about the allegations...
  Lady Thatcher, who is abroad, was not available for comment.
3) N-SING: usu a N on n If an event or situation is a comment on something, it reveals something about that thing, usually something bad.
  He argues that family problems are typically a comment on some unresolved issues in the family.
  Syn:
  reflection
4) CONVENTION People say `no comment' as a way of refusing to answer a question, usually when it is asked by a journalist.
  No comment. I don't know anything.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹com·ment /ˈkɑːˌmɛnt/ noun, pl -ments
1 a : a spoken or written statement that expresses an opinion about someone or something

[count]

• The most frequent comment was that the service was slow.
• I find your comments offensive.
• I'd like to begin with a few general comments.
• We have no further comments. [=we have nothing more to say]
• Comments or suggestions can be sent to our main Web address.
• She heard him making rude comments [=remarks] about the neighbors.
• We haven't gotten any comments on/about the new design.
• I'd appreciate your comments on this issue.
• We've received positive comments from many of our readers.

[noncount]

• She couldn't be reached for comment.
• We let the remark pass without comment. [=we did not respond to the remark]
✦The phrase no comment is used to tell someone (such as a reporter) that you do not wish to answer a question.
• “Did you know the defendant well?” “No comment.” synonyms see¹remark
b [count] : a written note that explains or discusses the meaning of something (such as a piece of writing)
• The new edition includes the translator's comments.
2 [noncount] : spoken or written discussion about something (such as an event in the news)
• The radio program offers news and comment.
• The trial drew widespread comment.
3 [count] : something that shows or makes a statement about the true state or condition of something - usually singular; + on
• Their case is a sad comment [=commentary] on the current state of the justice system.
• She sees the film as a comment on modern values.

American English

British English

remarks and remarking

B1 (متوسط)

comment

noun

nap

nap [noun] (SLEEP)

a short sleep, especially during the day

/næp/

چرت‌، خواب‌ سبك‌ و كوتاه‌

مثال:

Grandpa usually has/takes a nap after lunch.

پدربزرگ معمولاً بعد از ناهار چرت میزند.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

nap

noun
a short sleep that you have during the day:
I had a nap after lunch.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

nap

I. nap¹ /næp/ BrE AmE noun
[Sense 1: Date: 1300-1400; Origin: ⇨ ↑nap²]
[Sense 2: Date: 1400-1500; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: noppe]

1. [countable] a short sleep, especially during the day
have/take a nap
I usually take a nap after lunch.
an afternoon nap
2. [singular] the soft surface on some cloth and leather, made by brushing the short fine threads or hairs in one direction ⇨ ↑pile¹(7)

COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ have/take a nap I took a nap after lunch.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + nap
▪ a short/little nap A short nap may make you feel better.
▪ a quick/brief nap I like to have a brief nap in the afternoon.
▪ an afternoon/morning nap She has her afternoon nap at about two.
▪ a two-hour/twenty minute etc nap At age four, she was still having a two-hour nap every day.
▪ a power nap (=a short sleep at work, that gives you more energy and concentration) Try taking a power nap before the meeting.
▪ a catnap (=a very short sleep) I envied her ability to take catnaps at any time of the day.
■ nap + NOUN
▪ nap time You can always tell when it's a baby's nap time because they start getting irritable.

THESAURUS
▪ sleep the natural state of resting your mind and body, when your eyes are closed and you do not notice anything happening around you: I hardly got any sleep at all last night. | He woke suddenly from a deep sleep.
▪ slumber/slumbers literary sleep: She fell into an uneasy slumber. | He awoke from his slumbers.
▪ shut-eye informal especially humorous sleep: I really need to get some shut-eye.
▪ doze a period in which you sleep lightly, especially when you are not in your bed: Edward was so tired he fell into a doze on the settee.
▪ snooze informal a short period when you sleep lightly, especially when you are not in your bed: He decided to have a snooze on the sofa while he was waiting for the others to get ready.
▪ nap a short sleep, especially during the day: He’s taking a nap. | Helen put the baby down for a nap after lunch.
▪ forty winks informal a short sleep, especially during the day: I’m just going to have forty winks. | I felt a lot better after I had had forty winks.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

nap

nap [nap naps napped napping] noun, verb [næp] [næp]

noun
1. countable a short sleep, especially during the day
Syn: snooze
• to take/have a nap
compare siesta

see also catnap, power nap

2. singular the short fine threads on the surface of some types of cloth, usually lying in the same direction

