American English

0

grow up

grow up [phrasal verb] (PERSON)

To gradually become an adult

US /ɡroʊ/ 
UK /ɡrəʊ/ 

رشد کردن، بزرگ شدن

مثال: 

I grew up in London.

من در لندن بزرگ شدم.

To gradually become an adult

معادل فارسی: 

رشد کردن، بزرگ شدن

مثال انگلیسی: 

I grew up in London.

من در لندن بزرگ شدم.

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
young people
سطح: 
A2 (مبتدی)
Region: 
American English
British English

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

grow up

grow up phrasal verb (see also ↑grow)
1. to develop from being a child to being an adult:
What do you want to be when you grow up?
I grew up in Chicago.
2. grow up! spoken used to tell someone to behave in a more responsible way, like an adult
3. to start to exist or develop gradually:
Trading settlements grew up by the river.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

grow up

ˌgrow ˈup derived

1. (of a person) to develop into an adult

• She grew up in Boston (= lived there as a child).

• Their children have all grown up and left home now.

• ~ to do sth He grew up to become a famous pianist.

related noun  grown-up2

2. used to tell sb to stop behaving in a silly way

• Why don't you grow up?

• It's time you grew up.

3. to develop gradually

• A closeness grew up between the two girls.

Main entry: growderived

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

grow up (PERSON) — phrasal verb with grow / ɡrəʊ /   / ɡroʊ / verb ( grew , grown )

A2 to gradually become an adult:

I grew up in Scotland (= I lived there when I was young) .

Taking responsibility for yourself is part of the process of growing up.
 

grow up (CITY) — phrasal verb with grow / ɡrəʊ /   / ɡroʊ / verb ( grew , grown )

If a town or city grows up in a particular place or way, it develops there or in that way:

The city grew up originally as a crossing point on the river.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

grow up

 1) PHRASAL VERB When someone grows up, they gradually change from being a child into being an adult.
 → See also grown-up
  [V P] She grew up in Tokyo.
 2) PHRASAL VERB: usu imper (disapproval) If you tell someone to grow up, you are telling them to stop behaving in a silly or childish way. [INFORMAL]
  [V P] It's time you grew up.
 3) PHRASAL VERB If something grows up, it starts to exist and then becomes larger or more important.
  [V P] A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.

 

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

grow

grow /ˈgroʊ/ verb grows; grew /ˈgruː/; grown /ˈgroʊn/; grow·ing
1 [no obj] : to become larger : to increase in size, amount, etc.
• The city is growing rapidly/dramatically.
• The list of chores to do this weekend keeps growing.
- often + in
• The sport is growing in popularity. [=is becoming more popular]
• The school has grown (considerably/greatly) in size.
• His followers continue to grow in number. [=to become more numerous]
2 [no obj] : to become better or improved in some way : to become more developed, mature, etc.
• She grew intellectually and emotionally in her first year at college.
• It's wonderful to see how she has grown as a person since going to college.
3 [no obj] : to become larger and change from being a child to being an adult as time passes : to pass from childhood to adulthood
• It can be hard to watch our children change as they grow.
• He's still just a growing boy.
• She's grown (by) at least an inch since the last time I saw her.
4 a [no obj] of a plant : to exist and develop
• These trees grow only in the jungle.
• As the tree grew taller, the branches began to touch the house.
• This plant does well in difficult growing conditions. [=conditions in which it is difficult for most plants to grow]
• The flowers grow wild [=grow naturally without being planted or cared for by humans] along the highway.
b [+ obj] : to cause (a plant) to grow : to cultivate or raise (a plant)
• She grows tomatoes in her garden.
• The plant is grown for its colorful flowers.
5 of hair, fingernails, etc. : to become longer

[no obj]

• She's letting her hair grow a little.
• His fingernails grow quickly.

[+ obj]

• She's growing her hair long.
• He tried to grow a beard/mustache. [=to have a beard/mustache by letting the hair on his face grow]
- see also grow out 1 (below)
6 a always followed by an adjective [linking verb] : become
• He suddenly grew pale.
• He had grown tired of hearing about their problems.
• She grew fat due to her lack of exercise.
• He's worried about growing old.
• These diseases are growing more common.
• We have grown accustomed to his angry outbursts.
b [no obj] : to have or form an opinion, attitude, etc., after time passes - followed by to + verb
• She's grown to like her new job.
• I grew to admire her very much.
• I grew to feel that these problems were not important.
• She grew to hate him for his selfishness.
7 [+ obj] : to cause (something, such as a business) to develop or get bigger
• These changes should allow us to grow the company while reducing waste.
• He claims that his proposals will help grow the economy.
grow apart [phrasal verb] : to become less friendly or emotionally close as time passes : to become distant from someone
• My wife and I have grown apart over the years.
grow from [phrasal verb] grow from (something) : to come from or originate from (something)
• The company grew from an idea he had in college.
grow into [phrasal verb] grow into (something)
1 : to become (something) as time passes
• She has grown into an accomplished and charming young woman.
• His small company has grown into a huge international corporation.
2 : to become large enough for (a certain size of clothing)
• Ben will grow into Billy's shoes in a year or two.
grow on [phrasal verb] grow on (someone) : to become more appealing to (someone) as time passes
• Try the dish again—it grows on you.
• I didn't like him at first, but he's starting to grow on me.
grow on trees informal : to exist in large amounts : to be easy to get
• Good jobs don't grow on trees. [=good jobs are hard to get]
• He acts as if money grows on trees.
grow out [phrasal verb]
1 grow (something) out or grow out (something) : to allow (something) to get longer
• She's growing out her hair.
- see also grow 5 (above)
2 grow out of (something)
a : to develop or come from (a source)
• The project grew out of a simple suggestion.
• This new theory grew out of their earlier research.
b : to become too large for (a certain size of clothing)
• He quickly grew out of his clothes.
- see also outgrow
c : to stop doing or having (something) because you are older and more mature
• She hoped to grow out of her bad habits.
• He's wild now, but he'll grow out of it.
grow up [phrasal verb]
1 a : to become an adult
• She wants to be a firefighter when she grows up.
- used to describe where you lived, what you did, etc., when you were a child
• I grew up in the city.
• We grew up poor, but we always had food on the table.
• He grew up playing music. [=he played music when he was a child]
b : to stop thinking and behaving in a childish way
• It's time for him to grow up and start accepting his responsibilities.
• Oh, grow up!
- see also grown-up
2 : to begin to exist and develop as time passes
• A number of villages and cities grew up along the river.
• A rivalry grew up between the villages.
- grow·er /ˈgrowɚ/ noun, pl -ers [count]
• corn/fruit growers
• This plant is known as a fast grower.
- growing adj always used before a noun
• There is growing acceptance of the new plan.
• the growing popularity of this film
• There's a growing sense that he may be right.

American English
British English
young people
A2 (مبتدی)
grow up
phrasal verb
0

architecture

architecture [noun]

The art and practice of designing and making buildings

US /ˈɑːr.kə.tek.tʃɚ/ 
UK /ˈɑː.kɪ.tek.tʃər/ 

معماری

مثال: 

classical architecture

معمارى سبك‌ كلاسيك‌

The art and practice of designing and making buildings

معادل فارسی: 

معماری

مثال انگلیسی: 

classical architecture

معمارى سبك‌ كلاسيك‌

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
architecture
سطح: 
B1 (متوسط)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

architecture

 noun (no plural)

1 the study of designing and making buildings:
He has a degree in architecture.

2 the design or style of a building or buildings:
Do you like modern architecture?

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

architecture

ar‧chi‧tec‧ture S3 W3 /ˈɑːkətektʃə, ˈɑːkɪtektʃə $ ˈɑːrkətektʃər/ noun
 1. [uncountable] the style and design of a building or buildings
  architecture of
   • the architecture of Venice
  modern/classical/medieval etc architecture
 2. [uncountable] the art and practice of planning and designing buildings:
   • He studied architecture at university.
 3. [uncountable] the structure of something:
   • the architecture of DNA
 4. [uncountable and countable] technical the structure of a computer system and the way it works
 —architectural /ˌɑːkəˈtektʃərəl◂, ˌɑːkɪˈtektʃərəl◂ $ ˌɑːr-/ adjective:
   • architectural features
 —architecturally adverb:
   • Architecturally, Chengdu is quite different from most of China.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

architecture

archi·tec·ture [architecture architectures]   [ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)]    [ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər]  noun

1. uncountable the art and study of designing buildings

• to study architecture

2. uncountable the design or style of a building or buildings

• the architecture of the eighteenth century

• modern architecture

3. countable, uncountable (computing) the design and structure of a computer system

Word Origin:

mid 16th cent.: from Latin architectura, from architectus from Greek arkhitektōn, from arkhi- ‘chief’ + tektōn ‘builder’.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

architecture / ˈɑː.kɪ.tek.tʃə r /   / ˈɑːr.kɪ.tek.tʃɚ / noun [ U ]

B1 the art and practice of designing and making buildings:

to study architecture

B1 the style in which buildings are made:

Roman architecture

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

architecture

[ɑ͟ː(r)kɪtektʃə(r)]
 architectures
 1) N-UNCOUNT Architecture is the art of planning, designing, and constructing buildings.
  He studied classical architecture and design in Rome.
 2) N-UNCOUNT: with supp The architecture of a building is the style in which it is designed and constructed.
  ...modern architecture.
  ...a fine example of Moroccan architecture.
  ...the architecture of the city's buildings.
 3) N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl, N of n The architecture of something is its structure. [FORMAL]
  ...the crumbling intellectual architecture of modern society.
  ...the architecture of muscle fibres.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

architecture

ar·chi·tec·ture /ˈɑɚkəˌtɛkʧɚ/ noun, pl -tures
1 [noncount] : the art or science of designing and creating buildings
• In college, he studied architecture.
2 [noncount] : a method or style of building
• The architecture of the building is modern.
3 [count] technical : the way in which the parts of a computer are organized
• different program architectures
- ar·chi·tec·tur·al /ˌɑɚkəˈtɛkʧərəl/ adj
• architectural blueprints/designs/drawings/plans
• an architectural detail/element/feature/style
- ar·chi·tec·tur·al·ly adv
• architecturally wonderful buildings

American English
British English
architecture
B1 (متوسط)
architecture
noun
0

nursing

nursing [noun]

The job of being a nurse

US /ˈnɝː.sɪŋ/ 
UK /ˈnɜː.sɪŋ/ 

پرستارى

مثال: 

The School of Nursing is still taking applicants.

