A skilled cook, especially the main cook in a hotel or restaurant
سرآشپز
This restaurant has a famous chef.
این رستوران آشپز مشهوری دارد.
A skilled cook, especially the main cook in a hotel or restaurant
سرآشپز
This restaurant has a famous chef.
این رستوران آشپز مشهوری دارد.
chef
noun
a professional cook, especially the head cook in a hotel or restaurant
chef
chef /ʃef/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: chef de cuisine 'head of the kitchen']
a skilled cook, especially the main cook in a hotel or restaurant:
a master chef
a pastry chef
chef
chef [chef chefs] [ʃef] [ʃef] noun
a professional cook, especially the most senior cook in a restaurant, hotel, etc.
Word Origin:
early 19th cent.: French, literally head.
Example Bank:
• He took a job as a sous chef in a London hotel.
• a new book by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver
chef
chef /ʃef/
noun [C]
a skilled and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant, especially the most important cook:
He is one of the top chefs in Britain.
She is head-chef at the Waldorf-Astoria.
chef
/ʃef/
(chefs)
A chef is a cook in a restaurant or hotel.
chef
chef /ˈʃɛf/ noun, pl chefs [count]
1 : a professional cook who usually is in charge of a kitchen in a restaurant
• The hotel's chef trained at the finest culinary institutes in Europe.
• He's the head chef at a five-star restaurant.
• a celebrity chef with her own TV show
2 : a person who prepares food for people to eat : cook
• My friend is an excellent chef.
Television
تلویزیون
Who turned the TV on?
چه کسی تلویزیون را روشن کرد؟
Television
تلویزیون
Who turned the TV on?
چه کسی تلویزیون را روشن کرد؟
TV
abbreviation short for television:
All rooms have a bathroom and colour TV.
TV
TV S2 W2 /ˌtiː ˈviː◂/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable and countable]
television
on TV
I watched the film on TV.
TV series/programme/show/station/channel etc
a TV series based on the novel
cable/satellite TV
a new TV set.
He’s the top TV presenter for children’s programmes.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ television/TV noun [uncountable and countable] the piece of electronic equipment shaped like a box on which you can watch programmes, or the programmes that are broadcast using this. In everyday English, people usually say TV: Sometimes I don’t feel like doing anything except watching television. | A lot of people use the Internet for watching TV. | Can you turn on the television? | the TV Guide in the newspaper | There's nothing good on the TV. | Our TV set (=television)isn't working properly.
▪ the box/the telly British English (also the tube American English) noun [singular] informal a television, or the programmes that are broadcast on television: Can you turn the telly down a bit? | What’s on the box tonight? | There's nothing good on the tube.
▪ satellite television (also satellite TV) noun [uncountable] television programmes that are broadcast using ↑satellites in space, and which you need a special piece of equipment to be able to watch: Do you have satellite TV at home? | You can watch the game on satellite television. | a satellite dish (=the round thing that you put on your roof or the wall of your house in order to receive satellite television signals)
▪ terrestrial television television that is not broadcast by satellite or cable: The company has secured the rights to broadcast the Championship on terrestrial television.
▪ cable television (also cable TV, cable) noun [uncountable] television programmes that are broadcast by ↑cable (=tubes containing wires that carry television pictures): The program was first shown on cable.
▪ digital television (also digital TV, digital) noun [uncountable] programmes that are broadcast using ↑digital signals, with more choice and better quality pictures than ordinary television: The switchover to digital TV will take place between 2010 and 2012.
▪ widescreen television (also widescreen TV) noun [countable] a television that is much wider than it is high, and wider than an ordinary television. Widescreen televisions are used for programmes that are broadcast using ↑digital signals: There was a massive widescreen TV in the living room. | Widescreen TV is good for watching films.
satellite television
ˌsatellite ˈtelevision BrE AmE (also ˌsatellite TˈV) noun [uncountable]
television programmes that are broadcast using satellites in space, and which you need a special piece of equipment to be able to watch
television
tel‧e‧vi‧sion S1 W1 /ˈteləˌvɪʒən, ˈtelɪˌvɪʒən, ˌteləˈvɪʒən/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: télévision, from télé- 'tele-' + vision]
1. [countable] (also television set formal) a piece of electronic equipment shaped like a box with a screen, on which you can watch programmes SYN TV:
Lucy turned on the television to watch the evening news.
They have a television in every room.
REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say TV rather than television:
▪ What's on TV tonight?
2. [uncountable] the programmes broadcast in this way SYN TV:
In the evenings I like to relax and watch television.
3. on (the) television broadcast or being broadcast on television:
What’s on television tonight?
4. [uncountable] the business of making and broadcasting programmes on television SYN TV
in television
Jean works in television.
a television film crew
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ watch television Mum was in the lounge watching television.
▪ see/watch something on television She saw the race on television.
▪ turn/switch the television on/off I switched off the television and went to bed.
▪ turn the television up/down (=make it louder or quieter) Rory had turned the television up so loud that the people next door complained.
■ television + NOUN
▪ a television show/programme Her favourite television programme was just starting.
▪ a television series (=a set of programmes with the same characters or subject, broadcast every day or every week) He starred in the popular television series, ‘Friends’.
▪ a television film/movie (=a film that has been made to be shown on television, not in a cinema) Ford appeared in several television movies.
▪ a television documentary a television documentary about an important public issue
▪ the television news There was nothing about it on the television news.
▪ a television screen Bella’s eyes were fixed on the television screen.
▪ a television presenter British English a well-known television presenter
▪ a television reporter/journalist Grant was interviewed by a BBC television journalist.
▪ a television producer a BBC television producer
▪ a television director He’s a very successful television director.
▪ a television (film) crew A television crew were allowed to film the meeting.
▪ a television actor/actress Peebles is best known as a television actor.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + television
▪ live television The accident was shown on live television.
▪ national television The President went on national television to appeal for calm.
▪ satellite/cable television They have a dish for satellite television.
▪ digital television the switchover to digital television
▪ terrestrial television British English (=television that is not broadcast using a satellite or cable) Many of these matches are not available on terrestrial television.
▪ high definition/HD television high definition television channels
▪ a widescreen television Widescreen televisions are getting more popular, especially in home cinema systems.
▪ a plasma/LCD television Each hotel room has a minibar and plasma television.
▪ a flat screen television a buyer’s guide to the latest flat screen televisions
▪ a colour television a 32 inch colour television
▪ a black-and-white television They had an old black and white television in the garage.
■ COMMON ERRORS
► Do not say 'see/watch something in television'. Say see/watch something on television.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ television/TV noun [uncountable and countable] the piece of electronic equipment shaped like a box on which you can watch programmes, or the programmes that are broadcast using this. In everyday English, people usually say TV: Sometimes I don’t feel like doing anything except watching television. | A lot of people use the Internet for watching TV. | Can you turn on the television? | the TV Guide in the newspaper | There's nothing good on the TV. | Our TV set (=television)isn't working properly.
▪ the box/the telly British English (also the tube American English) noun [singular] informal a television, or the programmes that are broadcast on television: Can you turn the telly down a bit? | What’s on the box tonight? | There's nothing good on the tube.
▪ satellite television (also satellite TV) noun [uncountable] television programmes that are broadcast using ↑satellites in space, and which you need a special piece of equipment to be able to watch: Do you have satellite TV at home? | You can watch the game on satellite television. | a satellite dish (=the round thing that you put on your roof or the wall of your house in order to receive satellite television signals)
▪ terrestrial television television that is not broadcast by satellite or cable: The company has secured the rights to broadcast the Championship on terrestrial television.
▪ cable television (also cable TV, cable) noun [uncountable] television programmes that are broadcast by ↑cable (=tubes containing wires that carry television pictures): The program was first shown on cable.
▪ digital television (also digital TV, digital) noun [uncountable] programmes that are broadcast using ↑digital signals, with more choice and better quality pictures than ordinary television: The switchover to digital TV will take place between 2010 and 2012.
▪ widescreen television (also widescreen TV) noun [countable] a television that is much wider than it is high, and wider than an ordinary television. Widescreen televisions are used for programmes that are broadcast using ↑digital signals: There was a massive widescreen TV in the living room. | Widescreen TV is good for watching films.
TV
TV [TV] [ˌtiː ˈviː] [ˌtiː ˈviː] noun countable, uncountable
television
• What's on TV tonight?
• We're buying a new TV with the money.
• Almost all homes have at least one TV set.
• All rooms have a bathroom and colour TV.