3. countable (BrE) advice given by an expert on which horse is most likely to win a race
Word Origin:
n. sense 1 and v. Old English hnappian Germanic
n. sense 2 late Middle English noppe Middle Dutch Middle Low German noppe ‘nap’ noppen ‘trim the nap from’
n. sense 3 early 19th cent. napoleon

Synonyms:
sleep
doze • nap • snooze
These words all mean to rest with your eyes closed and your mind and body not active.
sleep • to rest with your eyes shut and your mind and body not active: ▪ Did you sleep well? ◊ ▪ I couldn't sleep last night.
It is more usual to say that sb is asleep than that they are sleeping; but if you use an adverb to say how they are sleeping, use sleeping: ▪ ‘What's Ashley doing?’ ‘Sh! She's asleep.’ ◊ ▪ The baby was sleeping peacefully. ◊ The baby was asleep peacefully.
doze • to sleep lightly, waking up easily, often when you are not in bed: ▪ He was dozing in front of the TV.
nap • to sleep for a short time, especially during the day.
snooze • (informal) to sleep lightly for a short time, especially during the day and usually not in bed: ▪ My brother was snoozing on the sofa.
to sleep/doze lightly/fitfully
to doze/snooze gently
Example Bank:
• I had a short nap after lunch.

• to have/take a nap

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

nap / næp / noun [ C ] (SLEEP)

C1 a short sleep, especially during the day:

Grandpa usually has/takes a nap after lunch.

nap / næp / noun [ S ] (CLOTH)

the surface of a piece of cloth such as velvet, consisting of short threads that have been brushed in one direction

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

nap

[næ_p]
naps, napping, napped
1) N-COUNT If you have a nap, you have a short sleep, usually during the day.
  Use your lunch hour to have a nap in your chair...
  I might take a little nap.
  Syn:
  snooze
2) VERB If you nap, you sleep for a short period of time, usually during the day.
  An elderly person may nap during the day and then sleep only five hours a night.
  Syn:
  doze
3) N-SING The nap of a carpet or of a cloth such as velvet is the top layer of short threads, which usually lie smoothly in one direction.
4) PHRASE: V inflects If someone is caught napping, something happens when they are not prepared for it, although they should have been. [INFORMAL]
  The security services were clearly caught napping.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹nap /ˈnæp/ noun, pl naps [count] : a short period of sleep especially during the day
• She awoke from her nap rested and refreshed.
• You look like you could use a nap.
• He put the baby down for a nap.
• Grandma takes a nap every afternoon.

- compare ³nap

nap

³nap noun, pl naps [count] : a soft layer of threads on the surface of a piece of cloth, a carpet, etc.

- compare ¹nap

enthusiasm

enthusiasm [noun]

a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it

/ɪnˈθuː.zi.æz.əm/

/ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz.əm/

اشتیاق، شور و شوق

مثال:

Her enthusiasm made everyone else interested.

شور و شوق‌ او ديگران‌ را جملگى‌ به‌ شوق‌ آورد.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

enthusiasm

noun (no plural)
a strong feeling of wanting to do something or liking something:
The pupils showed great enthusiasm for the new project.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

enthusiasm

en‧thu‧si‧as‧m W3 /ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm $ ɪnˈθuː-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: ↑enthusiasm, ↑enthusiast; verb: ↑enthuse; adverb: ↑enthusiastically ≠ UNENTHUSIASTICALLY; adjective: ↑enthusiastic ≠ UNENTHUSIASTIC]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: enthousiasmos, from entheos 'filled (by a god) with sudden strong abilities', from theos 'god']
1. [uncountable] a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it:
Gillian and Darren greeted the speakers with great enthusiasm.
We went along to the local diving club, full of enthusiasm.
They go about their tasks with little enthusiasm.
enthusiasm for
Britain’s apparent lack of enthusiasm for such a scheme
Employers showed little enthusiasm for the new regulations.
He shares your enthusiasm for jazz.
I left university fired with enthusiasm for work.
A delay of two hours did not dampen their enthusiasm.
2. [countable] formal an activity or subject that someone is very interested in

COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ have enthusiasm He never had much enthusiasm for work.
▪ show enthusiasm The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.
▪ lose (your) enthusiasm The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.
▪ arouse/generate enthusiasm formal (=make people feel enthusiastic) The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.
▪ dampen sb’s enthusiasm (=cause people to be unenthusiastic) The rain had dampened our enthusiasm.
▪ share sb’s enthusiasm I’m afraid I don’t share my husband’s enthusiasm for camping.
▪ fire sb’s enthusiasm (=make someone feel very enthusiastic) At high school, Mr Jones really fired my enthusiasm for history.
■ adjectives
▪ infectious (=spreading from one person to another) Her enthusiasm was infectious.
▪ great/much/considerable enthusiasm There was considerable enthusiasm for the idea of a party.
▪ enormous/tremendous enthusiasm He always plays with tremendous enthusiasm.
▪ genuine/real enthusiasm She talked about the project with genuine enthusiasm.
▪ boundless/unbounded enthusiasm formal (=very great) I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.
▪ little enthusiasm (=not much enthusiasm) In the nearby villages, there’s little enthusiasm for the airport.
▪ initial enthusiasm (=happening at the beginning, but not lasting) After a few months, their initial enthusiasm had started to wane.
▪ renewed enthusiasm (=starting again, with increased energy or interest) After lunch, she went about the task with renewed enthusiasm.
▪ youthful enthusiasm (=enthusiasm that is typical of young people) The team has just the right mix of youthful enthusiasm and experience.
■ phrases
▪ with/without enthusiasm The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.
▪ (be) full of enthusiasm (=very enthusiastic) He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.
▪ be brimming/bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm (=be very excited and enthusiastic) Andrea’s voice was brimming with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.
▪ be fired (up) with enthusiasm (=be very enthusiastic and keen to do something) She came back from the course fired up with enthusiasm.
▪ a wave/burst/surge of enthusiasm (=a sudden feeling of enthusiasm) The new year began with a fresh wave of enthusiasm.
▪ a lack of enthusiasm My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

enthusiasm

en·thu·si·asm [enthusiasm enthusiasms] [ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm] [ɪnˈθuːziæzəm] noun
1. uncountable a strong feeling of excitement and interest in sth and a desire to become involved in it
• ~ (for sth) I can't say I share your enthusiasm for the idea.
• He had a real enthusiasm for the work.
• ~ (for doing sth) She never lost her enthusiasm for teaching.
• The news was greeted with a lack of enthusiasm by those at the meeting.
• ‘I don't mind,’ she said, without much enthusiasm.

• full of enthusiasm

2. countable (formal) something that you are very interested in and spend a lot of time doing
• Reading is one of her many enthusiasms.
Word Origin:
early 17th cent. (originally referring to religious fervour): from French enthousiasme, or via late Latin from Greek enthousiasmos, from enthous ‘possessed by a god, inspired’ (based on theos ‘god’).
Example Bank:
• Both sides have shown a distinct lack of enthusiasm for discussion.
• Cruise brings a lot of energy and enthusiasm to his roles.
• Few people expressed enthusiasm about the current leaders.
• He accepted the invitation with feigned enthusiasm.
• He tried to hide the boyish enthusiasm bubbling up inside him.
• Her voice was full of enthusiasm.
• I look forward to the challenge ahead with great enthusiasm.
• She grinned, unable to contain her enthusiasm.
• She managed to convey an enthusiasm she did not feel.
• The cruise director demonstrated boundless enthusiasm and energy.
• The idea aroused immense enthusiasm among party workers.
• The initial enthusiasm for the project was wearing off.
• The team have shown enthusiasm and commitment.
• The trip has fired his enthusiasm for all things French.
• This weather would dampen anyone's enthusiasm for swimming.
• We went about our task with renewed enthusiasm.