دانشکده پرستاری هنوز هم متقاضی می پذیرد.

The job of being a nurse

معادل فارسی: 

پرستارى

مثال انگلیسی: 

The School of Nursing is still taking applicants.

دانشکده پرستاری هنوز هم متقاضی می پذیرد.

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
doctors and health workers generally
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

nursing

 noun (no plural)
the job of being a nurse:
He has decided to go into nursing when he leaves school.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

nursing

nurs‧ing /ˈnɜːsɪŋ $ ˈnɜːr-/ noun [uncountable]
  [Word Family: noun: nurse, nursery, nursing; verb: nurse]
  the job or skill of looking after people who are ill, injured, or old ⇨ nurse:
   • I’d love to go into nursing.
   • the nursing profession
   • psychiatric nursing

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

nursing

nurs·ing [nursing]   [ˈnɜːsɪŋ]    [ˈnɜːrsɪŋ]  noun uncountable

the job or skill of caring for people who are sick or injured

• a career in nursing

• nursing care

• the nursing profession

 

Example Bank:

• He is planning to follow a career in nursing.

• My grandmother lives in a nursing home.

• Representatives from the nursing profession will give a talk on their work.

nurse

nurse [nurse nurses nursed nursing] noun, verb   [nɜːs]    [nɜːrs]

noun

 

1. a person whose job is to take care of sick or injured people, usually in a hospital

• a qualified/registered nurse

• student nurses

• a male nurse

• a dental nurse (= one who helps a dentist)

• a psychiatric nurse (= one who works in a hospital for people with mental illnesses)

• Nurse Bennett

• Nurse, come quickly!

see also  charge nurse, district nurse, practical nurse, registered nurse, staff nurse

2. (also nurse·maid) (old-fashioned) (in the past) a woman or girl whose job was to take care of babies or small children in their own homes

see also  nursery nurse, wet nurse 

 

Word Origin:

late Middle English: contraction of earlier nourice, from Old French, from late Latin nutricia, feminine of Latin nutricius ‘(person) that nourishes’, from nutrix, nutric- ‘nurse’, from nutrire ‘nourish’. The verb was originally a contraction of nourish, altered under the influence of the noun.

 

More About:

gender

Ways of talking about men and women

When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not.The human race

Man and mankind have traditionally been used to mean ‘all men and women’. Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people.Jobs

The suffix -ess in names of occupations such as actress, hostess and waitress shows that the person doing the job is a woman. Many people now avoid these. Instead you can use actor or host, (although actress and hostess are still very common) or a neutral word, such as server for waiter and waitress.

Neutral words like assistant, worker, person or officer are now often used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs. For example, you can use police officer instead of policeman or policewoman, and spokesperson instead of spokesman or spokeswoman. Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in both BrE and NAmE.

When talking about jobs that are traditionally done by the other sex, some people say: a male secretary/nurse/model (NOT man) or a woman/female doctor/barrister/driver. However this is now not usually used unless you need to emphasize which sex the person is, or it is still unusual for the job to be done by a man/woman: ▪ My daughter prefers to see a woman doctor. ◊ ▪ They have a male nanny for their kids. ◊ ▪ a female racing driver Pronouns

He used to be considered to cover both men and women: ▪ Everyone needs to feel he is loved. This is not now acceptable. Instead, after everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, etc. one of the plural pronouns they, them, and their is often used: ▪ Does everybody know what they want? ◊ ▪ Somebody’s left their coat here. ◊ ▪ I hope nobody’s forgotten to bring their passport with them.

Some people prefer to use he or she, his or her, or him or her in speech and writing: ▪ Everyone knows what’s best for him or herself. He/she or (s)he can also be used in writing: ▪ If in doubt, ask your doctor. He/she can give you more information. (You may find that some writers just use ‘she’.) These uses can seem awkward when they are used a lot. It is better to try to change the sentence, using a plural noun. Instead of saying: ▪ A baby cries when he or she is tired you can say ▪ Babies cry when they are tired.

 

Example Bank:

• the children's staff nurse

• a dental nurse

• a psychiatric nurse

• a qualified/registered nurse

 

verb

 

1. transitive ~ sb to care for sb who is ill/sick or injured

• He worked in a hospital for ten years nursing cancer patients.

• She nursed her daughter back to health.

• She nursed her husband devotedly through his last illness.

2. transitive ~ sth to take care of an injury or illness

• Several weeks after the match, he was still nursing a shoulder injury.

• You'd better go to bed and nurse that cold.

• (figurative) She was nursing her hurt pride.

3. transitive ~ sth (formal) to have a strong feeling or idea in your mind for a long time

Syn:  harbour

• to nurse an ambition/a grievance/a grudge

• She had been nursing a secret desire to see him again.

4. transitive ~ sth to give special care or attention to sb/sth

• to nurse tender young plants

• He nursed the car up the steep hill.

5. transitive ~ sb/sth to hold sb/sth carefully in your arms or close to your body

• He sat nursing his cup of coffee.

6. intransitive, transitive (of a woman or female animal) to feed a baby with milk from the breast

Syn:  suckle

• a nursing mother

• ~ sb/sth The lioness is still nursing her cubs.

compare  breastfeed

7. intransitive (of a baby) to suck milk from its mother's breast

Syn:  suckle

 

Word Origin:

late Middle English: contraction of earlier nourice, from Old French, from late Latin nutricia, feminine of Latin nutricius ‘(person) that nourishes’, from nutrix, nutric- ‘nurse’, from nutrire ‘nourish’. The verb was originally a contraction of nourish, altered under the influence of the noun.

 

Collocations:

Illnesses

Becoming ill

catch a cold/an infectious disease/the flu/(BrE) flu/pneumonia/a virus/(informal) a bug

get (BrE) ill/(NAmE) sick/a disease/AIDS/breast cancer/a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu/a migraine

come down with a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu

contract a deadly disease/a serious illness/HIV/AIDS

be infected with a virus/a parasite/HIV

develop cancer/diabetes/a rash/an ulcer/symptoms of hepatitis

have a heart attack/a stroke

provoke/trigger/produce an allergic reaction

block/burst/rupture a blood vessel

damage/sever a nerve/an artery/a tendon

Being ill

feel (BrE) ill/sick/nauseous/queasy

be running (BrE) a temperature/(NAmE) a fever

have a head cold/diabetes/heart disease/lung cancer/a headache/(BrE) a high temperature/(NAmE) a fever

suffer from asthma/malnutrition/frequent headaches/bouts of depression/a mental disorder

be laid up with/ (BrE) be in bed with a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu/a migraine

nurse a cold/a headache/a hangover

battle/fight cancer/depression/addiction/alcoholism

Treatments

examine a patient

diagnose a condition/disease/disorder

be diagnosed with cancer/diabetes/schizophrenia

prescribe/be given/be on/take drugs/medicine/medication/pills/painkillers/antibiotics

treat sb for cancer/depression/shock

have/undergo an examination/an operation/surgery/a kidney transplant/therapy/chemotherapy/treatment for cancer

have/be given an injection/(BrE) a flu jab/(NAmE) a flu shot/a blood transfusion/a scan/an X-ray

cure a disease/an ailment/cancer/a headache/a patient

prevent the spread of disease/further outbreaks/damage to the lungs

be vaccinated against the flu/(BrE) flu/the measles/(BrE) measles/polio/smallpox

enhance/boost/confer/build immunity to a disease

 

Example Bank:

• He was nursed back to health by his devoted servant.

• He worked in a hospital for ten years, nursing cancer patients.

See also: nursemaid

nursing home

ˈnursing home [nursing home]       noun

a small private hospital, especially one where old people live and are cared for

• Eventually she had to give up her house and go into a nursing home.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

nursing / ˈnɜː.sɪŋ /   / ˈnɝː- / noun [ U ]

the job of being a nurse:

She studied nursing at Garfield Hospital.

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

nursing

[nɜ͟ː(r)sɪŋ]
 N-UNCOUNT
 Nursing is the profession of looking after people who are ill.
  She had no aptitude for nursing...
  Does the nursing staff seem to care?

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

nursing

nursing noun [noncount] : the job of taking care of people who are sick, injured, or old
• She has been employed in nursing for several years now.
• Nursing is difficult work.
• He went to nursing school. [=a school that trains people to be nurses]

American English
British English
doctors and health workers generally
nursing
noun
0

information technology

information technology [noun]

the study or use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information. Information technology is often simply called IT .

US /ɪn.fɚˌmeɪ.ʃən tekˈnɑː.lə.dʒi/ 
UK /ɪn.fəˌmeɪ.ʃən tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ 

فناوری اطلاعات

مثال: 

I like studying information technology.

من مطالعه ناوری اطلاعات را دوست دارم.

the study or use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information. Information technology is often simply called IT .

معادل فارسی: 

فناوری اطلاعات

مثال انگلیسی: 

I like studying information technology.

من مطالعه ناوری اطلاعات را دوست دارم.

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
computer concepts
Region: 
American English
British English

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

information technology

inforˈmation techˌnology noun [uncountable]
  (abbreviation IT) the study or use of electronic processes for gathering and storing information and making it available using computers

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

information technology

inforˌmation techˈnology [information technology]       noun uncountable (abbr. IT)

the study or use of electronic equipment, especially computers, for storing and analysing information

• Recent advances in information technology have led to important changes in the operation of offices.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

infor ˌ mation tech ˈ nology noun [ U ] ( abbreviation IT )

the science and activity of using computers and other electronic equipment to store and send information

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

information technology
 N-UNCOUNT
 Information technology is the theory and practice of using computers to store and analyse information.
  ...the information technology industry.