• a TV series/show/programme
• satellite/cable/digital TV
• She's a highly paid TV presenter.
see also pay TV
Collocations:
Television
Watching
watch television/TV/a show/(BrE) a programme/(NAmE) a program/a documentary/a pilot/a rerun/a repeat
see (especially BrE) an ad/(especially NAmE) a commercial/the news/the weather
catch/miss a show/a programme/a program/an episode/the news
pick up/reach for/grab the remote (control)
change/switch channel
surf (through)/ (especially NAmE) flip through/ (especially BrE) flick through the channels
sit in front of/switch on/switch off/turn on/turn off the television/the TV/the TV set
have/install satellite (TV)/cable (TV)/a satellite dish
Showing
show a programme/a documentary/an ad/a commercial
screen a programme/a documentary
run an ad/a commercial
broadcast/ (especially NAmE) air/repeat a show/a programme/a documentary/an episode/a series
go out/air/be recorded live
attract/draw (in)/pull (in) viewers
be a hit with viewers/audiences/critics
get (low/high) ratings
Appearing
be on/appear on television/TV/a TV show
take part in a phone-in/a game show/a quiz show/a reality TV show
host a show/a programme/series/a game show/a quiz show/a talk show/(BrE) a chat show
be/become/work as a (BrE) TV presenter/talk-show host/sports commentator/anchorman/(BrE) newsreader
read/present the news
appear/perform live (on TV)
Programme-making
do/film/make a show/a programme/a documentary/an episode/a pilot/a series/an ad/a commercial
work on a soap (opera)/a pilot (episode)/a sitcom
write/produce a drama/sitcom/spin-off/comedy series
television
tele·vi·sion [television televisions] [ˈtelɪvɪʒn] [ˈtelɪvɪʒn] noun (abbr. TV)
1. (also ˈtelevision set) (also BrE informal telly) countable a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you can watch programmes with moving pictures and sounds
• a colour television
• a widescreen television
• a plasma screen television
• to turn the television on/off
2. (also BrE informal telly) uncountable the programmes broadcast on television
• We don't do much in the evenings except watch television.
3. uncountable the system, process or business of broadcasting television programmes
• satellite/terrestrial/cable/digital television
• the television news
• a television documentary
• a television company/presenter
• I'd like to work in television (= for a television company).
see also cable television, closed-circuit television
Idiom: on television
See also: on TV ▪ on the telly ▪ telly
Word Origin:
early 20th cent.: from tele- ‘at a distance’ + vision.
Collocations:
Television
Watching
watch television/TV/a show/(BrE) a programme/(NAmE) a program/a documentary/a pilot/a rerun/a repeat
see (especially BrE) an ad/(especially NAmE) a commercial/the news/the weather
catch/miss a show/a programme/a program/an episode/the news
pick up/reach for/grab the remote (control)
change/switch channel
surf (through)/ (especially NAmE) flip through/ (especially BrE) flick through the channels
sit in front of/switch on/switch off/turn on/turn off the television/the TV/the TV set
have/install satellite (TV)/cable (TV)/a satellite dish
Showing
show a programme/a documentary/an ad/a commercial
screen a programme/a documentary
run an ad/a commercial
broadcast/ (especially NAmE) air/repeat a show/a programme/a documentary/an episode/a series
go out/air/be recorded live
attract/draw (in)/pull (in) viewers
be a hit with viewers/audiences/critics
get (low/high) ratings
Appearing
be on/appear on television/TV/a TV show
take part in a phone-in/a game show/a quiz show/a reality TV show
host a show/a programme/series/a game show/a quiz show/a talk show/(BrE) a chat show
be/become/work as a (BrE) TV presenter/talk-show host/sports commentator/anchorman/(BrE) newsreader
read/present the news
appear/perform live (on TV)
Programme-making
do/film/make a show/a programme/a documentary/an episode/a pilot/a series/an ad/a commercial
work on a soap (opera)/a pilot (episode)/a sitcom
write/produce a drama/sitcom/spin-off/comedy series
Example Bank:
• Millions watched the events on live television.
• She recalled her first television appearance forty years ago.
• She works in television.
• The Olympics receive extensive television coverage.
• The children watched television for most of the evening.
• The state television screened pictures of the trial.
• The trial was broadcast by local television.
• We were watching the news on television.
• a television adaptation of the popular novel
TV
TV /ˌtiːˈviː/
noun [C or U]
ABBREVIATION FOR television:
We ate in front of (= while watching) the TV.
What's on TV tonight?
You watch too much TV!
TV personalities
television
television /ˈtel.ɪ.vɪʒ.ən/ /ˌ--ˈ--/ US /-ə-/
noun [C or U] (ALSO TV, UK INFORMAL telly)
a box-like device with a screen which receives electrical signals and changes them into moving images and sound, or the method or business of sending images and sound by electrical signals:
a colour/black-and-white television
Could you turn the television down?
It's one of the few television programmes that I always make a point of watching.
Is there anything interesting on television tonight?
Clare has worked in television since she left college.
Your problem is that you watch too much television.
televisual /ˌtel.ɪˈvɪʒ.u.əl/ US /-ə-/
adjective MAINLY UK
relating to television:
the televisual age
an interesting televisual experience
TV
/ti: vi:/
(TVs)
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
TV means the same as television.
The TV was on...
I prefer going to the cinema to watching TV.
...a TV commercial.
TV
TV /ˈtiːˈviː/ noun, pl TVs : television
[count]
• unplug the TV
• We need a new TV.
[noncount]
• Do you want to watch some TV before bed?
• She works in TV.
- often used before another noun
• a TV host/set/show
on TV : broadcast by television : being shown by television
• There's nothing (good) on TV [=on television] tonight.
To learn about a subject at school, university etc
مطالعه كردن، خواندن (با دقت)
Richard studied engineering at Manchester University.
ریچارد در دانشگاه منچسترتحصیل کرده است.
To learn about a subject at school, university etc
مطالعه كردن، خواندن (با دقت)
Richard studied engineering at Manchester University.
ریچارد در دانشگاه منچسترتحصیل کرده است.
study
verb (studies, studying, studied /, has studied)
1 to spend time learning about something:
He studied French at university.
2 to look at something carefully:
We must study the map before we leave.
noun (plural studies)
1 the activity of learning about something:
He's doing a course in Business Studies.
Biology is the study of living things.
2 a room in a house where you go to study, read or write
study
I. stud‧y1 S2 W3 /ˈstʌdi/ BrE AmE noun (plural studies)
[Word Family: noun: ↑student, ↑study, ↑studiousness; adjective: ↑studious, ↑studied; verb: ↑study; adverb: ↑studiously]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: estudie, from Latin studium 'mental effort, eagerness, study', from studere 'to be eager, try to be helpful, study']
1. RESEARCH [countable] a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report:
Recent studies show that women still get paid a lot less than men.
study of/into/on
a study of Australian wild birds
The study was carried out between January and May 2008. ⇨ ↑case study
2. LEARNING [uncountable] when you spend time learning, especially at home or by yourself rather than during school:
Set aside a period of time specifically for study.
ways to improve study skills (=skills that help you study efficiently and be successful in school)
3. SUBJECT [uncountable] (also studies [plural])
a subject that people study at a college or university
study of
Linguistics is the study of language.
Environmental Studies
literary/historical/scientific etc study
the scientific study of earthquakes
4. sb’s studies the work that someone does in order to learn about a particular subject, especially the courses they take at a college or university:
How are your studies coming along?
begin/continue/stop etc your studies
I gave up my studies when I had the baby.
5. CAREFUL CONSIDERATION [uncountable] when you examine or consider something very carefully and in detail:
a report that deserves careful study
6. ROOM [countable] a room in a house that is used for work or study ⇨ office
7. ART [countable] a small detailed drawing, especially one that is done to prepare for a large painting:
Renoir’s studies of small plants and flowers
8. MUSIC [countable] a piece of music, usually for piano, that is often intended for practice
9. make a study of something to try to find out more about a subject
10. be a study in something literary to be a perfect example of something:
His face was a study in fear.
11. a quick study American English someone who learns things quickly
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ do a study/carry out a study (also conduct a study formal) The scientists are carrying out a study into the effects of global warming.
▪ a study finds something The study found that men were more likely to take risks.
▪ a study shows something Studies have shown that the drug works.
▪ a study suggests/indicates something A British study suggests that older drivers are safer drivers.
▪ a study reveals something (=shows something, especially something surprising) A recent study revealed that 74% of donuts are bought on impulse.
▪ a study confirms something (=shows that something is true) The study confirms what we all know – smoking is also bad for the people around you.
▪ a study aims to do something The study aimed to identify the housing needs of local people.
▪ publish a study The study was published in the British Medical Journal.
▪ fund a study (=pay for it) The study was funded by a major US drugs company.
▪ commission a study (=ask someone to carry out a study) The government has commissioned a study into the health of residents living near the power station.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + study
▪ a research study Research studies have found that young people are drinking no more than they were 20 years ago.
▪ a detailed study (also an in-depth study) They carried out a detailed study into the effects of the disease on mice.
▪ a two-year/three-month etc study They are engaged in a five-year study into the effects of calcium on bone health.
▪ a huge/massive study The journal published the results of a massive study of 87,000 women.
▪ a previous/earlier study The report is a summary of the work done in earlier studies.
▪ a pilot study (=one done to find out if something will be successful) The government has just completed a pilot study, with some encouraging results.
▪ a feasibility study (=one done to find out if something is possible or practical) They commissioned a feasibility study into re-opening the whole railway line.
■ phrases
▪ the aims of a study The aims of this study are to examine the reliability of current techniques.