• I can't say I share your enthusiasm for the idea.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

enthusiasm / ɪnˈθjuː.zi.æz. ə m / / -ˈθuː- / noun

B2 [ U ] a feeling of energetic interest in a particular subject or activity and an eagerness to be involved in it:

One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm.

After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.

I just can't work up (= start to feel) any enthusiasm for the whole project.

[ C ] a subject or activity that interests you very much:

One of his greatest enthusiasms was yoga.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

enthusiasm

[ɪnθju͟ːziæzəm, AM -θu͟ː-]

enthusiasms
1) N-VAR: oft N for n/-ing Enthusiasm is great eagerness to be involved in a particular activity which you like and enjoy or which you think is important.
  The lack of enthusiasm for unification among most West Germans fills him with disappointment...
  Their skill, enthusiasm and running has got them in the team.
2) N-COUNT: oft with poss An enthusiasm is an activity or subject that interests you very much and that you spend a lot of time on.
  Draw him out about his current enthusiasms and future plans.
  Syn:
  interest

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

enthusiasm

en·thu·si·asm /ɪnˈɵuːziˌæzəm, Brit ɪnˈɵjuːziˌæzəm/ noun, pl -asms
1 [noncount] : strong excitement about something : a strong feeling of active interest in something that you like or enjoy
• The party supported its candidate with enthusiasm.
• He seems to lack enthusiasm for the work he's doing.
2 [count] : something causing a feeling of excitement and active interest : a hobby that someone feels enthusiastic about
• Among his latest enthusiasms are sailing and fishing.

American English

British English

excitement - interest - energy and enthusiasm

B2 (بالای متوسط)

enthusiasm

noun

upload

upload [noun]

a computer program or information that can be uploaded

/ˈʌp.loʊd/

/ˈʌp.ləʊd/

مثال:

tips on handling file uploads

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. up‧load² /ˈʌpləʊd $ -loʊd/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
information, computer programs etc that have been uploaded, or the process of uploading them OPP download:
tips on handling file uploads

THESAURUS
■ Actions when using a computer
▪ start up/boot up to make a computer start working: I’m having problems starting up my computer.
▪ log on/in to start using a computer system by typing your name and password: He logged on and read his emails.
▪ click on something to press a button on a computer mouse to choose a program, file etc from the screen: When you click on the link, it sends you to the company’s website.
▪ install to add new software to a computer so that the software is ready to be used: All users should install anti-virus software.
▪ download to move information, pictures, or music from the Internet onto your computer: You can download MP3 files.
▪ upload to move information, pictures, or music from your computer to a different computer across the Internet: Sites such as YouTube allow you to upload your own videos.
▪ open to make a file or program ready to use: Open a new file and type in the information.
▪ scroll up/down to move information on a computer screen up or down so that you can read it: Scroll down to read the questions and answers.
▪ enter to type information into a computer: The program requires you to enter a password.
▪ delete to remove information from a computer: I’ve deleted his email. | When you delete a file, it first gets moved to the recycle bin.
▪ cut and paste to remove information from one place and put it in another place: Tutors are looking out for students who cut and paste their essays from the Internet.
▪ save to make a computer keep the work that you have done on it: Make sure you save any work you do before you shut the computer down.
▪ close to stop having a file or program ready to use: To close the window, click on the ‘X’ in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
▪ log off/out to stop using a computer system by giving it particular instructions: I get an error message when I log off.
▪ shut down to make a computer stop working: Employees should shut their computers down at the end of each day.
▪ restart/reboot to make a computer start working again: Wait a few minutes before rebooting your computer.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

noun [ˈʌpləʊd] ; [ˈʌploʊd] (computing)
data that has been moved to a larger computer system from a smaller one

Opp: download

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

upload / ˈʌp.ləʊd / / -loʊd / noun [ C ]

a computer program or information that can be uploaded

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

upload

[ʌ̱ploʊd]
uploads, uploading, uploaded
VERB: V n
If you upload data, you transfer it to your computer or from your computer to another computer.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

upload

²up·load /ˈʌpˌloʊd/ noun, pl -loads [count] computers : a file, program, etc., that is uploaded
• a data upload

congratulation

congratulation [noun]

Something that you say when you want to congratulate someone

/kənˌɡrætʃ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

تبريك، تهنيت‌

مثال:

"I passed my driving test yesterday." "Did you? Congratulations!"