American English
British English
computer concepts
B2 (بالای متوسط)
information technology
noun
0

mathematics

mathematics [noun]

The study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them

US /ˌmæθˈmæt̬.ɪks/ 
UK /ˌmæθˈmæt.ɪks/ 

رياضى‌ (رياضيات‌)

مثال: 

A professor of mathematics

استاد ریاضیات

 

The study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them

معادل فارسی: 

رياضى‌ (رياضيات‌)

مثال انگلیسی: 

A professor of mathematics

استاد ریاضیات

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
branches and types of mathematics
سطح: 
A2 (مبتدی)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

mathematics

 (formal) (British, informal) maths (American, informal) math noun (no plural)
the study of numbers, measurements and shapes:
Maths is my favourite subject.

>> mathematical adjective:
a mathematical problem

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

mathematics

math‧e‧mat‧ics /ˌmæθəˈmætɪks, ˌmæθɪˈmætɪks/ noun [uncountable]
 [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: mathematicus, from Greek, from mathema 'learning, mathematics', from manthanein 'to learn']
  the science of numbers and of shapes, including algebra, geometry, and arithmetic

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

mathematics

math·emat·ics   [ˌmæθəˈmætɪks]    [ˌmæθəˈmætɪks]  (formal) (also BrE maths   [mæθs]  ;   [mæθs]  ) (also NAmE math   [mæθ]  ;   [mæθ]  ) noun

1. uncountable the science of numbers and shapes. Branches of mathematics include arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry

• the school mathematics curriculum

2. uncountable + singular or plural verb the process of calculating using numbers

• He worked out the very difficult mathematics in great detail.

Derived Words: mathematical ▪ mathematically

See also: math ▪ maths 

 

Word Origin:

[mathematical mathematically mathematics] late 16th cent.: plural of obsolete mathematic ‘mathematics’, from Old French mathematique, from Latin (ars) mathematica ‘mathematical (art)’, from Greek mathēmatikē (tekhnē), from the base of manthanein ‘learn’.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

mathematics / ˌmæθˈmæt.ɪks /   / -ˈmæt̬- / noun [ U ] ( UK informal maths , US informal math ) formal

A2 the study of numbers, shapes, and space using reason and usually a special system of symbols and rules for organizing them

→  See also algebra , arithmetic , geometry

 

mathematical / ˌmæθˈmæt.ɪ.k ə l /   / -ˈmæt̬- / adjective

B2

a mathematical formula

 

mathematically / ˌmæθˈmæt.ɪ.k ə l.i /   / -ˈmæt̬- / adverb

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

mathematics

[mæ̱θəmæ̱tɪks]
 1) N-UNCOUNT Mathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, or shapes.
  Elizabeth studied mathematics and classics.
  ...a professor of mathematics at Boston College.
 2) N-UNCOUNT The mathematics of a problem is the calculations that are involved in it.
  Once you understand the mathematics of debt you can work your way out of it.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

mathematics

math·e·mat·ics /ˌmæɵəˈmætɪks/ noun [noncount] : the science of numbers, quantities, and shapes and the relations between them
• Algebra, arithmetic, calculus, geometry, and trigonometry are branches of mathematics.
• She has a degree in mathematics.
• a professor of mathematics
• Mathematics is my favorite subject.
- often used before another noun
• a mathematics teacher
• the mathematics department at the university

American English
British English
branches and types of mathematics
A2 (مبتدی)
mathematics
noun
0

engineering

engineering [noun]

The work of an engineer, or the study of this work

US /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪr.ɪŋ/ 
UK /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 

مهندسى‌

مثال: 

He has studied mechanical engineering.

او مهندسی مکانیک خوانده است.

The work of an engineer, or the study of this work

معادل فارسی: 

رشته‌ى مهندسى‌

مثال انگلیسی: 

He has studied mechanical engineering.

او مهندسی مکانیک خوانده است.

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
mechanical engineering
سطح: 
B1 (متوسط)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

engineering

 noun (no plural)
planning and making things like machines, roads or bridges:
She's studying chemical engineering at college.

 

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

engineering

en‧gi‧neer‧ing S3 W3 /ˌendʒəˈnɪərɪŋ, ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ $ -ˈnɪr-/ noun [uncountable]
  the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines etc
  ⇨ civil engineering, genetic engineering

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

engineering

en·gin·eer·ing [engineering]   [ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ]    [ˌendʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ]  noun uncountable

1. the activity of applying scientific knowledge to the design, building and control of machines, roads, bridges, electrical equipment, etc

• The bridge is a triumph of modern engineering.

compare  reverse engineering

2. (also ˌengineering ˈscience) the study of engineering as a subject

• a degree in engineering

see also  chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, genetic engineering, mechanical engineering, social engineering 

 

Example Bank:

• The bridge is a fine piece of engineering.

• The building is a remarkable feat of engineering.

• Train services on Sunday will be restricted because of engineering works.

 

x

engineer

en·gin·eer [engineer engineers engineered engineering] noun, verb   [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)]    [ˌendʒɪˈnɪr]

noun

 

1. a person whose job involves designing and building engines, machines, roads, bridges, etc.

see also  chemical engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer, lighting engineer, mechanical engineer, software engineer, sound engineer

2. a person who is trained to repair machines and electrical equipment

• They're sending an engineer to fix the phone.

3. a person whose job is to control and repair engines, especially on a ship or an aircraft

• a flight engineer

• the chief engineer on a cruise liner

4. (NAmE) (BrE ˈengine driver) a person whose job is driving a railway/railroad engine

5. a soldier trained to design and build military structures

 

Word Origin:

Middle English (denoting a designer and constructor of fortifications and weapons; formerly also as ingineer): in early use from Old French engigneor, from medieval Latin ingeniator, from ingeniare ‘contrive, devise’, from Latin ingenium ‘talent, device’, from in- ‘in’ + gignere ‘beget’; in later use from French ingénieur or Italian ingegnere, also based on Latin ingenium, with the ending influenced by -eer.

 

Example Bank:

• We were on the phone with a technical support engineer.

• You need the advice of a qualified engineer.

• engineers who designed and built advanced military aircraft

• a chemical/civil/electrical/mechanical engineer

verb

1. ~ sth (often disapproving) to arrange for sth to happen or take place, especially when this is done secretly in order to give yourself an advantage

Syn:  contrive

• She engineered a further meeting with him.

2. usually passive ~ sth to design and build sth

• The car is beautifully engineered and a pleasure to drive.

3. ~ sth to change the genetic structure of sth

Syn: genetically modify

• genetically engineered crops

Word Origin:

Middle English (denoting a designer and constructor of fortifications and weapons; formerly also as ingineer): in early use from Old French engigneor, from medieval Latin ingeniator, from ingeniare ‘contrive, devise’, from Latin ingenium ‘talent, device’, from in- ‘in’ + gignere ‘beget’; in later use from French ingénieur or Italian ingegnere, also based on Latin ingenium, with the ending influenced by -eer.

Example Bank:

• She carefully engineered a meeting with the chairman.

• The car is superbly engineered and a pleasure to drive.

• This heavier-weight paper is specifically engineered for inkjet printing.

• genetically engineered organisms

• genetically engineered plants

• He had no idea that his downfall had been engineered by his deputy.

• The firm effectively engineered its own takeover.

• They've designed/engineered a new car.

• the men who engineered the tunnel

See also: engine driver

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

engineering / ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ /   / -ˈnɪr.ɪŋ / noun [ U ]

B1 the work of an engineer, or the study of this work:

German/British engineering

Richard studied engineering at Manchester University.

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

engineering

[e̱nʤɪnɪ͟ərɪŋ]

 N-UNCOUNT
 Engineering is the work involved in designing and constructing engines and machinery, or structures such as roads and bridges. Engineering is also the subject studied by people who want to do this work.
 → See also chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, genetic engineering
  ...the design and engineering of aircraft and space vehicles.
  ...graduates with degrees in engineering.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

engineering

 noun (no plural)
planning and making things like machines, roads or bridges:
She's studying chemical engineering at college.

American English
British English
mechanical engineering
B1 (متوسط)
engineering
noun
0

education

education [noun]

The process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this

US /ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 
UK /ˌedʒ.uˈkeɪ.ʃən/ 

آموزش‌، تعليم‌ و تربيت‌

مثال: 

Adult education

آموزش‌ بزرگسالان‌

Related quotes: 
Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.
Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today.
Education is an atmosphere, a discipline, a life.
Education is a liberating force, and in our age it is also a democratizing force, cutting across the barriers of caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances.
Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.
I know from my own education that if I hadn't encountered two or three individuals that spent extra time with me, I'm sure I would have been in jail.
Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil.
Education is a companion which no misfortune can depress...
The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows.

The process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this

معادل فارسی: 

آموزش‌، تعليم‌ و تربيت‌

مثال انگلیسی: 

Adult education

آموزش‌ بزرگسالان‌

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
teaching in general
سطح: 
B1 (متوسط)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

education

 noun (no plural)
teaching somebody at a school or college:
He had a good education.
Education is extremely important.