▪ the results/findings of a study The results of this study suggest that the drug is effective in over 80% of cases. | His research confirmed the findings of earlier studies.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ research noun [uncountable] careful detailed work that is done in order to find out more about a subject, especially as a part of a scientific or academic project: Billions of dollars have been spent on research into the causes and treatment of cancer. | The University has for a long time been a leading centre for research in this field.
▪ work noun [uncountable] the studies that have been done on a particular subject: Faraday is famous for his work on electricity. | A lot of work has been done on hydrogen-powered cars. | Their work had an enormous influence on the study of genetics.
▪ study noun [countable] a piece of work in which someone examines a particular subject in order to find out more about it, and writes about what they have found: The study showed that 25 percent of adults do not eat breakfast at all, compared with 14 percent in 1961. | Recent studies suggest that our sense of smell is closely linked with the part of the brain that deals with memory.
▪ experiment noun [countable] a scientific test in order to find out what happens when you do something: They carried out a series of experiments (=they did a series of experiments) in order to try to prove their theory. | Experiments have shown that there is an increased risk of some forms of cancer.
II. study2 S2 W2 BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle studied, present participle studying, third person singular studies)
[Word Family: noun: ↑student, ↑study, ↑studiousness; adjective: ↑studious, ↑studied; verb: ↑study; adverb: ↑studiously]
1. [intransitive and transitive] to learn about a subject at school, university etc:
I’ve been studying English for six years.
I can’t study with that music playing all the time.
study law/business/history etc (=study a subject at a school or university)
Anna is studying French literature.
study at a university/school etc
Stephen is currently studying at Exeter University.
study to be a doctor/lawyer etc
My brother’s studying to be an accountant.
study for an exam/diploma etc
I’ve only got three weeks left to study for my exams.
study under somebody (=be trained by a famous teacher)
a psychologist who studied under Jung in Zurich
2. [transitive] to try to find out more about a subject or problem, using scientific methods:
Goodall was studying the behavior of chimpanzees in the wild.
The scientists were studying the action of a protein called ubiquitin.
study how/what/why etc
They’re studying how stress affects body chemistry.
3. [transitive] to look at something carefully SYN look at:
She studied his face.
They got out of the car and studied the map.
I haven’t had time to study the proposals yet.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ study verb [intransitive and transitive] to learn about a subject at school, university etc: If you study hard, you’ll get a good job. | He studied law at Harvard University.
▪ take verb [transitive] to study a subject that you have chosen at school, college etc: What classes are you taking next semester? | In my final year, I decided to take English and economics.
▪ do verb [transitive] British English informal to study a particular subject at school or university: I can’t decide whether to do German or Spanish next year. | Did you do computing at school?
▪ major in something phrasal verb American English to study something as your main subject at a college or university: Diane majored in psychology at the University of Washington.
▪ revise verb [intransitive] British English to study to prepare for an examination: It’s best to start revising early. | He’s revising for his final exams.
▪ cram verb [intransitive] informal to study very hard and try to learn a lot of information just before an examination: Everyone’s cramming for their final exams.
▪ do research to study something in a very detailed way, especially in order to discover new information about it: He does research at Oxford University. | I’m doing research into second language learning. | It’s difficult to do research on humans.
study
study [study studies studied studying] noun, verb [ˈstʌdi] [ˈstʌdi]
noun (pl. studies)
ACTIVITY OF LEARNING
1. uncountable the activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining things in the world
• a room set aside for private study
• academic/literary/scientific, etc. study
• It is important to develop good study skills.
• Physiology is the study of how living things work.
2. studies plural (formal) a particular person's learning activities, for example at a college or university
• to continue your studies
ACADEMIC SUBJECT
3. studies uncountable + singular or plural verb used in the names of some academic subjects
• business/media/American studies
DETAILED EXAMINATION
4. uncountable the act of considering or examining sth in detail
• These proposals deserve careful study.
5. countable a piece of research that examines a subject or question in detail
• to make/carry out/conduct a study
• This study shows/confirms/suggests that…
• a detailed study of how animals adapt to their environment
• scientific studies of fishing grounds and methods of fishing
see also case study
ROOM
6. countable a room, especially in sb's home, used for reading and writing
ART
7. countable a drawing or painting of sth, especially one done for practice or before doing a larger picture
• a study of Chartres Cathedral
• a nude study
MUSIC
8. (BrE) (also étude NAmE, BrE) countable a piece of music designed to give a player practice in technical skills
PERFECT EXAMPLE
9. singular ~ (in sth) (formal) a perfect example of sth
• His face was a study in concentration.
see in a brown study at brown adj.
Word Origin:
Middle English: shortening of Old French estudie (noun), estudier (verb), both based on Latin studium ‘zeal, painstaking application’.
Collocations:
Scientific research
Theory
formulate/advance a theory/hypothesis
build/construct/create/develop a simple/theoretical/mathematical model
develop/establish/provide/use a theoretical/conceptual framework
advance/argue/develop the thesis that…
explore an idea/a concept/a hypothesis
make a prediction/an inference
base a prediction/your calculations on sth
investigate/evaluate/accept/challenge/reject a theory/hypothesis/model
Experiment
design an experiment/a questionnaire/a study/a test
do research/an experiment/an analysis
make observations/measurements/calculations
carry out/conduct/perform an experiment/a test/a longitudinal study/observations/clinical trials
run an experiment/a simulation/clinical trials
repeat an experiment/a test/an analysis
replicate a study/the results/the findings
observe/study/examine/investigate/assess a pattern/a process/a behaviour/(especially US) a behavior
fund/support the research/project/study
seek/provide/get/secure funding for research
Results
collect/gather/extract data/information
yield data/evidence/similar findings/the same results
analyse/examine the data/soil samples/a specimen
consider/compare/interpret the results/findings
fit the data/model
confirm/support/verify a prediction/a hypothesis/the results/the findings
prove a conjecture/hypothesis/theorem
draw/make/reach the same conclusions
read/review the records/literature
describe/report an experiment/a study
present/publish/summarize the results/findings
present/publish/read/review/cite a paper in a scientific journal
Example Bank:
• A new study shows that fewer students are studying science.
• A preliminary study suggested that the product would be popular.
• A study group meets every Sunday at the church.
• An independent study was commissioned by the department.
• He has made a special study of the way that birds communicate with one another.
• He lectures in management studies.
• In a recent study, 40% of schools were found to be understaffed.
• Many undertake further studies after college.
• Many undertake further studies after passing their A levels.
• Now that her children are all at school, she's going to take up full-time study again.
• Princeton's African American studies department
• Research studies carried out in Italy confirmed the theory.
• Shakespeare is the subject of a new study by Anthony Bryan.
• She devoted herself to a serious study of the Koran.
• She returned to her studies when her children reached school age.
• She's doing women's studies at Liverpool University.
• Students do a foundation year before specializing in their chosen field of study.
• The company allows its staff to take paid study leave.
• The company undertook an extensive feasibility study before adopting the new system.
• The course integrates academic study and practical training.
• The first part of the course is designed to develop students' study skills.
• The present study reveals an unacceptable level of air pollution in the city centre.
• The study aims to examine bias in television news coverage.
• The study compares the incidence of bone cancer in men and women.
• The study group was selected from a broad cross section of the population.
• The study highlighted three problem areas.
• The study provided valuable insight into the development of the disease.
• The ten-year study covered 13 000 people aged 15-25.
• This grammar book is suitable both for classroom use and for independent study.
• This phenomenon has been observed in both laboratory and field studies.
• This phenomenon has been observed in field studies.
• When he has completed his studies, he'll travel around the world.
• a close study of energy prices
• a comparative study of the environmental costs of different energy sources
• a definitive study on medieval weapons
• a detailed case study of nine companies
• a longitudinal study of children in low-income families
• a study based on a sample of male white-collar workers
• a study commissioned by the World Bank
• a study into the viability of the mine
• full-time study for an MA
• the biochemical process under study
• the university's cultural studies course
• A comparative study was carried out into the environmental costs of different energy sources.
• A detailed study of the area was carried out.
• He needed more leisure to pursue his studies.
• I returned to full-time study once my kids were all at school.
• It's important to develop good study skills.
• She crossed the hallway and opened the door to her private study.
• Students in the same field of study may have very different skill levels.
• The scientific study of American dialects began in 1889.
• There's a quiet room set aside for private study.
verb (stud·ies, study·ing, stud·ied, stud·ied)
LEARN
1. transitive, intransitive ~ (for sth) to spend time learning about a subject by reading, going to college, etc
• ~ (sth) How long have you been studying English?
• Don't disturb Jane, she's studying for her exams.
• ~ (sth) at… My brother studied at the Royal College of Art.
• ~ (sth) under… a composer who studied under Nadia Boulanger (= was taught by Nadia Boulanger)
• ~ to do/be sth Nina is studying to be an architect.
EXAMINE CAREFULLY
2. transitive ~ sth to watch, or look at sb/sth carefully in order to find out sth
• Scientists are studying photographs of the planet for signs of life.
• He studied her face thoughtfully.
• Fran was studying the menu.
3. transitive to examine sth carefully in order to understand it
• ~ sth We will study the report carefully before making a decision.