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

congratulation

con‧grat‧u‧la‧tion S3 /kənˌɡrætʃəˈleɪʃən, kənˌɡrætʃʊˈleɪʃən/ BrE AmE noun
1. congratulations
a) used when you want to congratulate someone:
‘I’ve just passed my driving test!’ ‘Congratulations!’
congratulations on
Congratulations on a superb performance!
b) words saying you are happy that someone has achieved something:
Give Oscar my congratulations.
2. [uncountable] when you tell someone that you are happy because they have achieved something or because something nice has happened to them:
letters of congratulation

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

congratulation

con·gratu·la·tion [congratulation congratulations] [kənˌɡrætʃuˈleɪʃn] [kənˌɡrætʃuˈleɪʃn] noun
1. congratulations plural a message congratulating sb (= saying that you are happy about their good luck or success)

• to offer/send your congratulations to sb

2. Congratulations! used when you want to congratulate sb
• ‘We're getting married!’ ‘Congratulations!’

• Congratulations on your exam results!

3. uncountable the act of congratulating sb
• a letter of congratulation
Word Origin:

late Middle English: from Latin congratulatio(n-), from the verb congratulari, from con- ‘with’ + gratulari ‘show joy’ (from gratus ‘pleasing’).

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

congratulation / kənˌɡræt.jʊˈleɪ.ʃ ə n / noun

congratulations [ plural ] A2 something that you say when you want to congratulate someone:

"I passed my driving test yesterday." "Did you? Congratulations!"

Congratulations on your engagement!

[ U ] the act of congratulating someone:

He sent her a note of congratulation on her election victory.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

con·grat·u·la·tion /kənˌgræʧəˈleɪʃən, kənˌgræʤəˈleɪʃən/ noun, pl -tions
1 congratulations [plural]
a : a message telling someone that you are happy because of his or her success or good luck : words that congratulate someone
• Let me offer you my congratulations for/on being elected.
• Please send her my congratulations.
b
- used to tell someone that you are happy because of his or her success or good luck
• “I got promoted!” “Congratulations!”
- often + on
• Congratulations on your promotion!
• Congratulations on a job well done.
2 formal : the act of telling someone that you are happy because of his or her success or good luck : the act of congratulating someone

[plural]

• I sent her a letter/message of congratulations.

[noncount]

• a letter/message of congratulation

American English

British English

praising and applauding

A2 (مبتدی)

noun

brainteaser

brainteaser [noun]

A problem for which it is hard to find the answer, especially one which people enjoy trying to solve as a game

/ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zɚ/

/ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zər/

مثال:

The paper publishes two brainteasers every Saturday.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

brain teaser

ˈbrain ˌteaser BrE AmE noun [countable]
a difficult problem that is fun trying to solve

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

brain-teaser

ˈbrain-teaser [brain-teaser brain-teasers] noun
a problem that is difficult but fun to solve

• There were some real brain-teasers in the quiz.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

brainteaser / ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zə r / / -zɚ / noun [ C ] ( also teaser )

a problem for which it is hard to find the answer, especially one which people enjoy trying to solve as a game:

The paper publishes two brainteasers every Saturday.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

brain teaser

also brain-teaser
(brain teasers)

A brain teaser is a question, problem, or puzzle that is difficult to answer or solve, but is not serious or important.

= puzzle

N-COUNT

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

brainteaser

brain·teas·er /ˈbreɪnˌtiːzɚ/ noun, pl -ers [count] : a puzzle that is difficult to figure out or solve

American English

British English

difficult things and people

noun

abduction

abduction [noun]

Different from what is typical or usual, especially in an unacceptable way

/æbˈdʌk.ʃən/

آدم ربایی

مثال:

Child abduction

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

—abduction /əbˈdʌkʃən, æb-/ noun [uncountable and countable]:
child abduction

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

abduction

ab·duc·tion [abduction abductions] [æbˈdʌkʃn] ; [æbˈdʌkʃn] noun uncountable, countable

• child abduction

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

aberrant / əˈber. ə nt / / ˈæb.ə.r ə nt / adjective formal

different from what is typical or usual, especially in an unacceptable way:

aberrant behaviour/sexuality

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

• ab‧duc‧tion (abductions)
...the abduction of four youths.