>> educational adjective:
an educational video

 

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

education

ed‧u‧ca‧tion S1 W1 /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃən $ ˌedʒə-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: education, educationalist, educationist, educator; adjective: educated ≠ uneducated, educational, educable ≠ ineducable, educative; verb: educate; adverb: educationally]
1. [singular, uncountable] the process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college, or university:
She also hopes her children will get a good education.
efforts to improve girls’ access to education ⇨ formal education at formal1(6)
2. [uncountable] the teaching of a particular subject
health/sex education
3. [uncountable] the institutions and people involved with teaching:
the local education authority
4. [singular] an interesting experience which has taught you something – often used humorously:
Having Jimmy to stay has been quite an education!
⇨ adult education, further education, higher education
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + education
▪ a good education All parents want a good education for their children.
▪ a poor education (=not very good) She had a poor education, and left school without qualifications.
▪ an all-round education (=including a balance of lots of different subjects) The school offers a good all-round education.
▪ full-time education (=spending every weekday in a school or college) Children must stay in full-time education until the age of 16.
▪ state education British English, public education American English (=provided by the government of a country) The state of California guarantees free public education to all children.
▪ private education (=that people have to pay for) I don't agree with the principle of private education.
▪ formal education (=from teachers at school or college, rather than learning by yourself) She had no formal education and was brought up by her grandmother.
▪ primary (school) education British English, elementary education American English (=for children aged between 5 and 11) The government has announced plans to improve the quality of primary school education.
▪ secondary education (also high school education American English) (=for children aged between 11 and 18) She hopes to start a teaching career in secondary education.
▪ university/college education Do you have a university education?
▪ further/higher education (=at a college or university) I did a carpentry course at the further education college.
▪ adult education (=for adults) They run adult education classes at the local community college.
▪ vocational education (=relating to skills needed for a particular job) We offer vocational education and job training.
▪ nursery/pre-school education (=for children aged under 5) The funding will provide nursery education for all four-year-olds.
■ verbs
▪ have an education The women have had little education.
▪ get/receive an education Some children grow up without receiving any education.
▪ give/provide an education The school aims to provide a good general education.
▪ enter education (=start going to school, college etc) The number of students entering higher education has risen.
▪ leave education British English (=stop going to school, college etc) She left full-time education at the age of 16.
▪ continue your education I hope to continue my education after high school.
■ education + NOUN
▪ the education system (=the way education is organized and managed in a country) Is the British education system failing some children?
▪ the education department (=the government organization that makes decisions about education) Newcastle City Council’s education department
▪ an education authority (=a government organization that makes official decisions about education in one particular area) The school is funded by the local education authority.
▪ the education service (=all the government organizations that work together to provide education) There are plans to expand the adult education service.
▪ education policy (=political plans for managing an education system) The teaching unions are calling for the government to review its education policy.
▪ education reform (=changes that a government makes to the education system in a country) the government’s programme of education reform
 

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

education

 

edu·ca·tion [education educations]   [ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn]    [ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn]  noun
1. uncountable, singular a process of teaching, training and learning, especially in schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop skills
• primary/elementary education
• secondary education
• further/higher/post-secondary education
• students in full-time education
• adult education classes
• a college/university education
• the state education system
• a man of little education

• She completed her formal education in 1995.

2. uncountable, singular a particular kind of teaching or training
• health education
• an alcohol education programme (= to warn of the dangers of alcohol)

• Patient education is important to minimize the risk of a second heart attack.

3. (also Education) uncountable the institutions or people involved in teaching and training
• the Education Department
• the Department of Health, Education and Welfare

• There should be closer links between education and industry.

4. (usually Education) uncountable the subject of study that deals with how to teach
• a College of Education
• a Bachelor of Education degree

• She's an education major.

5. singular (often humorous) an interesting experience that teaches you sth
• The rock concert was quite an education for my parents!  
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent.: from Latin educatio(n-), from the verb educare, related to educere ‘lead out’, from e- (variant of ex-) ‘out’ + ducere ‘to lead’.  
Thesaurus:
education noun U, sing.
• He had little formal education.
teaching • • training • • learning • • study • |BrE coaching • |especially AmE tutoring • |formal schooling • • instruction • • tuition •
education/teaching/training/coaching/tutoring/schooling/instruction/tuition in sth
public/state education/schooling
private education/teaching/study/coaching/tutoring/schooling/tuition
have/get/receive (an) education/training/coaching/tutoring/instruction/tuition 
Collocations:
Education
Learning
acquire/get/lack (an) education/training/(BrE) (some) qualifications
receive/provide sb with training/tuition
develop/design/plan a curriculum/(especially BrE) course/(NAmE) program/syllabus
give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar
hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop
sign up for/take a course/classes/lessons
School
go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school
be in the first, second, etc. (NAmE) grade/(especially BrE) year (at school)
study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc.
(BrE) leave/finish/drop out of/ (NAmE) quit school
(NAmE) graduate high school/college
Problems at school
be the victim/target of bullying
(BrE) play truant from/ (both BrE, informal) bunk off/skive off school (= not go to school when you should)
(both especially NAmE) skip/cut class/school
(BrE) cheat in/(NAmE) cheat on an exam/a test
get/be given a detention (for doing sth)
be expelled from/be suspended from school
Work and exams
do your homework/(BrE) revision/a project on sth
work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/(NAmE) a paper
finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies/coursework
hand in/ (NAmE) turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper
study/prepare/ (BrE) revise/ (NAmE) review/ (NAmE, informal) cram for a test/an exam
take/ (both BrE) do/sit a test/an exam
(especially BrE) mark/ (especially NAmE) grade homework/a test
(BrE) do well in/ (NAmE) do well on/ (informal, especially NAmE) ace a test/an exam
pass/fail/ (informal, especially NAmE) flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subject
University
apply to/get into/go to/start college/(BrE) university
leave/graduate from law school/college/(BrE) university (with a degree in computer science)
study for/take/ (BrE) do/complete a law degree/a degree in physics
(both NAmE) major/minor in biology/philosophy
earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master's degree/a bachelor's degree/a PhD in economics 
Example Bank:
• 41% had some post-secondary education.
• Although he had had little formal education, he could read and write well.
• He received a classical education.
• He was at a disadvantage because of the poor education he had received.
• He went to America to complete his education.
• He'd received an excellent general education in Poland.
• How well a child does at school is influenced by the level of parental education.
• Many people lack the education and training that is needed for these jobs.
• Nigeria committed itself to universal primary education.
• No one is denied an education because they are poor in this country.
• Researchers have found that single-sex education may benefit girls.
• She brought up two children while pursuing a college education.
• She went to college to continue her education.
• Technology allows distance education to occur at all levels.
• The council has launched a new health education campaign.
• The project seeks to improve education for students.
• The school provides an excellent all-round education.
• There are additional education requirements for nurses on this course.
• They set up an account to fund their daughter's education.
• They want to broaden their research and education activities.
• We acquire much of our world knowledge through education.
• We need to invest in the higher education sector.
• a college of further education
• a policy that has been adopted by the entire education community
• adult education courses
• children in early education settings
• education about danger on the roads
• efforts to improve education standards
• funds provided by the local education authority
• parents who choose private education for their children
• students entering higher education
• the party's policy on comprehensive education
• young people who are just leaving full-time education
• Education about HIV and other preventable diseases needs to improve.
• Elementary education is excellent in this area.
• Every child in the country needs to be provided with a first-class education.
• He had little formal education.
• In those days it was very difficult for poorer people to get a university education.
• It is only through education that prejudice can be overcome.
• Only about 40% of girls in the poorer areas of the country have access to primary education.
• Parents are beginning to wake up to the importance of pre-school education.
• Sex education in schools needs to be improved.
• The government is planning major reforms in the education system.
• There needs to be more money going into state education.
• We have a thriving continuing education department.
• Where did he go to for his secondary education?

• Will she go on to higher education?

 

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

education / ˌed.jʊˈkeɪ.ʃ ə n / noun [ S or U ]

B1 the process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this:

As a child he received most of his education at home.

It's a country which places great importance on education.

She lectures in education (= the study of education) at the teacher training college.

It's important for children to get a good education.

Word partners for education

get / have / receive an education • a good education • be in education • an education authority / service / system

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

education

[e̱ʤʊke͟ɪʃ(ə)n]
 ♦♦
 educations
 1) N-VAR Education involves teaching people various subjects, usually at a school or college, or being taught.
  They're cutting funds for education...
  Paul prolonged his education with six years of advanced study in English.
  ...a man with little education.
 2) N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp Education of a particular kind involves teaching the public about a particular issue.
  ...better health education.
 3) → See also adult education, further education, higher education

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

education

ed·u·ca·tion /ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən/ noun, pl -tions
1 a [noncount] : the action or process of teaching someone especially in a school, college, or university
• The school is devoted to the education of children with reading difficulties.
- see also adult education, higher education, physical education
b : the knowledge, skill, and understanding that you get from attending a school, college, or university

[count]

• a college education
• She received her education at private schools.
• The applicants had comparable educations.

[noncount]

• He had little formal education. [=schooling]
2 [noncount] : a field of study that deals with the methods and problems of teaching
• She earned her master's degree in education.
• a school of education

American English
British English
teaching in general
B1 (متوسط)
education
noun
0

psychology

psychology [noun]

The study of the mind and how it affects behaviour

US /saɪˈkɑː.lə.dʒi/ 
UK /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/ 

روان‌شناسى

مثال: 

An expert in psychology

یک کارشناس روانشناسی

The study of the mind and how it affects behaviour

معادل فارسی: 

روان‌شناسى

مثال انگلیسی: 

An expert in psychology

یک کارشناس روانشناسی

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
science of psychology and psychoanalysis
سطح: 
B2 (بالای متوسط)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

psychology

 noun (no plural)
the study of the mind and how it works

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

psychology

psy‧chol‧o‧gy W3 AC /saɪˈkɒlədʒi $ -ˈkɑː-/ noun (plural psychologies)
  [Word Family: noun: psychology, psychologist; adverb: psychologically; adjective: psychological]
 1. [uncountable] the study of the mind and how it influences people’s behaviour
  educational/social etc psychology
   • experts in the field of developmental psychology
 2. [uncountable] the mental processes involved in believing in something or doing a certain activity
  psychology of
   • research into the psychology of racism
 3. [uncountable and countable] what someone thinks or believes, and how this affects what they do:
   • the psychology of three-year-olds
   • mob psychology
   • You have to use psychology to get people to stop smoking.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

psychology

psych·ology AW [psychology psychologies]   [saɪˈkɒlədʒi]    [saɪˈkɑːlədʒi]  noun

1. uncountable the scientific study of the mind and how it influences behaviour

• social/educational/child psychology

compare  pop psychology

2. singular the kind of mind that sb has that makes them think or behave in a particular way

• the psychology of small boys

3. singular how the mind influences behaviour in a particular area of life

• the psychology of interpersonal relationships

 

Word Origin:

late 17th cent.: from modern Latin psychologia (see psycho-, -logy).