• ~ how, what, etc… The group will study how the region coped with the loss of thousands of jobs.
Word Origin:
Middle English: shortening of Old French estudie (noun), estudier (verb), both based on Latin studium ‘zeal, painstaking application’.
Collocations:
Education
Learning
acquire/get/lack (an) education/training/(BrE) (some) qualifications
receive/provide sb with training/tuition
develop/design/plan a curriculum/(especially BrE) course/(NAmE) program/syllabus
give/go to/attend a class/lesson/lecture/seminar
hold/run/conduct a class/seminar/workshop
sign up for/take a course/classes/lessons
School
go to/start preschool/kindergarten/nursery school
be in the first, second, etc. (NAmE) grade/(especially BrE) year (at school)
study/take/drop history/chemistry/German, etc.
(BrE) leave/finish/drop out of/ (NAmE) quit school
(NAmE) graduate high school/college
Problems at school
be the victim/target of bullying
(BrE) play truant from/ (both BrE, informal) bunk off/skive off school (= not go to school when you should)
(both especially NAmE) skip/cut class/school
(BrE) cheat in/(NAmE) cheat on an exam/a test
get/be given a detention (for doing sth)
be expelled from/be suspended from school
Work and exams
do your homework/(BrE) revision/a project on sth
work on/write/do/submit an essay/a dissertation/a thesis/an assignment/(NAmE) a paper
finish/complete your dissertation/thesis/studies/coursework
hand in/ (NAmE) turn in your homework/essay/assignment/paper
study/prepare/ (BrE) revise/ (NAmE) review/ (NAmE, informal) cram for a test/an exam
take/ (both BrE) do/sit a test/an exam
(especially BrE) mark/ (especially NAmE) grade homework/a test
(BrE) do well in/ (NAmE) do well on/ (informal, especially NAmE) ace a test/an exam
pass/fail/ (informal, especially NAmE) flunk a test/an exam/a class/a course/a subject
University
apply to/get into/go to/start college/(BrE) university
leave/graduate from law school/college/(BrE) university (with a degree in computer science)
study for/take/ (BrE) do/complete a law degree/a degree in physics
(both NAmE) major/minor in biology/philosophy
earn/receive/be awarded/get/have/hold a master's degree/a bachelor's degree/a PhD in economics
Synonyms:
examine
analyse • review • study • discuss
These words all mean to think about, study or describe sb/sth carefully, especially in order to understand them, form an opinion of them or make a decision about them.
examine • to think about, study or describe an idea, subject or piece of work very carefully: ▪ These ideas will be examined in more detail in Chapter 10.
analyse/analyze • to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it: ▪ The job involves gathering and analysing data. ◊ ▪ He tried to analyse his feelings.
review • to examine sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes: ▪ The government will review the situation later in the year.
study • to examine sb/sth in order to understand them or it: ▪ We will study the report carefully before making a decision.
examine or study?
You examine sth in order to understand it or to help other people understand it, for example by describing it in a book; you study sth in order to understand it yourself.
discuss • to write or talk about sth in detail, showing the different ideas and opinions about it: ▪ This topic will be discussed at greater length in the next chapter.
to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss what/how/whether…
to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss the situation/evidence
to examine/analyse/review/study/discuss sth carefully/critically/systematically/briefly
Example Bank:
• He studied her thoughtfully, then smiled.
• He studied under Professor Sager.
• In the third year a number of areas are studied in detail.
• She is studying hard for her A levels.
• She picked up the letter and studied it carefully.
• The influence of heredity is best studied in genetically identical twins.
• This area has not been well studied.
• to study at college
• As a young composer he studied under Nadia Boulanger.
• Did you ever study any sciences?
• He sat up very late that night, studying.
• I had a place to study engineering at Leeds.
• I have two tests tomorrow, and I've barely had time to study.
• I was up late studying for my biology final.
• Michael studied at Sussex University.
• She's studying hard at the moment.
• She's studying to be an architect.
• There's nowhere for the students to study quietly.
study
study (EXAMINE) /ˈstʌd.i/
verb [T]
to examine something very carefully:
I want time to study this contract thoroughly before signing it.
[+ question word] Researchers have been studying how people under stress make decisions.
study /ˈstʌd.i/
noun [C]
1 when someone examines a subject in detail in order to discover new information:
a five-year study of the relationship between wildlife and farming
Some studies have suggested a link between certain types of artificial sweetener and cancer.
2 a drawing which an artist makes in order to test ideas before starting a painting of the same subject
studied /ˈstʌd.id/
adjective
very carefully and intentionally done, made or considered, rather than in a completely honest or sincere way:
After a pause, he gave a studied answer.
She listened to his remarks with studied indifference.
studious /ˈstjuː.di.əs/ US /ˈstuː-/
adjective [before noun]
The report was obviously prepared with studious (= very great) care and attention.
studiously /ˈstjuː.di.ə.sli/ US /ˈstuː-/
adverb
They studiously avoided/ignored each other.
studiousness /ˈstjuː.di.ə.snəs/ US /ˈstuː-/
noun [U]
study (LEARN) /ˈstʌd.i/
verb [I or T]
to learn about a subject, especially in an educational course or by reading books:
to study biology/chemistry
Next term we shall study plants and how they grow.
She's been studying for her doctorate for three years already.
study /ˈstʌd.i/
noun
1 [U] when you learn about a subject, usually at school or university:
the study of English literature
2 [C] a room, especially in a house, used for quiet work such as reading or writing
studies /ˈstʌd.iz/
plural noun
1 studying or work involving studying:
Adam doesn't spend enough time on his studies.
2 used in the names of some educational subjects and courses:
the department of business/media studies
studious /ˈstjuː.di.əs/ US /ˈstuː-/
adjective
describes someone who enjoys studying or spends a lot of time studying:
She was a studious child, happiest when reading.
studiously /ˈstjuː.di.ə.sli/ US /ˈstuː-/
adverb
studiousness /ˈstjuː.di.ə.snəs/ US /ˈstuː-/
noun [U]
study
/stʌdi/
(studies, studying, studied)
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If you study, you spend time learning about a particular subject or subjects.
...a relaxed and happy atmosphere that will allow you to study to your full potential...
He went to Hull University, where he studied History and Economics...
The rehearsals make it difficult for her to study for law school exams.
VERB: V, V n, V for n
2.
Study is the activity of studying.
...the use of maps and visual evidence in the study of local history...
She gave up her studies to have Alexander.
N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl
3.
A study of a subject is a piece of research on it.
Recent studies suggest that as many as 5 in 1000 new mothers are likely to have this problem.
N-COUNT: usu with supp
4.
You can refer to educational subjects or courses that contain several elements as studies of a particular kind.
...a new centre for Islamic studies...
She is currently doing a business studies course at Leeds.
N-PLURAL: supp N
5.
If you study something, you look at it or watch it very carefully, in order to find something out.
Debbie studied her friend’s face for a moment.
VERB: V n
6.
If you study something, you consider it or observe it carefully in order to be able to understand it fully.
I know that you’ve been studying chimpanzees for thirty years now...
I invite every citizen to carefully study the document.
VERB: V n, V n
7.
A study by an artist is a drawing which is done in preparation for a larger picture.
N-COUNT
8.
A study is a room in a house which is used for reading, writing, and studying.
N-COUNT
9.
see also studied, case study
study
2study verb studies; stud·ied; study·ing
1 : to read, memorize facts, attend school, etc., in order to learn about a subject
[no obj]
• She studied hard.
• Did you study for the test?
• She's studying to be a teacher.
[+ obj]
• He is studying music.
2 [+ obj]
a : to give careful attention to (something)
• I studied the request carefully.
• She was studying his face for a reaction.
• The proposal was studied in great detail.
b : to conduct an organized experiment in order to learn more about (something)
• The effects of the drug have never been thoroughly studied.
a small round piece of metal, usually silver or copper coloured, which is used as money
سکه
gold coins
a piece of metal, usually flat and round, that is used as money
سکه، پول خرد
1. That machine doesn't take 100-Toman coins.
اون دستگاه سکه های 100 تومانی را قبول نمی کند.
1. gold coins
سکه های طلا
3. Alireza Ameri coined the term "impromptutoring".
علیرضا عامری واژه ی "impromptutoring " را درست کرد.
coin
noun
a piece of money made of metal:
a pound coin
coin
I. coin1 S3 /kɔɪn/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: 'three-sided piece, corner', from Latin cuneus; ⇨ cuneiform]
1. [countable] a piece of metal, usually flat and round, that is used as money ⇨ bill, note
2. toss/flip a coin to choose or decide something by throwing a coin into the air and guessing which side of it will show when it falls:
Toss a coin to see who goes first.
3. the other/opposite side of the coin a different or opposite way of thinking about something:
Making the rules is only part of it. How the rules are carried out is the other side of the coin.
4. two sides of the same coin two problems or situations that are so closely connected that they are really just two parts of the same thing:
Great opportunity and great danger are two sides of the same coin.
5. [uncountable] money in the form of metal coins
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ money what you use to buy things, in the form of notes or coins: He spent all his money on computer equipment.