N-VAR

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

abduct

ab·duct /æbˈdʌkt/ verb -ducts; -duct·ed; -duct·ing [+ obj] : to take (someone) away from a place by force
• He was abducted [=kidnapped] from his home.
• She claims that she was abducted by aliens. [=that she was carried away in a spaceship by creatures from another world]
- ab·duct·ee /ˌæbˌdʌkˈtiː/ noun, pl -tees [count]
• alien abductees [=people who say they were abducted by creatures from another world]
- ab·duc·tion /æbˈdʌkʃən/ noun, pl -tions

[count]

• abductions of children

[noncount]

• an increase in the incidence of child abduction
- ab·duc·tor /æbˈdʌktɚ/ noun, pl -tors [count]
• She managed to escape from her abductors.

American English

British English

physical and sexual assault and abduction

noun

resolution

resolution [noun] (DECISION)

an official decision that is made after a group or organization have voted

/ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃən/

قصد، نيت‌، خواست‌

مثال:

to approve/adopt a resolution

Oxford Essential Dictionary

resolution

noun
something that you decide to do or not to do:
Julie made a resolution to study harder.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

resolution

res‧o‧lu‧tion W3 AC /ˌrezəˈluːʃən/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: verb: ↑resolve; noun: ↑resolution]
1. DECISION [countable] a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a vote
pass/adopt/approve a resolution
The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.
a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste
They have failed to comply with the resolution.
2. SOLUTION [singular, uncountable] when someone solves a problem, argument, or difficult situation
resolution of
a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes
3. PROMISE [countable] a promise to yourself to do something ⇨ resolve
resolution to do something
Carol made a resolution to work harder at school.
New Year’s resolution (=a resolution made on January 1st)
4. DETERMINATION [uncountable] strong belief and determination:
Then, with sudden resolution, she stood up.
5. CLEAR PICTURE [uncountable and countable] the power of a television, camera, ↑microscope etc to give a clear picture
high/low resolution (=how clear or unclear the picture is)

COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ pass/approve a resolution The Security Council passed a resolution condemning the country’s aggression.
▪ adopt a resolution (=pass it) The resolution was adopted by 12 votes to none.
▪ reject a resolution The National Assembly rejected the resolution.
▪ propose/introduce/put forward a resolution The resolution was proposed by the chairman of the committee.
▪ table a resolution (=officially propose it) Siddall tabled a resolution asking for the Board’s approval of the Five Year Business Plan.
▪ vote on a resolution Are there any comments you wish to make before we vote on this resolution?
▪ a resolution calling for something We support the EU resolution calling for a ban on the use of these fishing nets.
▪ a resolution condemning something The UN Security Council tabled a resolution condemning the invasion.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

resolution

reso·lution AW [resolution resolutions] [ˌrezəˈluːʃn] [ˌrezəˈluːʃn] noun
1. countable a formal statement of an opinion agreed on by a committee or a council, especially by means of a vote
• to pass/adopt/carry a resolution

• The UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution calling for a halt to hostilities.

2. uncountable, singular the act of solving or settling a problem, disagreement, etc.
Syn: settlement

• The government is pressing for an early resolution of the dispute.

3. uncountable the quality of being resolute or determined
Syn: resolve
• The reforms owe a great deal to the resolution of one man.

• Her resolution never faltered.

4. countable ~ (to do sth) a firm decision to do or not to do sth
• She made a resolution to visit her relatives more often.

• Have you made any New Year's resolutions (= for example, to give up smoking from 1 January)?