 

Example Bank:

• The answers we give will reflect our own psychology.

• Watching the shoppers at the sales gave her a first-hand insight into crowd psychology.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

psychology

psychology /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /-ˈkɑː.lə-/
noun [U]
the scientific study of the way the human mind works and how it influences behaviour, or the influence of a particular person's character on their behaviour:
She studied psychology at Harvard.
a lecturer in psychology
child psychology
the psychology of the soldier
Compare psychiatry.

psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ US /-kəˈlɑː.dʒɪ-/
adjective
1 relating to the human mind and feelings:
psychological problems
He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents.
We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees.

2 (of an illness or other physical problem) caused by anxiety or sadness:
I suspect his headaches are purely psychological.

3 [before noun] describes a film or book in which there is a lot of attention given to the way people influence each other's behaviour:
a psychological thriller

psychologically /ˌsaɪ.kəlˈɒdʒ.ɪ.kli/ US /-kəˈlɑː.dʒɪ-/
adverb
psychologically disturbed

psychologist /saɪˈkɒl.ə.dʒɪst/ US /-ˈ
noun [C]
someone who studies the human mind and human emotions and behaviour, and how different situations have an effect on them:
a child psychologist
an educational psychologist
She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist with the Northumberland Health Authority.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

psychology

[saɪkɒ̱ləʤi]
 1) N-UNCOUNT Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and the reasons for people's behaviour.
  ...Professor of Psychology at Bedford College.
 2) N-UNCOUNT: usu N of n The psychology of a person is the kind of mind that they have, which makes them think or behave in the way that they do.
  ...a fascination with the psychology of murderers.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

psychology

psy·chol·o·gy /saɪˈkɑːləʤi/ noun, pl -gies
1 [noncount] : the science or study of the mind and behavior
• She studied psychology in college.
2 : the way a person or group thinks

[noncount]

• the psychology of an athlete
• mob psychology
• the psychology of crowd behavior

[count]

• We need to understand the psychologies of the two people involved in the incident.

- see also reverse psychology

American English
British English
science of psychology and psychoanalysis
B2 (بالای متوسط)
psychology
noun
0

medicine

The study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries

US /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/ 
UK /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/ 

 

پزشكى‌، طب‌

مثال: 

doctor of medicine

Oxford Essential Dictionary

medicine

 noun

1 (no plural) the science of understanding illnesses and making sick people well again:
He's studying medicine.

2 (plural medicines) special liquids or pills that help you to get better when you are ill:
Take this medicine every morning.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

medicine

medi‧cine S2 W3 /ˈmedsən $ ˈmedəsən/ noun
  [Word Family: noun: medical, medication, medicine, medic; adjective: medical, medicated, medicinal; adverb: medically, medicinally]
 [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin medicina, from medicus; ⇨ medical]
 1. [uncountable and countable] a substance used for treating illness, especially a liquid you drink:
   • Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children.
   • Have you been taking your medicine?
   • a medicine bottle
  medicine chest/cabinet (=for keeping medicine in)
   ► Do not say that you ‘drink medicine’. Say that you take medicine.
 2. [uncountable] the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries:
   • She studied medicine at Johns Hopkins University.
   • the remarkable achievements of modern medicine
 3. the best medicine the best way of making you feel better when you are sad:
   • Laughter is the best medicine.
 4. give somebody a dose/taste of their own medicine to treat someone as badly as they have treated you
 5. take your medicine (like a man) to accept an unpleasant situation or a punishment that you deserve, without complaining
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS(for Meaning 2)■ adjectives

   ▪ modern medicine (=medicine based on science) • Thanks to modern medicine, these babies will survive.
   ▪ conventional/orthodox medicine (=ordinary modern medicine) • Some sufferers reject conventional medicine.
   ▪ Western medicine (=conventional medicine as developed in Western countries) • the scientific basis of Western medicine
   ▪ traditional medicine (=medical treatments that were used before modern medicine) • The plant was used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach problems.
   ▪ alternative/complementary medicine (=medical treatments that are not part of modern medicine) • Various types of alternative medicine, particularly acupuncture, can give pain relief.
   ▪ herbal medicine (=medical treatments that use herbs) • In ancient China, herbal medicine was often used with acupuncture.
   ▪ holistic medicine (=medical treatment of a whole person, not just a particular illness) • One principle of holistic medicine is that each person is unique.
   ▪ folk medicine (=medical treatments that were used by ordinary people, especially in the past) • Researchers are looking at plants that are commonly used in folk medicine.
   ▪ Chinese medicine (=medical treatments that are traditional in China, for example using herbs and acupuncture) • Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine.
   ▪ geriatric/veterinary/tropical etc medicine (=medical study relating to specific groups or types of illness) • Advances have been made in veterinary medicine, so that our pets are living longer, healthier lives.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ medicine noun [uncountable and countable] a substance used for treating illness: • Certain medicines should not be taken with alcohol. | • Has he taken his medicine?
   ▪ pill noun [countable] a small piece of medicine that you swallow: • She managed to swallow the pill with a sip of water. | • The doctor gave him some pills. | • sleeping pills | • diet pills | • contraceptive pills
   ▪ tablet noun [countable] especially British English a small piece of solid medicine: • She's now on four tablets a day. | • a five-day course of tablets | • sleeping tablets | • anti-malaria tablets
   ▪ antibiotics/aspirin/codeine etc: • The doctor put him on a course of antibiotics. | • Why don’t you take some aspirin? | • The tablets contain codeine, which is unsuitable for people with asthma.
   ▪ capsule noun [countable] a small tube-shaped container with medicine inside that you swallow whole: • a bottle of 500 capsules of vitamin C | • I advised her to take four to six garlic capsules a day for the duration of the treatment.
   ▪ caplet noun [countable] a small smooth pill that is slightly longer than it is wide - used especially on bottles and containers: • In small type, the consumer is warned not to take more than one caplet per day.
   ▪ eye/ear drops liquid medicine that you put into your eye or ear: • Remember — if you 're using eye drops for your hay fever, leave your contact lenses out.
   ▪ cream noun [uncountable and countable] especially British English (also lotion especially American English) a thick smooth substance containing medicine, that you put on your skin: • an antibiotic cream | • antiseptic cream | • skin cream
   ▪ drug noun [countable] a medicine or a substance for making medicines: • a drug used to treat malaria | • There are a wide range of different drugs on the market.
   ▪ dosage noun [countable usually singular] the amount of medicine that you should take at one time: • The dosage should be reduced to 0.5 mg. | • It’s important to get the dosage right.
   ▪ medication noun [uncountable and countable] medicine or drugs given to someone who is ill: • He takes medication for his diabetes. | • She’s on medication (=taking medication), having suffered from depression for a number of years.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

medicine

medi·cine [medicine medicines]   [ˈmedsn]    [ˈmedsn]    [ˈmedɪsn]    [ˈmedɪsn]  noun

1. uncountable the study and treatment of diseases and injuries

• advances in modern medicine

• to study/practise medicine

• traditional/conventional/orthodox medicine

• alternative medicine

see also  Ayurvedic medicine, defensive medicine

2. uncountable, countable a substance, especially a liquid that you drink or swallow in order to cure an illness

• Did you take your medicine?

• cough medicine

• Chinese herbal medicines

Idioms: best medicine ▪ dose of your own medicine 

 

Word Origin:

Middle English: via Old French from Latin medicina, from medicus ‘physician’.

 

Thesaurus:

medicine noun

1. U

• He is qualified in traditional Chinese medicine.

treatment • • therapy • • medical care •

(a/an) alternative/orthodox/conventional medicine/treatment/therapy

2. U, C

• Have you taken your medicine?

drug • • medication • • remedy • • antidote • • prescription • • cure •

(a/an) medicine/drug/medication/remedy/antidote/prescription/cure for sth

prescribe medicine/drugs/medication/a remedy/a cure

take your medicine/your medication/a remedy/the antidote

Medicine, drug or medication? Drug emphasizes what the substance is made of; medicine and medication emphasize what it is used for.

 

Collocations:

Illnesses

Becoming ill

catch a cold/an infectious disease/the flu/(BrE) flu/pneumonia/a virus/(informal) a bug

get (BrE) ill/(NAmE) sick/a disease/AIDS/breast cancer/a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu/a migraine

come down with a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu

contract a deadly disease/a serious illness/HIV/AIDS

be infected with a virus/a parasite/HIV

develop cancer/diabetes/a rash/an ulcer/symptoms of hepatitis

have a heart attack/a stroke

provoke/trigger/produce an allergic reaction

block/burst/rupture a blood vessel

damage/sever a nerve/an artery/a tendon

Being ill

feel (BrE) ill/sick/nauseous/queasy

be running (BrE) a temperature/(NAmE) a fever

have a head cold/diabetes/heart disease/lung cancer/a headache/(BrE) a high temperature/(NAmE) a fever

suffer from asthma/malnutrition/frequent headaches/bouts of depression/a mental disorder

be laid up with/ (BrE) be in bed with a cold/the flu/(BrE) flu/a migraine

nurse a cold/a headache/a hangover

battle/fight cancer/depression/addiction/alcoholism

Treatments

examine a patient

diagnose a condition/disease/disorder

be diagnosed with cancer/diabetes/schizophrenia

prescribe/be given/be on/take drugs/medicine/medication/pills/painkillers/antibiotics

treat sb for cancer/depression/shock

have/undergo an examination/an operation/surgery/a kidney transplant/therapy/chemotherapy/treatment for cancer

have/be given an injection/(BrE) a flu jab/(NAmE) a flu shot/a blood transfusion/a scan/an X-ray

cure a disease/an ailment/cancer/a headache/a patient

prevent the spread of disease/further outbreaks/damage to the lungs

be vaccinated against the flu/(BrE) flu/the measles/(BrE) measles/polio/smallpox

enhance/boost/confer/build immunity to a disease

 

Example Bank:

• She believed private medicine was a threat to the existence of the National Health Service.