▪ cash money in the form of coins and notes: I didn’t have any cash with me.
▪ currency the money used in a particular country: The dollar gained in value against other currencies. | a single European currency
▪ change money in the form of coins of low value: Do you have any small change? | a pocketful of loose change
▪ note British English, bill American English a piece of paper money: a £20 note | a $5 bill
▪ coin a flat round piece of metal used as money: She put some coins in the parking meter. | He took a coin out of his pocket.
▪ a ten-pence/50-cent etc piece a coin worth a particular amount
II. coin2 BrE AmE verb [transitive]
1. to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use:
The word ‘aromatherapy’ was coined in the 1920s.
2. to coin a phrase spoken said in a joking way when you use a very common expression, to show that you know it is used a lot:
He’d thought the flight would never – to coin a phrase – get off the ground.
3. coin money/coin it (in) British English informal to earn a lot of money very quickly:
BT at its profitable peak was coining it at the rate of £90 a second.
4. to make pieces of money from metal
coin
coin [coin coins coined coining] noun, verb [kɔɪn] [kɔɪn]
noun
1. countable a small flat piece of metal used as money
• a euro coin
2. uncountable money made of metal
• notes and coin
see the other side of the coin at side n., two sides of the same coin at two
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French coin ‘wedge, corner, die’, coigner ‘to mint’, from Latin cuneus ‘wedge’. The original sense was ‘cornerstone’, later ‘angle or wedge’ (senses now spelled quoin); in late Middle English the term denoted a die for stamping money, or a piece of money produced by such a die.
Example Bank:
• The first English gold coin was struck in 1255.
• The last silver coins were minted in 1964.
• They flipped/tossed a coin to see who should go first.
• Very few old 5p coins are still in circulation.
• What is the probability of the coin landing heads?
• coins jingling in his pockets
Idioms: coin a phrase ▪ coining it ▪ coining money
verb
1. ~ sth to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use
• The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
2. ~ sth to make coins out of metal
Verb forms:
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French coin ‘wedge, corner, die’, coigner ‘to mint’, from Latin cuneus ‘wedge’. The original sense was ‘cornerstone’, later ‘angle or wedge’ (senses now spelled quoin); in late Middle English the term denoted a die for stamping money, or a piece of money produced by such a die.
Example Bank:
• He was the first to coin the motto ‘Make Love, Not War’.
coin (MONEY) /kɔɪn/
noun
1 [C] a small round piece of metal, usually silver or copper coloured, which is used as money:
a 10p/ten pence coin
a pound coin
a ten-cent coin
gold coins
I asked for ten pounds in 20p coins.
That machine doesn't take 50p coins.
2 [U] money in the form of metal coins
coin
[kɔ͟ɪn]
coins, coining, coined
1) N-COUNT A coin is a small piece of metal which is used as money.
...50 pence coins.
...Frederick's gold coin collection.
2) VERB If you coin a word or a phrase, you are the first person to say it.
[V n] Jaron Lanier coined the term `virtual reality' and pioneered its early development...
[V n] The word `lunatic' was coined to describe people who went mad at the full moon.
3) VERB: usu cont (emphasis) If you say that someone is coining it or is coining money, you are emphasizing that they are making a lot of money very quickly, often without really earning it. [INFORMAL]
[V it] Many private colleges are coining it...
[V n] One wine shop is coining money selling Wembley-label champagne.
PHRASAL VERB
Coining in means the same as coining. V it P She's coining it in with a $10 million contract with Revlon.
4) PHRASE You say `to coin a phrase' to show that you realize you are making a pun or using a cliché.
Fifty local musicians have, to coin a phrase, banded together to form the Jazz Umbrella.
5) PHRASE: PHR with cl You use the other side of the coin to mention a different aspect of a situation.
These findings are a reminder that poverty pay is the other side of the coin of falling unemployment.
6) PHRASE: usu v-link PHR If you say that two things are two sides of the same coin, you mean that they are different ways of looking at or dealing with the same situation.
The minister reportedly stressed that economic and political reforms were two sides of the same coin.
1coin /ˈkoɪn/ noun, pl coins [count] : a small, flat, and usually round piece of metal issued by a government as money
• gold/silver/copper coins
• I have a dollar in coins.
the other/opposite/flip side of the coin : a different way of looking at or thinking about a situation
• The economy is improving, but the other side of the coin is that inflation is becoming a bigger problem.
toss/flip a coin : to decide something by throwing a coin up in the air and seeing which side is shown after it lands
• Let's toss a coin. Heads, we don't go; tails, we do.
two sides of the same coin : two things that are regarded as two parts of the same thing
• These problems may seem unrelated but they are really two sides of the same coin.
To look at written words and understand what they mean
خواندن، قرائت كردن
I read a story to my son every night.
من هر شب برای پسرم داستان می خوانم.
To look at written words and understand what they mean
خواندن، قرائت كردن
I read a story to my son every night.
من هر شب برای پسرم داستان می خوانم.
read
verb (reads, reading, read /, has read)
1 to look at words and understand them:
Have you read this book? It's very interesting.
2 to say words that you can see:
I read a story to the children.
read something out to read something to other people:
The teacher read out the list of names.
>> reading noun (no plural):
My interests are reading and football.
read
I. read1 S1 W1 /riːd/ BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle read /red/)
[Word Family: noun: ↑read, ↑reader, ↑readership, ↑reading, ↑readability; verb: ↑read; adjective: ↑readable ≠ ↑unreadable]
[Language: Old English; Origin: rædan]
1. WORDS/BOOKS [intransitive and transitive] to look at written words and understand what they mean:
I can’t read your writing.
She picked up the letter and read it.
Read the instructions carefully before you start.
children who are just learning to read and write
Her books are quite widely read (=read by a lot of people).
When I was young, I read every one of his books from cover to cover (=read all of something because you are very interested).
2. FIND INFORMATION [intransitive, transitive not in progressive] to find out information from books, newspapers etc:
You can’t believe everything you read in the papers.
read about
Did you read about what happened to that guy in Florida?
read of
I was shocked when I read of his death.
read (that)
I read last week that the disease is on the increase.
3. READ AND SPEAK [intransitive and transitive] to say the words in a book, newspaper etc so that people can hear them
read somebody something
Daddy, will you read me a story?
read (something) to somebody
Our mother reads to us every evening.
Teachers should read more poetry to children.
He glanced at the letter and began to read it aloud.
4. MUSIC/MAPS ETC [transitive] to look at signs or pictures and understand what they mean:
He plays the violin very well but can’t actually read music.
Are you any good at map reading?
5. COMPUTER [transitive] technical if a computer can read a ↑disk, it can take the information that is on the disk and put it into its memory
6. UNDERSTAND SOMETHING IN A PARTICULAR WAY [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to understand a situation, remark etc in one of several possible ways SYN interpret:
I wasn’t sure how to read his silence.
read something as something
She shook her head, and I read this as a refusal.
The poem can be read as a protest against war.
read something well/accurately (=understand something correctly)
He had accurately read the mood of the nation.
7. HAVE WORDS ON [transitive not in progressive] used to say what words are on a sign, in a letter etc SYN say:
A sign on the outer door read: ‘No Entry’.
8. STYLE OF WRITING [intransitive] if something reads well, badly etc, it has been written well, badly etc:
I think in general the report reads well.
9. read something as/for something to replace one word or number with another one, usually with the correct one:
Please read £50 as £15.
For ‘November’ (=instead of November) on line 6, read ‘September’.
10. MEASURING [transitive]
a) to look at the number or amount shown on a measuring instrument:
Someone should be coming to read the gas meter.
b) if a measuring instrument reads a particular number, it shows that number:
The thermometer read 46 degrees.
11. AT UNIVERSITY [intransitive and transitive] British English to study a subject at a university:
I read history at Cambridge.
read for
He wants to read for a law degree.
REGISTER
In everyday British English, people usually say that someone does a subject at university:
▪ I did history at Cambridge.
▪ He wants to do a law degree.
12. take it as read (that) especially British English to feel certain that something is true although no one has told you it is true SYN assume:
You can take it as read that we will support the project.
13. take something as read to accept that a report or statement is correct without reading it or discussing it:
We’ll take the secretary’s report as read.
14. read between the lines to guess someone’s real feelings from something they say or write, when they do not tell you directly:
Reading between the lines, I’d say Robert’s not very happy.
15. read sb’s mind/thoughts to guess what someone else is thinking:
‘Want some coffee?’ ‘You read my mind.’
16. can read somebody like a book if you can read someone like a book, you know them so well that you immediately know what they are thinking or feeling
17. read sb’s palm to look carefully at someone’s hand, in order to find out about their future
18. read sb’s lips to understand what someone is saying by watching the way their lips move. People who cannot hear do this. ⇨ ↑lip-read
19. read my lips spoken used to tell someone that you really mean what you are saying:
Read my lips: I will not let you down.
20. do you read me? spoken used to ask someone whether they can hear you when you are speaking to them by radio
21. well-read/widely-read someone who is well-read has read a lot of books and knows a lot about many subjects:
She is intelligent and extremely well-read.