5. uncountable, singular the power of a computer screen, printer, etc. to give a clear image, depending on the size of the dots that make up the image
• high-resolution graphics
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from Latin resolutio(n-), from resolvere ‘loosen, release’, from re- (expressing intensive force) + solvere ‘loosen’.
Example Bank:
• Hopes of a peaceful resolution to the conflict were fading.
• I made a New Year resolution to give up smoking.
• She showed great resolution in her dealings with management.
• The General Assembly rejected the resolution on the subject of arms control.
• The assembly adopted a resolution approving the plan.
• The government is pressing for an early resolution of the hostage crisis.
• The legislature has approved a resolution calling for the removal of such advertising.
• The resolution called for the resumption of negotiations.
• The resolution was carried unanimously.
• a joint US-British resolution
• a monitor capable of a 1 024 by 768 pixel resolution
• a resolution condemning the invasion
• a resolution declaring independence
• methods of conflict resolution
• the likelihood of achieving a satisfactory resolution to the problem
• the non-violent resolution of conflict
• weapons banned under Resolution 687
• Have you made any New Year's resolutions?

• She has worked in the field of conflict resolution and mediation for many years.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

resolution / ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃ ə n / noun (DECISION)

C2 [ C ] an official decision that is made after a group or organization have voted:

to approve/adopt a resolution

[ + to infinitive ] The United Nations passed (= voted to support) a resolution to increase aid to the Third World.

C2 [ C ] a promise to yourself to do or to not do something:

[ + to infinitive ] I made a resolution to give up chocolate.

resolution / ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃ ə n / noun [ U ] ( also resoluteness ) formal approving (DETERMINATION)

determination:

He showed great resolution in facing the robbers.

resolution / ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃ ə n / noun [ S or U ] formal (SOLVING)

C2 the act of solving or ending a problem or difficulty:

a successful resolution to the crisis

resolution / ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃ ə n / noun [ U ] specialized (DETAIL)

the ability of a microscope, or a television or computer screen, to show things clearly and with a lot of detail:

a high/low resolution image

resolution / ˌrez.əˈluː.ʃ ə n / noun [ U ] specialized (SEPARATION)

the act of separating or being separated into clearly different parts:

the resolution of oil into bitumen and tar

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

resolution

[re̱zəlu͟ːʃ(ə)n]

resolutions
1) N-COUNT: usu N supp, oft N num A resolution is a formal decision taken at a meeting by means of a vote.
  He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal.
  ...a draft resolution on the occupied territories.
2) N-COUNT If you make a resolution, you decide to try very hard to do something.
→ See also New Year's resolution
  They made a resolution to lose all the weight gained during the Christmas period.
3) N-UNCOUNT Resolution is determination to do something or not do something.
  `I think I'll try a hypnotist,' I said with sudden resolution.
4) N-SING: oft N to/of n The resolution of a problem or difficulty is the final solving of it. [FORMAL]
  ...the successful resolution of a dispute involving UN inspectors in Baghdad.
  ...in order to find a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
5) N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp The resolution of an image is how clear the image is. [TECHNICAL]
  Now this machine gives us such high resolution that we can see very small specks of calcium.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

resolution

res·o·lu·tion /ˌrɛzəˈluːʃən/ noun, pl -tions
1 a [noncount] : the act of finding an answer or solution to a conflict, problem, etc. : the act of resolving something
• a court for the resolution of civil disputes
• conflict resolution
b [count] : an answer or solution to something
• We found a resolution to the dispute.
2 : the ability of a device to show an image clearly and with a lot of detail

[count]

• computer screens with high resolutions

[noncount]

• The monitor has excellent resolution.
• a high-resolution copier/monitor/camera
3 [count] : a promise to yourself that you will make a serious effort to do something that you should do
• He made a resolution to lose weight. [=he resolved to lose weight]
• Her New Year's resolution [=her promise to do something differently in the new year] is to exercise regularly.
4 [noncount] : the quality of being very determined to do something : determination
• They admired his courage and resolution. [=resolve]
5 [count] : a formal statement that expresses the feelings, wishes, or decision of a group
• The assembly passed a resolution calling for the university president to step down.
6 [noncount] : the point in a story at which the main conflict is solved or ended
• the resolution of the plot

American English

British English

decisions and deciding

resolution

noun

فرم جستجو

noun

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