• She gave up general medicine to specialize in geriatric medicine.

• a bottle of cough medicine

• medicine for a chest infection

• people practising alternative medicine

• qualified in traditional Chinese medicine

• Food and medicines are being airlifted to the flood-hit area.

• Have you taken your medicine?

• She gave me a dose of cough medicine.

• She went on to practise medicine after completing her studies.

• Supplies of medicine are hard to get hold of during times of war.

• Which branch of medicine are you going to train in?

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

medicine

medicine (SUBSTANCE) /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
noun [C or U]
a substance, especially in the form of a liquid or a pill, which is a treatment for illness or injury:
cough medicine
Take two spoonfuls of medicine at mealtimes.
She knows quite a lot about herbal medicines.

medicinal /məˈdɪs.ɪ.nəl/
adjective
Medicinal substances are used to cure illnesses:
I keep a bottle of brandy purely for medicinal purposes.
It is said that the spring water has medicinal properties.

medicinally /məˈdɪs.ɪ.nə.li/
adverb

 

medicine (TREATMENT) /ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
noun [U]
treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this:
paediatric/preventative medicine
orthodox/Western medicine
a career in medicine
She is a doctor, but is unable to practise medicine (= work as a doctor) in her own country.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

medicine

[me̱ds(ə)n, AM me̱dɪsɪn]

 medicines
 1) N-UNCOUNT Medicine is the treatment of illness and injuries by doctors and nurses.
  He pursued a career in medicine...
  I was interested in alternative medicine and becoming an aromatherapist...
  Psychiatry is an accepted branch of medicine.
 2) N-MASS Medicine is a substance that you drink or swallow in order to cure an illness.
  People in hospitals are dying because of shortage of medicine.
  ...herbal medicines.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

medicine

med·i·cine /ˈmɛdəsən, Brit ˈmɛdsən/ noun, pl -cines
1 : a substance that is used in treating disease or relieving pain and that is usually in the form of a pill or a liquid

[count]

• a cough medicine
• herbal medicines
• He forgot to take his medicine.

[noncount]

• I took some medicine.
• Did you look in the medicine cabinet/chest for a pain reliever?
2 [noncount] : the science that deals with preventing, curing, and treating diseases
• Their research has led to many important advances in modern medicine.
• She's interested in a career in medicine.
• the practice/study of medicine
• preventive medicine
- see also internal medicine, socialized medicine, sports medicine, western medicine
a taste/dose of your own medicine informal : harsh or unpleasant treatment that is like the treatment you have given other people
• The movie is about a playboy who gets a taste of his own medicine when the girl he falls in love with jilts him for another guy.
take your medicine informal : to accept something that is unpleasant because it is necessary and cannot be avoided
• If he loses the case, he should just take his medicine and stop complaining.

American English
British English
describing medical treatment generally
B1 (متوسط)
medicine
noun
0

law

law [noun] (RULE)

The area of knowledge or study dealing with systems of rules and the way that they work

US /lɑː/ 
UK /lɔː/ 

علم‌ حقوق‌

مثال: 

He studied law for four years.

او چهار سال‌ حقوق‌ خواند

The area of knowledge or study dealing with systems of rules and the way that they work

معادل فارسی: 

علم‌ حقوق‌

مثال انگلیسی: 

He studied law for four years.

او چهار سال‌ حقوق‌ خواند.

سطح، موضوع و برچسب

موضوع: 
rules and laws
سطح: 
B1 (متوسط)
Region: 
American English
British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

law

 noun

1 the law (no plural) all the rules of a country:
Stealing is against the law (= illegal).
You're breaking the law (= doing something illegal).

2 a rule of a country that says what people may or may not do:
There is a law against carrying guns.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

law

law S1 W1 /lɔː $ lɒː/ noun
  [Word Family: noun: law, lawyer, outlaw, lawfulness, lawlessness; verb: outlaw; adverb: lawfully ≠ unlawfully; adjective: lawful ≠ unlawful]
 [Language: Old English; Origin: lagu]
 1. SYSTEM OF RULES  [uncountable] (also the law) the whole system of rules that people in a particular country or area must obey:
   • Elected officials ought to obey the law.
  by law
   • By law, seat belts must be worn by all passengers.
  under English/international etc law
   • This is illegal under English law.
 2. A RULE  [countable] a rule that people in a particular country or area must obey:
   • laws passed by Parliament
  under a law
   • Five people arrested under anti-terrorism laws were released without charge.
  law on
   • European laws on equal opportunities
  law against
   • The laws against drug use were very strict.
 3. law and order a situation in which people respect the law, and crime is controlled by the police, the prison system etc:
   • We are concerned about the breakdown of law and order in the country.
 4. POLICE  the law the police:
   • I think she may be in trouble with the law.
 5. WHAT ALWAYS HAPPENS  [countable] something that always happens in nature or society, or a statement that describes this
  law of
   • the law of supply and demand
   • the laws of nature
   • the law of gravity
 6. STUDY/PROFESSION  [uncountable] (also the law) law as a subject of study, or the profession of being a lawyer:
   • She’s studying law in London.
 7. SPORT/ACTIVITY  [countable] one of the rules which controls a sport or activity:
   • the laws of football
 8. the law of the jungle
   a) the idea that people should only look after themselves and not care about other people if they want to succeed
   b) the principle that only the strongest creatures will stay alive
 9. the law of averages the probability that one result will happen as often as another if you try something often enough:
   • The law of averages says we’ll win at least once.
 10. be a law unto himself/herself etc to behave in an independent way and not worry about the usual rules of behaviour or what other people do or think:
   • Boys his age are a law unto themselves.
 11. take the law into your own hands to do something illegal in order to put right something that you think is not fair, for example by violently punishing someone instead of telling the police:
   • vigilantes who take the law into their own hands
 12. go to law to go to court in order to settle a problem:
   • the right of consumers to go to law if they need to
 13. be above the law someone who is above the law does not have to obey the law:
   • Many ministers seem to regard themselves as being above the law.
 14. there’s no law against something spoken used to tell someone who is criticizing you that you are not doing anything wrong
 15. there ought to be a law against something spoken used to say that you do not think something should be accepted or allowed:
   • There ought to be a law against cutting off power supplies in the middle of February.
 16. sb’s word is law used to say that someone is always obeyed without argument
  ⇨ Sod’s law, ⇨ lay down the law at LAY DOWN(3), ⇨ unwritten law at unwritten
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS(for Meanings 1 & 2)■ verbs

   ▪ obey the law • Citizens have a duty to obey the law.
   ▪ break the law (=do something illegal) • Is the company breaking the law?
   ▪ pass a law • New Jersey passed a law requiring helmets for scooter riders.
   ▪ become law (=officially be made a law) • For a bill to become law, it must be approved by both Houses of Parliament.
   ▪ make laws • Part of the function of Parliament is to make laws.
   ▪ introduce a law • In 1989, a new law was introduced to protect the Polish language.
   ▪ enforce a law (=make people obey a law) • It is the job of the police to enforce the law.
   ▪ flout a law (=deliberately disobey a law) • Employers who flout the law should be properly punished.
   ▪ repeal a law (=officially end a law) • Many people want the law to be repealed.
   ▪ a law prohibits something (=says that it is not allowed) • The law prohibits possession of these animals.

■ phrases

   ▪ something is against the law (=it is illegal) • The children knew that shoplifting was against the law.
   ▪ stay/act within the law (=not do illegal things) • The security forces must act within the law.

■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + law

   ▪ strict/tough • the country’s strict anti-tobacco laws
   ▪ tax/copyright/divorce etc law(s) • an accountant who knows about tax law
   ▪ criminal law (=laws concerning crimes) • Criminal law contains definitions of such crimes as murder, rape, and robbery.
   ▪ civil law (=laws concerning disagreements between people, rather than crimes) • The punishment for breaking civil law is usually a fine.
   ▪ international law (=laws that all countries agree to obey) • Under international law, the countries must respect the treaty.
   ▪ English/German etc law • This is not an offence under English law.
   ▪ federal law (=the law of the US, not a particular state) • Under federal law, it is illegal to discriminate against employees because of race or sex.
   ▪ state law (=the law in a US state) • Under state law it was illegal for any public official to receive gifts worth more than $100.
   ▪ common law (=laws that have come from customs and the decisions of judges) • In common law, if a house is rented out, it is expected that the house is safe to live in.
   ▪ case law (=law based on previous court cases) • There is little case law covering this issue.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ rule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company: • the rules of baseball | • He disobeyed the school rules.
   ▪ law an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey: • It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon. | • The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.
   ▪ regulation an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization: • the regulations for applying for a passport | • building regulations | • environmental regulations on air pollution
   ▪ restriction an official rule that limits what people can do: • new restrictions on immigration | • The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.
   ▪ guidelines rules or instructions about the best way to do something: • the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet | • guidelines for classroom teachers
   ▪ code a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey: • The school has a dress code for its students. | • the company’s code of conduct
   ▪ statute formal a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down: • The statute banned corporal punishment.
   ▪ ordinance American English a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: • A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

law

law [law laws]   [lɔː]    [lɔː]  noun

SYSTEM OF RULES

 

1. (also the law) uncountable the whole system of rules that everyone in a country or society must obey

• If they entered the building they would be breaking the law.

• In Sweden it is against the law to hit a child.

• Defence attorneys can use any means within the law to get their client off.

• British schools are now required by law to publish their exam results.