⇨ ↑reading, ⇨ read (somebody) the riot act at ↑riot1(4)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ read to look at and understand the words in a book, magazine, letter etc for interest, enjoyment, or study: What book are you reading at the moment? | I usually read the newspaper on the way to work.
▪ flick/flip/leaf through something to turn the pages of a book, magazine etc quickly, looking for things that might interest you: While I was waiting, I flicked through a magazine. | She was flipping through the pages of an encyclopedia. | Cunningham was leafing through a copy of the Financial Times at his desk amidst a cloud of cigar-smoke.
▪ browse through something to spend time looking through a book, magazine etc without any clear purpose, looking for things that might interest you: Would you like to browse through our holiday brochure?
▪ skim/scan (through) something to read something quickly to get the main ideas or find a particular piece of information: I want you to skim through the article and write a short summary of it. | Tony scanned the menu for a vegetarian option.
▪ pore over something to read something very carefully for a long time: They spent weeks poring over guidebooks and planning their holiday.
▪ devour something /dɪˈvaʊə $ -ˈvaʊr/ to read something quickly and eagerly: Her young fans devour her books.
▪ dip into something to read short parts of something: It’s a book you can dip into rather than read from cover to cover.
▪ plough/wade through something to read something long and boring: He’s upstairs ploughing through financial reports. | I can’t possibly wade through all this.
▪ surf the Net/Internet/Web to look quickly through information on the Internet, stopping to read what interests you: I was surfing the Net, trying to find my ideal job.
read something ↔ back phrasal verb
to read out loud something that you have just written down
read something ↔ back to
Can you read that last bit back to me?
read for something phrasal verb
to say some of the words that are said by a particular character in a play, as a test of your ability to act
read something into something phrasal verb
to think that a situation, action etc has a meaning or importance that it does not really have:
It was only a casual remark. I think you’re reading too much into it.
read something ↔ out phrasal verb
to read and say words that are written down, so that people can hear:
Why don’t you read out the name of the winner?
read something ↔ out to
He read the last few sentences out to me.
read something ↔ through/over phrasal verb
to read something carefully from beginning to end in order to check details or find mistakes SYN check over/through:
Read the contract over carefully before you sign it.
Spend a couple of minutes just reading through your essay.
read up on something (also read something ↔ up British English) phrasal verb
to read a lot about something because you will need to know about it:
You’ll enjoy traveling more if you read up on the history of the countries you’ll be visiting.
II. read2 BrE AmE noun [singular] informal
[Word Family: noun: ↑read, ↑reader, ↑readership, ↑reading, ↑readability; verb: ↑read; adjective: ↑readable ≠ ↑unreadable]
1. British English if you have a read, you spend time reading:
I sat down to have a nice quiet read.
read of
I had a quick read of the report before I left.
2. a good read something that you enjoy reading:
I thought his last book was a really good read.
read
read [read reads reading] verb noun [riːd] [riːd] adjective [riːd] [riːd] [red] [red]
verb [riːd] ; [riːd] (read, read [red] ; [red] )
WORDS/SYMBOLS
1. intransitive, transitive (not used in the progressive tenses) to look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words or symbols
• She's still learning to read.
• Some children can read and write before they go to school.
• ~ sth I can't read your writing.
• Can you read music?
• I'm trying to read the map.
2. intransitive, transitive to go through written or printed words, etc. in silence or speaking them to other people
• I'm going to go to bed and read.
• ~ to sb/yourself He liked reading to his grandchildren.
• ~ sth to read a book/a magazine/the newspaper
• Have you read any Steinbeck (= novels by him)?
• He read the poem aloud.
• ~ sth to sb/yourself Go on— read it to us.
• ~ sb sth She read us a story.
see also proofread
DISCOVER BY READING
3. intransitive, transitive (not used in the progressive tenses) to discover or find out about sb/sth by reading
• ~ about/of sth I read about the accident in the local paper.
• ~ that… I read that he had resigned.
• ~ sth Don't believe everything you read in the papers.
SB'S MIND/THOUGHTS
4. transitive ~ sb's mind/thoughts to guess what sb else is thinking
SB'S LIPS
5. transitive ~ sb's lips to look at the movements of sb's lips to learn what they are saying
see also lip-read
UNDERSTAND
6. transitive to understand sth in a particular way
Syn: interpret
• ~ sth How do you read the present situation?
• ~ sth as sth Silence must not always be read as consent.
OF A PIECE OF WRITING
7. transitive + speech to have sth written on it; to be written in a particular way
• The sign read ‘No admittance’.
• I've changed the last paragraph. It now reads as follows…
8. intransitive + adv./prep. to give a particular impression when read
• Generally, the article reads very well.
• The poem reads like (= sounds as if it is) a translation.
MEASURING INSTRUMENT
9. transitive ~ sth (of measuring instruments) to show a particular weight, pressure, etc
• What does the thermometer read?
10. transitive ~ sth to get information from a measuring instrument
• A man came to read the gas meter.
HEAR
11. transitive ~ sb to hear and understand sb speaking on a radio set
• ‘Do you read me?’ ‘I'm reading you loud and clear.’
REPLACE WORD
12. transitive ~ A for B | ~ B as A to replace one word, etc. with another when correcting a text
• For ‘madam’ in line 3 read ‘madman’.
SUBJECT AT UNIVERSITY
13. transitive, intransitive (BrE, rather old-fashioned) to study a subject, especially at a university
• ~ sth I read English at Oxford.
• ~ for sth She's reading for a law degree.
COMPUTING
14. transitive (of a computer or the person using it) to take information from a disk
• ~ sth My computer can't read the CD-ROM you sent.
• ~ sth into sth to read a file into a computer
Word Origin:
Old English rǣdan, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch raden and German raten ‘advise, guess’. Early senses included ‘advise’ and ‘interpret (a riddle or dream)’.
Thesaurus:
read verb I, T
• Just read through what you've written.
scan • • skim • • look through sth • • flick through sth • • leaf through sth • • dip into sth • |BrE plough through sth • |AmE plow through sth • |formal peruse •
read/look through/flick through/leaf through/dip into/plough through/peruse a book
read/scan/skim/look through/flick through/leaf through/peruse a newspaper/paper
read/look through/plough through/peruse a report
Example Bank:
• He read her letter with interest.
• He remembers everything he reads in books.
• He speaks and reads Arabic fluently.
• He's not someone who reads for pleasure.
• Hogan had read about her death in the paper.
• I had read of the case in the local newspaper.
• I listen to my children reading aloud.
• I read a story to my son every night.
• I read through the first paragraph again.
• I regularly read ‘Time’.
• I've just read your interesting article.
• Make sure you read the instructions correctly.
• Most children can read by the age of seven.
• Shall I read this out to you?
• She had great difficulty learning to read and write.
• She read avidly from an early age— books, magazines, anything.
• She read from the letter.
• She spent the morning reading over her script.
• We teach students to read critically.
• Could you read the poem aloud to us please?
• Don't believe everything you read in the papers.
• Have you read any Orwell?
• He learned to read when he was three.
• I read about it in today's paper.
• I read that he'd resigned.
• I read the words out loud.
• I used to read to my younger brothers at bedtime.
• I'm trying to read the map.
• Just read through what you've written before you send it off.
• She reads voraciously.
• Some of the kids here can't even read and write.
• What are you reading at the moment?
• Will you read me a story?
Idioms: read between the lines ▪ read my lips ▪ read somebody like a book ▪ read the Riot Act ▪ take it as read
Derived: read on ▪ read something back ▪ read something into something ▪ read something out ▪ read something over ▪ read something up ▪ read up on somebody
noun [riːd] ; [riːd] singular (informal)
1. (especially BrE) an act or a period of reading sth
• I was having a quiet read when the phone rang.
• Can I have a read of your newspaper when you've finished?
2. a good, interesting, etc. ~ a book, an article, etc. that is good, etc
• His thrillers are always a gripping read.
Word Origin:
Old English rǣdan, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch raden and German raten ‘advise, guess’. Early senses included ‘advise’ and ‘interpret (a riddle or dream)’.
Example Bank:
• I know you'll enjoy the read.
• The program is simple to use after a quick read of the manual.
• The story made an interesting read.
adjective [red] ; [red] (used after an adverb) (of a person)
having knowledge that has been gained from reading books, etc
• She's very widely read in law.
see also well read
Word Origin:
Old English rǣdan, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch raden and German raten ‘advise, guess’. Early senses included ‘advise’ and ‘interpret (a riddle or dream)’.
read
read (STATE) /riːd/
verb [L] read/red/
, read/red/
(of something written or printed) to have or give the stated information or meaning:
[+ speech] The start of the American Constitution reads 'We, the people of the United States...'
The thermometer is reading 40°C in the shade.
reading /ˈriː.dɪŋ/
noun [C]
a thermometer reading
read (STUDY) /riːd/
verb [I or T] read/red/
, read/red/
UK FORMAL
to study at university or to study for a specialized qualification:
They're both reading history at Cambridge.
LEGAL She's reading for the Bar (= studying to become a type of lawyer called a barrister).
read (UNDERSTAND) /riːd/
verb read/red/
, read/red/
1 [I or T] to obtain meaning by looking at words or symbols:
He spent a pleasant afternoon reading (the newspaper/a book).