• The reforms have recently become law.

• Do not think you are above the law (= think that you cannot be punished by the law).

• the need for better law enforcement

• (humorous) Kate's word was law in the Brown household.

2. uncountable a particular branch of the law

• company/international/tax, etc. law

see also  canon law, case law, civil law, common law, private law, statute law  

ONE RULE

3. countable a rule that deals with a particular crime, agreement, etc

• ~ (against sth) the 1996 law against the hiring of illegal immigrants

• ~ (on sth) The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene.

• strict gun laws

• a federal/state law

• to pass a law (= officially make it part of the system of laws)

• (informal) There ought to be a law against it!

see also  by-law, licensing laws  

SUBJECT/PROFESSION

4. uncountable the study of the law as a subject at university, etc; the profession of being a lawyer

• Jane is studying law.

• (NAmE) He's in law school.

• (BrE) He's at law school.

• What made you go into law?

• a law firm  

POLICE

5. the law singular used to refer to the police and the legal system

• Jim is always getting into trouble with the law.

• She was well known for her brushes with the law.  

OF ORGANIZATION/ACTIVITY

6. countable one of the rules which controls an organization or activity

• the laws of the Church

• The first law of kung fu is to defend yourself.

• the laws of cricket

• the laws of war  

OF GOOD BEHAVIOUR

 

7. countable a rule for good behaviour or how you should behave in a particular place or situation

• moral laws

• the unspoken laws of the street  

 

IN BUSINESS/NATURE/SCIENCE

 

8. countable the fact that sth always happens in the same way in an activity or in nature

Syn:  principle

• the laws of supply and demand

• the law of gravity

9. countable a scientific rule that sb has stated to explain a natural process

• the first law of thermodynamics

see also  Murphy's Law, Parkinson's law, Sod's Law, legal, legalize, legislate 

more at the letter of the law at  letter  n., possession is nine points/tenths/parts of the law at  possession, the rule of law at  rule  n., on the wrong side of the law at  wrong  adj.

Idioms: a law unto yourself ▪ go to law ▪ law and order ▪ law of averages ▪ law of the jungle ▪ lay down the law ▪ take the law into your own hands ▪ there's no law against something 

 

Word Origin:

Old English lagu, from Old Norse lag ‘something laid down or fixed’, of Germanic origin and related to lay  (verb).

 

Culture:

the legal system

In Britain, for historical reasons, the system of law used in Scotland is different from that in England and Wales, with the law in Northern Ireland similar to that in England. When making decisions Scottish courts look for an appropriate general principle and apply it to a particular situation. English law relies on case law, a collection of previous decisions, called precedents. English courts look at precedents for the case being tried and make a similar judgement. A basic principle of law in Britain is that anyone accused is innocent until proven guilty, so it is the job of the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant (= the person accused) has broken the law as stated in the charge. If this cannot be proved the person must be acquitted (= allowed to go free, with no blame attached).

British law is divided into civil law which concerns disagreements between individuals about matters such as business contracts, and criminal law which deals with offences that involve harm to a person resulting from somebody breaking the law. In civil cases, the plaintiff (= the person who claims to have been wronged) brings an action against the defendant in the hope of winning damages (= a financial payment) or an injunction (= a court order preventing the defendant from doing something). Criminal cases are brought against criminals by the state, in England and Wales by the Director of Public Prosecutions and in Scotland through procurators fiscal.

In England and Wales most towns have a Magistrates' Court where minor cases are judged and more serious cases are passed to higher courts by three magistrates called Justices of the Peace, specially trained members of the public. The more serious cases are heard in a Crown Court by a judge and a jury. Minor civil cases, such as divorce and bankruptcy, are heard in the county courts and more serious ones in the High Court of Justice. Appeals against decisions from the Crown Court or the High Court go to the Court of Appeal and a few cases, where a question of law is in doubt, are passed to the House of Lords.

In Scotland, criminal cases are heard in District Courts by members of the public called lay justices. More serious cases go to regional sheriff courts and are heard by the sheriff and a jury. Appeals go to the High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh. Civil cases begin in the sheriff court and may go on appeal to the Court of Session.

In the US, the judicial system is one of the three branches of the federal government, but the legal system operates at many levels with state, county and city courts as well as federal courts. The right to trial by jury is provided by the Constitution. Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, that is it deals with certain kinds of cases. Both civil and criminal cases are first heard in trial courts and there is a right to appeal against the court’s decision in a court of appeals. Many states have family courts where people get divorced and small claims courts which deal with small amounts of money. States also have trial courts, which hear a wider range of cases, and courts of appeal called superior courts or district courts. Most states have a supreme court where the most serious appeals are held. States have their own criminal code, but some crimes are federal offences, i.e. against federal law, and crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction if more than one state is involved.

Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. In the US Supreme Court, the nine judges are called justices. The people on either side of a case are represented by lawyers, also called attorneys-at-law. In a criminal trial the defendant is represented by a defense attorney, or if he or she is too poor to pay a lawyer, the court will appoint a public defender. The prosecution is led by an assistant district attorney or, in federal cases, by a federal attorney.

 

Thesaurus:

law noun

1. the law U

• Driving without insurance is against the law.

legislation • • constitution • • code • • charter •

(the) civil/criminal law/legislation/code

break the law/a code

be enshrined in law/legislation/the constitution/a charter

2. C

• They are introducing tough new laws against gun crime.

legislation • • rule • • regulation • • act • • statute • • commandment •

(a) law/legislation/rule against sth

pass (a/an) law/legislation/regulation/act/statute

break a law/rule/regulation/commandment

3. C, U

• He behaved as though moral laws did not exist.

principle • • rule • |formal tenet •

the law/principle/rule/tenet that…

a basic/fundamental law/principle/rule/tenet

a moral law/principle/rule

4. C

• the laws of supply and demand

principle • • rule • • theory • |technical theorem •

the law/principle/rule/theory/theorem that…

a basic/fundamental law/principle/rule/theory/theorem

a law/principle/rule/theory/theorem states that…

 

Collocations:

Criminal justice

Breaking the law

break/violate/obey/uphold the law

be investigated/arrested/tried for a crime/a robbery/fraud

be arrested/ (especially NAmE) indicted/convicted on charges of rape/fraud/(especially US) felony charges

be arrested on suspicion of arson/robbery/shoplifting

be accused of/be charged with murder/(especially NAmE) homicide/four counts of fraud

face two charges of indecent assault

admit your guilt/liability/responsibility (for sth)

deny the allegations/claims/charges

confess to a crime

grant/be refused/be released on/skip/jump bail

The legal process

stand/await/bring sb to/come to/be on trial

take sb to/come to/settle sth out of court

face/avoid/escape prosecution

seek/retain/have the right to/be denied access to legal counsel

hold/conduct/attend/adjourn a hearing/trial

sit on/influence/persuade/convince the jury

sit/stand/appear/be put/place sb in the dock

plead guilty/not guilty to a crime

be called to/enter (BrE) the witness box

take/put sb on the stand/(NAmE) the witness stand

call/subpoena/question/cross-examine a witness

give/hear the evidence against/on behalf of sb

raise/withdraw/overrule an objection

reach a unanimous/majority verdict

return/deliver/record a verdict of not guilty/unlawful killing/accidental death

convict/acquit the defendant of the crime

secure a conviction/your acquittal

lodge/file an appeal

appeal (against)/challenge/uphold/overturn a conviction/verdict

Sentencing and punishment

pass sentence on sb

carry/face/serve a seven-year/life sentence

receive/be given the death penalty

be sentenced to ten years (in prison/jail)

carry/impose/pay a fine (of $3 000)/a penalty (of 14 years imprisonment)

be imprisoned/jailed for drug possession/fraud/murder

do/serve time/ten years

be sent to/put sb in/be released from jail/prison

be/put sb/spend X years on death row

be granted/be denied/break (your) parole

more collocations at crime 

 

Example Bank:

• A presidential veto prevented the bill from becoming law.

• As the law stands, you can get married at sixteen.

• As the law stands, you can get married while still too young to have a driving licence.

• By law, you are obliged to install smoke alarms in the factory.

• Congress amended the law in 1998.

• Environmental laws are strict about polluting precious water.

• In spite of the difficulties it would cause her family, the judge stuck to the letter of the law and jailed her.

• It's the job of the police to enforce the law.

• Judges interpret this law in different ways.

• Laws criminalizing same-sex relationships were ruled unconstitutional.

• Martial law was imposed to prevent the breakdown of law and order.

• No one is above the law.

• Parliament voted for the bill to become law.

• She lost her job at a Boston law office.

• She's at law school.

• The building was raided by law enforcement agents.

• The company is operating entirely within the law.

• The law applies equally to businesses large and small.

• The law forbids gambling of any kind.

• The law is clear: bribery is wrong.

• The wearing of a crash helmet is required by law.

• We believe this law is unconstitutional.

• What you did was clearly against the law.

• When police failed to arrest the suspect, local people took the law into their own hands and beat him up.

• a law limiting the hours of work to ten hours per day

• a law recognizing civil unions for same-sex couples

• a local law against keeping horses

• a room filled with law books

• individuals who are acting beyond the law

• rebels who live outside the law

• the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became the law of the land on July 2, 1964.

• the broader implications of copyright law reform

• the law concerning industrial action ballots

• the law governing school attendance

• the law relating to the sale of goods

• the laws regarding child actors

• the laws regulating firearms

• the legislators who drafted the law

• the passage of a restrictive immigration law in 1924

• Do you remember anything about Ohm's Law?

• He frequently behaved as though moral laws did not exist.

• He specializes in international law.

• He was charged under the 1996 law against hiring illegal immigrants.

• If they entered the building they would be breaking the law.

• The country has very strict gun laws.

• The reforms have recently become law.

• The usual laws of supply and demand do not seem to apply in this case.

• Their world is shaped by their parents' attitudes and the unspoken law of the street.

• Who first defined the law of gravity?