I read about the family's success in the local paper.
It was too dark to read our map and we took a wrong turning.
Can you read music?
Your handwriting is so untidy I can't read it.
[+ (that)] I've read in the newspapers (that) there is a threat of war.
Put your plastic card in the slot, and the machine will read it and identify who you are.
Some children can read (= have learnt the skill of reading) by the age of four.
2 [I or T] to say the words that are printed or written:
She read (the poem) slowly and quietly.
[+ two objects] Their teacher always reads them a story at the end of the day.
Children love to have stories read (aloud/out) to them.
3 [T] to understand and give a particular meaning to written information, a statement, a situation, etc:
She missed the train because she read 18.30 as 8.30 p.m. instead of 6.30 p.m.
On page 19, for 'Blitish', please read 'British'.
If I've read the situation correctly, we should have some agreement on the contract by the end of the week.
4 [I or T] How you read a piece of writing, or how it reads, is how it seems when you read it:
The letter reads as if/US ALSO, UK NOT STANDARD like it was written in a hurry.
Her latest novel reads well (= is written in an attractive way).
5 [T] (especially when communicating by radio), to hear and understand someone:
Do you read me?
I read you loud and clear.
read /riːd/
noun [S] UK
the act of reading something:
It's not brilliant but it's worth a read.
The book is a good/easy etc. read.
INFORMAL Could I have a read of (= Could I read) your newspaper, if you've finished with it?
read /red/
adjective
It's a widely read newspaper (= it has many readers).
readable /ˈriː.də.bļ/
adjective
easy and enjoyable to read:
It is an excellent and highly readable account of the army today.
-readable/-riː.də.bļ/
suffix
machine/computer-readable in a form which is able to be used by a computer:
Machine-readable passports will permit precise identity-checking.
reader /ˈriː.dəʳ/ US /-dɚ/
noun [C]
1 someone who reads for pleasure, especially a person who reads a lot:
He's a great/voracious reader (= reads many books).
She's an avid reader of historical novels.
2 a book designed and written for children who are learning to read
3 someone who reads a particular newspaper or magazine:
We asked our readers to write in and give us their views.
She described him as a typical Guardian reader.
4 SPECIALIZED a teacher, at British universities, just under the rank of professor:
Alan is a Reader in History at Dublin University.
5 SPECIALIZED a person whose job is to advise a publishing company on whether or not a book should be published
6 a device that helps you to read very small writing, or a machine that can recognize printed material:
a microfilm/microfiche reader
an optical character reader
readership /ˈriː.də.ʃɪp/ US /-dɚ-/
group noun [C]
the group of people who regularly read a particular newspaper, magazine, etc:
The magazine has a readership of over 250 000.
It's a newspaper with a large right-wing readership.
reading /ˈriː.dɪŋ/
noun
1 [U] the skill or activity of getting information from books:
Reading and tennis are my favourite pastimes.
The diaries make good (bedtime) reading (= are good to read (in bed at night)).
These books are compulsory/required reading for students of architecture.
2 [C] an occasion when something written, especially a literary work, is spoken to an audience:
The society often arranges poetry readings and musical evenings.
3 [C] In a parliament, a reading of a new law is one of the stages of discussion before it is approved:
The Housing Bill was given its second reading in Parliament today.
4 [C] the way in which you understand something:
My reading of the situation is that John wanted any excuse to resign.
read
The form 'read' is pronounced /ri:d/ when it is the present tense, and /red/ when it is the past tense and past participle.
(reading)
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
When you read something such as a book or article, you look at and understand the words that are written there.
Have you read this book?...
I read about it in the paper...
He read through the pages slowly and carefully...
It was nice to read that the Duke will not be sending his son off to boarding school...
She spends her days reading and watching television.
VERB: V n, V about n, V through n, V that, V
•
Read is also a noun.
I settled down to have a good read.
N-SING: a N
2.
When you read a piece of writing to someone, you say the words aloud.
Jay reads poetry so beautifully...
I like it when she reads to us...
I sing to the boys or read them a story before tucking them in.
VERB: V n, V to n, V n n, also V n to n, V
3.
People who can read have the ability to look at and understand written words.
He couldn’t read or write...
He could read words at 18 months.
VERB: V, V n
4.
If you can read music, you have the ability to look at and understand the symbols that are used in written music to represent musical sounds.
Later on I learned how to read music.
VERB: V n
5.
When a computer reads a file or a document, it takes information from a disk or tape. (COMPUTING)
How can I read a Microsoft Excel file on a computer that only has Works installed?
VERB: V n
6.
You can use read when saying what is written on something or in something. For example, if a notice reads ‘Entrance’, the word ‘Entrance’ is written on it.
The sign on the bus read ‘Private: Not In Service’.
VERB: no cont, V with quote
7.
If you refer to how a piece of writing reads, you are referring to its style.
The book reads like a ballad...
VERB: V prep/adv
8.
If you say that a book or magazine is a good read, you mean that it is very enjoyable to read.
Ben Okri’s latest novel is a good read.
N-COUNT: adj N
9.
If something is read in a particular way, it is understood or interpreted in that way.
The play is being widely read as an allegory of imperialist conquest...
South Africans were praying last night that he has read the situation correctly...
= interpret
VERB: be V-ed as n, V n adv/prep
10.
If you read someone’s mind or thoughts, you know exactly what they are thinking without them telling you.
As if he could read her thoughts, Benny said, ‘You’re free to go any time you like.’
VERB: V n
11.
If you can read someone or you can read their gestures, you can understand what they are thinking or feeling by the way they behave or the things they say.
If you have to work in a team you must learn to read people...
VERB: V n
12.
If someone who is trying to talk to you with a radio transmitter says, ‘Do you read me?’, they are asking you if you can hear them.
We read you loud and clear. Over.
VERB: V n
13.
When you read a measuring device, you look at it to see what the figure or measurement on it is.
It is essential that you are able to read a thermometer.
VERB: V n
14.
If a measuring device reads a particular amount, it shows that amount.
The thermometer read 105 degrees Fahrenheit...
VERB: V amount
15.
If you read a subject at university, you study it. (BRIT FORMAL; in AM, use major, study)
She read French and German at Cambridge University...
He is now reading for a maths degree at Surrey University.
VERB: V n, V for n
16.
If you take something as read, you accept it as true or right and therefore feel that it does not need to be discussed or proved.
We took it as read that he must have been a KGB agent...
PHRASE: V inflects
17.
to read between the lines: see line
see also reading
1read /ˈriːd/ verb reads; read /ˈrɛd/; read·ing /ˈriːdɪŋ/
1 a : to look at and understand the meaning of letters, words, symbols, etc.
[no obj]
• She learned to read at a very early age.
[+ obj]
• Can you read decimals/music/Braille?
• I can't read your handwriting.
• He claimed that he could read my palm. [=look at the lines on the palm of my hand and tell me what was going to happen to me in the future]
b : to read the words of (a book, magazine, etc.)
[+ obj]
• He likes reading the newspaper.
• She reads a lot of mystery novels.
• We will be reading (works by) Milton in the class.
• She starts work every day by reading her e-mail.
• Didn't you read the instructions?
[no obj]
• He likes to read.
• She doesn't read much.
• Please read from Chapter 5 through Chapter 10.
c : to speak aloud the words of (something written)
[+ obj]
• He read the poem aloud.
• The teacher read a story to us. = The teacher read us a story.
• He wrote down the address I gave him and read it back to me.
[no obj]
• Her mother read to her every night at bedtime.
- see also read out (below)
2 : to learn information about something from a book, newspaper, etc.
[no obj]
- often + about
• I read about the fire in the newspaper.
- sometimes + of
• I have read of such things happening elsewhere.
[+ obj]
- + that
• I read somewhere that he's making a new movie.
• I read that they got married.
3 [+ obj]
a : to learn information about (someone) by looking at how that person behaves
• I can't read her—I'm not sure if she likes me or not.
• You're an easy person to read.
b : to learn information about (something) by looking at particular characteristics
• A good canoeist can read the rapids.
• (golf) She missed the putt because she didn't read the green correctly.
• (American football) The quarterback read the defense correctly.
4 [+ obj] : to understand (something) in a particular way
• The way I read it, we're supposed to show up at 3 p.m.
• The situation is hard to read. [=interpret]
- often + as
• I read his actions as a cry for help.
5 [+ obj]
a : to show (words) for someone to read
• The sign reads [=says] “No Trespassing.”
b : to show (a temperature, weight, number, etc.)
• The thermometer reads 90 degrees.
• The clock read 4:30.
6 [no obj] : to be written in a particular way
• The definition reads awkwardly. [=the definition is awkwardly written]
• This essay will read better if you reorganize it.
• The speech reads well. [=the speech is written well]
• The first chapters read like a lecture.
7 [+ obj] : to get information from (something)
• Someone reads the water meter once a month.
• A scanner reads the bar codes on packages.
• The computer can't read that disk.
8 [+ obj] : to hear and understand (someone) over a radio
• Can you read me now?