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

law

law (PRINCIPLE) /lɔː/ US /lɑː/
noun [C]
a general rule which states what always happens when the same conditions exist:
Newton's laws of motion
the laws of nature/physics
HUMOROUS The first law of (= the most important principle in) politics is - if you're going to lie, don't get found out!
See also Murphy's law; Parkinson's law.

 

law (RULE) /lɔː/ US /lɑː/
noun [C or U]
a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves, or the whole system of such rules:
There are laws against drinking in the street.
The laws governing the possession of firearms are being reviewed.
They led the fight to impose laws on smoking.
They have to provide a contract by law.
She's going to study law at university.
[+ ing form of verb or + to infinitive] Many doctors want to see a law banning/to ban all tobacco advertising.
See also bylaw; lawsuit; lawyer.

the law noun [S]
the system of rules of a particular country:
What does the law say about having alcohol in the blood while driving?
Of course robbery is against the law!
The judge ruled that the directors had knowingly broken the law.
You can't take that course of action and remain within the law.

the law group noun [S] INFORMAL
the police:
The law was/were out in force at the demonstration.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

law

[lɔ͟ː]
 
 laws
 1) N-SING: the N The law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements, and social relationships. You can also use the law to refer to the people who work in this system.
  Obscene and threatening phone calls are against the law...
  They are seeking permission to begin criminal proceedings against him for breaking the law on financing political parties...
  There must be changes in the law quickly to stop this sort of thing ever happening to anyone else...
  The book analyses why women kill and how the law treats them.
 2) N-UNCOUNT: usu adj N Law is used to refer to a particular branch of the law, such as criminal law or company law.
  He was a professor of criminal law at Harvard University law school...
  Under international law, diplomats living in foreign countries are exempt from criminal prosecution...
  Important questions of constitutional law were involved.
 3) N-COUNT: oft n N A law is one of the rules in a system of law which deals with a particular type of agreement, relationship, or crime.
  ...the country's liberal political asylum law...
  The law was passed on a second vote.
 4) N-PLURAL: the N of n, supp N The laws of an organization or activity are its rules, which are used to organize and control it.
  ...the laws of the Church of England...
  Match officials should not tolerate such behaviour but instead enforce the laws of the game.
  Syn:
  rule
 5) N-COUNT A law is a rule or set of rules for good behaviour which is considered right and important by the majority of people for moral, religious, or emotional reasons.
  ...inflexible moral laws.
  Syn:
  code
 6) N-COUNT: with supp A law is a natural process in which a particular event or thing always leads to a particular result.
  The laws of nature are absolute.
 7) N-COUNT: with supp A law is a scientific rule that someone has invented to explain a particular natural process.
  ...the law of gravity.
 8) N-UNCOUNT Law or the law is all the professions which deal with advising people about the law, representing people in court, or giving decisions and punishments.
  A career in law is becoming increasingly attractive to young people...
  Nearly 100 law firms are being referred to the Solicitors' Disciplinary Tribunal.
 9) N-UNCOUNT Law is the study of systems of law and how laws work.
  He came to Oxford and studied law...
  He holds a law degree from Bristol University.
 10) → See also court of law, rule of law
 11) PHRASE: v-link PHR (disapproval) If you accuse someone of thinking they are above the law, you criticize them for thinking that they are so clever or important that they do not need to obey the law.
  One opposition member of parliament accuses the government of wanting to be above the law...
  He considered himself above the law.
 12) PHRASE The law of averages is the idea that something is sure to happen at some time, because of the number of times it generally happens or is expected to happen.
  On the law of averages we just can't go on losing and losing and losing.
 13) PHRASE: PHR with cl If you have to do something by law or if you are not allowed to do something by law, the law states that you have to do it or that you are not allowed to do it.
  By law all restaurants must display their prices outside...
  Minicabs are prohibited by law from touting passers-by for business.
 14) PHRASE: V inflects If you go to law, you go to court in order to get a legal judgement on a dispute. [mainly BRIT]
  He went to law and did not succeed in his claim against us.
 15) PHRASE: V inflects (disapproval) If you say that someone lays down the law, you are critical of them because they give other people orders and they think that they are always right.
  ...traditional parents, who believed in laying down the law for their offspring.
 16) PHRASE: V inflects If someone takes the law into their own hands, they punish someone or do something to put a situation right, instead of waiting for the police or the legal system to take action.
  The speeding motorist was pinned to the ground by angry locals who took the law into their own hands until police arrived.
 17) PHRASE: v-link PHR If you say that someone is a law unto himself or herself, you mean that they behave in an independent way, ignoring laws, rules, or conventional ways of doing things.
  Some of the landowners were a law unto themselves. There was nobody to check their excesses and they exploited the people.
 18) Sod's law → see sod

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

law

law /ˈlɑː/ noun, pl laws
1 [noncount]
a : the whole system or set of rules made by the government of a town, state, country, etc.
• People who are supposed to obey the law also need to know their rights under the law. [=according to the law]
• The courts exist to uphold, interpret, and apply the law.
• state/federal law
• Stealing is against the law. [=stealing is illegal]
• He denied that he had broken/violated the law. [=that he had done anything illegal]
• You have to pay taxes. That's the law of the land. [=the set of rules that exists in a certain place]
• The job of the police is to enforce the law. [=make sure that people obey the law]
• He's interested in a career in law enforcement. [=a career as a police officer]
• (US) Law enforcement officials [=police officials] in the area were alerted of the suspect's escape.
- see also martial law
b : a particular kind of law
• a lawyer who specializes in criminal/contract/immigration law
- see also common law
2 : a rule made by the government of a town, state, country, etc.

[count]

• A law requires that schools provide a safe learning environment. = There is a law requiring schools to provide a safe learning environment.
• In our civics class we learned how a bill becomes a law.
• She has proposed a new law to protect people from being evicted unfairly.
- often + on or against
• Congress passed several new laws on the environment. [=laws relating to the environment]
• a law against unfair eviction [=a law that makes unfair eviction illegal]
• We need stricter laws against discrimination.

[noncount]

• Schools are required by law to provide a safe learning environment.
• The bill will become law at the beginning of the year.
• With the majority voting in favor, the bill has been passed into law. [=the bill became a law]
• The bill was signed into law by the governor. [=the proposed law became officially active when the governor signed it]
3 the law : the people and organizations (such as the police and the courts) whose job is to find or punish people who do not obey laws
• They called in the law [=the police] to determine what should be done next.
• He's been in and out of trouble with the law for the last 10 years.
4 [noncount]
a : the job of a lawyer : the legal profession
• She's been thinking about going into law. [=thinking about becoming a lawyer]
• a career in law
• The company hired a large law firm [=a group of lawyers who work together as a business] to handle the case.
• She practices law [=she works as a lawyer] with a firm in Boston.
- see also attorney at law
b : the area of study that relates to laws and how they are used
• a professor of law
• studying law
• going to law school [=a school that trains you to become a lawyer]
5 : a religious rule

[count]

• the body of Islamic laws

[noncount]

• according to Jewish law
6 [count]
a : a rule stating that something (such as an art or profession) should be done in a certain way
• the laws of poetry
• He teaches his students that balance is the first law of architecture. [=balance is the most important principle in architecture]
b Brit : a rule in a sport or game
• the laws [=rules] of tennis
7 [count] : a statement that describes how something works in the natural world - often + of
• the law of gravity
• the laws of nature/physics
• Newton's laws of motion
above the law : not required to obey the law
• No one is above the law. [=everyone must obey the law]
• He complains that the new policy places corporations above the law. [=that the new policy allows corporations to do things that are not legal]
a law unto yourself
✦People who are or think they are a law unto themselves act in a way that shows they do not care what kind of behavior other people think is acceptable.
• I've warned him that he can't keep behaving this way, but he won't listen. He seems to think that he's a law unto himself. [=that he can do whatever he wants to do]
go to law Brit : to ask a court of law to settle a dispute
law and order : a state or situation in which people obey the law : legal control and authority
• The police work to preserve law and order.
• a breakdown of law and order
lay down the law
- see lay down at 1lay
outside the law
1 : not agreeing with the law
• actions that may have been outside the law [=illegal]
2 : in an illegal way
• Investigators were unable to prove that the business was operating outside the law. [=illegally]
take the law into your own hands : to try to punish someone for breaking a law even though you do not have the right to do that
• Police are concerned that the victim's family may try to take the law into their own hands. [=may try to punish the criminal themselves instead of allowing the legal system to do it]
the law of averages : the idea or principle that something which can produce different results will produce those results in a regular or predictable way over a period of time
• I can't believe that team has lost 12 games in a row. The law of averages says that they should have won at least one game by now.
the law of the jungle
- used to describe a situation in which people do whatever they want to or whatever is necessary to survive or succeed
• an industry governed by the law of the jungle
the long arm of the law
- see 1arm
within the law
1 : agreeing with the law
• He says that everything he did was within the law. [=legal]
2 : in a legal way
• With the organization under so much scrutiny, it is even more important that they work/operate within the law. [=legally]
your word is law
✦If your word is law, other people must do what you say
• He'll listen to suggestions, but in the end, his word is law. synonyms law, rule, regulation, statute, and ordinance are statements about what people are allowed to do. A law is made by a government, and people who live in the area controlled by that government must obey it.
• According to a state law, all drivers must pass a written test before they can be fully licensed. A rule usually does not involve an official government. It typically describes what people are allowed to do in a game or in a particular place (such as a school).
• He explained the rules of football.
• The rules state clearly that smoking is prohibited on campus. A regulation is made by a government to protect people from being harmed.
• Safety regulations limit the number of hours an airline pilot can fly each month. statute is a formal word for a law made by a government.
• The new statute requires that all passengers in a car wear seatbelts. In the U.S., an ordinance is a law that is made by a local government and applies only to a limited area.
• The new city ordinance restricts parking on some streets.

American English
British English
rules and laws
B1 (متوسط)
law
noun

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