• I read you loud and clear.
9 [+ obj] : to replace (a word or number) with another word or number - used to indicate how something written or said should be changed or corrected
• In the second problem, read 5 instead of 3. [=the number should be 5, not 3]
10 Brit : to study (a subject) especially at a university
[+ obj]
• He read history at Oxford.
[no obj]
- often + for
• She is reading for a business degree.
read between the lines : to look for or find a hidden meaning that is not directly stated or obvious in something that someone writes or says
• Her letter seemed pretty cheerful, but if you read between the lines, you can tell that she's not really happy.
read into [phrasal verb] read into (something) : to think of (something, such as a comment or situation) as having a meaning or importance that does not seem likely or reasonable
• You're reading too much into her remarks. [=her remarks do not have the meaning or importance that you think they have]
read lips : to understand what people are saying by watching the movement of their lips : lip-read
• deaf people who know how to read lips
• I couldn't hear what he was saying, but I was able to read his lips.
✦People who tell you to read their lips mean that you should pay close attention to what they are saying.
• “Can't I please go?” “Read my lips: you're not going, and that's final!”
read out [phrasal verb] read (something) out or read out (something) : to read (something) aloud especially to other people
• I read out the names on the list.
read over [phrasal verb] read over (something) or read (something) over : to read (something) from beginning to end especially to look for mistakes or check details
• He read over [=read through] the directions/contract carefully.
read (someone) like a book : to easily understand the true thoughts and feelings of (someone) by looking at how that person acts or behaves
• My mom always knows when I'm lying. She can read me like a book.
read someone's thoughts or read someone's mind : to know or guess what someone is thinking
• She looked deep into his eyes, trying to read his thoughts.
• “I think we should go out to a movie tonight.” “You read my mind. I was thinking the same thing.”
read (someone) the riot act
- see 1riot
read through [phrasal verb] read through (something) or read (something) through : to read (something) from beginning to end especially to look for mistakes or check details
• Remember to read through [=read over] the essay before you hand it in.
• He read the instructions through twice before he tried to assemble the bicycle.
read up on [phrasal verb] read up on (something) : to read a lot about (something) in order to learn about it
• I read up on the history of the war.
take (something) as read Brit : to accept or assume that something is true and does not need to be proved
• You can take it as read [=you can be sure] that there's nothing really new in their proposal.
A piece of furniture that you sleep on
تخت خواب، تخت
I didn't even have the energy to get out of bed.
اصلا انرژی نداشتم که از تخت بیرون بیایم.
A piece of furniture that you sleep on
تخت خواب، تخت
I didn't even have the energy to get out of bed.
اصلا انرژی نداشتم که از تخت بیرون بیایم.
bed
noun
1 a thing that you sleep on:
It was time to go to bed.
The children are in bed.
to make the bed (= to make it ready for somebody to sleep in)
word building
A bed for one person is called a single bed and a bed for two people is called a double bed. Children often sleep in bunk beds, which are two single beds built with one above the other.
2 the bottom of a river or the sea
BEd
BEd BrE AmE British English, B.Ed. American English /biː ˈed/ noun [countable]
(Bachelor of Education) a first university ↑degree in education
bed
I. bed1 S1 W1 /bed/ BrE AmE noun
[Language: Old English; Origin: bedd]
1. SLEEP [uncountable and countable] a piece of furniture that you sleep on
in bed
Simon lay in bed thinking.
You should go to bed early.
She got into bed and turned out the light.
before bed (=before going to bed)
Dad has a whisky before bed. ⇨ ↑camp bed, ↑four-poster bed, ↑sofa bed
2. SEX [uncountable] informal used to refer to having sex:
I came home and found him in bed with (=having sex with) my best friend.
He wanted me to go to bed with him.
He’s been trying to get his secretary into bed.
She told me he was good in bed (=a skilful lover).
3. RIVER/LAKE/SEA [countable] the flat ground at the bottom of a river, lake, or sea:
the sea bed
4. GARDEN [countable] an area of a garden, park etc that has been prepared for plants to grow in:
rose beds
5. ROCK [countable] a layer of rock ⇨ ↑bedrock(2)
6. LOWEST LAYER [singular] a layer of something that forms a base that other things are put on top of
bed of
prawns on a bed of lettuce
7. IN RIVER/WATER [countable] an area at the edge of a river or in deeper water where things grow:
an oyster bed
The birds build their nests in reed beds along the river bank.
8. get out of bed on the wrong side British English, get up on the wrong side of the bed American English to feel slightly angry or annoyed for no particular reason
9. not a bed of roses not a happy, comfortable, or easy situation:
Life isn’t always a bed of roses, you know.
10. you’ve made your bed and you must lie on it spoken used to say that you must accept the results of your actions, even if they are bad
11. put something to bed technical to complete a newspaper, magazine, or book, so that it is ready to be printed
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ go to bed What time do you go to bed at night?
▪ get into bed/get out of bed I usually read for a bit after I get into bed.
▪ climb into bed Lucy climbed into bed and lay awake thinking.
▪ crawl into bed (=get into bed feeling very tired) We finally crawled into bed at three in the morning.
▪ jump into/out of bed I jumped out of bed and ran over to the window.
▪ get somebody out of bed (=make someone get out of bed) His mother couldn’t get him out of bed in the mornings.
▪ stay in bed (=not get up early/at the usual time) At the weekend it’s really nice to be able to stay in bed.
▪ make the bed (=tidy the sheets and covers after you get up) Don’t forget to make your bed before you go out!
▪ change a bed (=put clean sheets on it) You should change the beds at least once a fortnight.
▪ put somebody to bed (=put a child in their bed) I put the baby to bed at 7 o'clock as usual.
▪ take to your bed written (=go to bed because you feel ill) Guy had a stomach ache and took to his bed.
■ adjectives
▪ a single bed (=for one person) There was only a single bed.
▪ a double bed (=a bed for two people) Would you like a double bed or twin beds?
▪ a king-size bed (=a very big double bed)
▪ a queen-size bed (=a big bed for two people)
▪ twin beds (=two single beds in a room)
▪ bunk beds (=two single beds joined together one above the other) The kids love sleeping in bunk beds.
▪ a spare bed (=a bed for visitors to your home) Come and stay any time – we have a spare bed.
▪ a feather bed (=a bed with feathers in the mattress)
■ phrases
▪ the foot/head of the bed (=the bottom/top of the bed) I woke up to find someone standing at the foot of the bed.
▪ (it’s) time for bed She sat and sewed until it was time for bed.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ the bottom the lowest part of something: The house is at the bottom of that hill. | She scrolled down to the bottom of the screen.
▪ the underneath/the underside the bottom surface on the outside of something: You will find the serial number on the underneath of the vacuum cleaner.
▪ base the lowest part or the wide bottom part on which something stands: The lamp has a square base. | He had broken a bone at the base of his spine.
▪ the foot literary the bottom of a tree, a hill, or some stairs: There was a small village at the foot of the mountain.
▪ bed the ground at the bottom of a river, a lake, or the sea: the sea bed | They found some interesting stones on the river bed.
▪ the foundations the layer of cement and stones that forms the bottom of a building: The builders have begun laying the foundations for the house.
II. bed2 BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle bedded, present participle bedding) [transitive]
1. to fix something firmly and deeply into something else
bed something in something
The foundations were bedded in cement.
2. old-fashioned to have sex with someone
bed down phrasal verb
1. to sleep somewhere which is not your bed and where you do not usually sleep:
Can I bed down on your sofa?
2. bed somebody/something ↔ down to make a person or animal comfortable in a place where they do not usually sleep
3. if a new system or arrangement beds down, problems with it are solved and it gradually starts to work in the way that it should
bed something ↔ out phrasal verb
to put plants into the ground so that they can grow
BEd
BEd [BEd] (also B.Ed. especially in NAmE) [ˌbiː ˈed] [ˌbiː ˈed] noun
the abbreviation for ‘Bachelor of Education’ (a first university degree in education): (BrE) Sarah Wells BEd
bed
bed [bed beds bedded bedding] noun, verb [bed] [bed]
noun
FURNITURE
1. countable, uncountable a piece of furniture for sleeping on
• a single/double bed
• She lay on the bed (= on top of the covers).
• He lay in bed (= under the covers).
• I'm tired— I'm going to bed.
• It's time for bed (= time to go to sleep).
• I'll just put the kids to bed.
• He likes to have a mug of cocoa before bed (= before going to bed).
• to get into/out of bed
• to make the bed (= arrange the covers in a tidy way)
• Could you give me a bed for the night (= somewhere to sleep)?
• There's a shortage of hospital beds (= not enough room for patients to be admitted).
• He has been confined to bed with flu for the past couple of days.
see also airbed, camp bed, sofa bed, twin bed, waterbed
OF RIVER/LAKE/SEA
2. countable the bottom of a river, the sea, etc
• the ocean bed
• oyster beds (= an area in the sea where there are many oysters )
FOR FLOWERS/VEGETABLES
3. countable an area of ground in a garden/yard or park for growing flowers, vegetables, etc
• flower beds
see also seedbed
BOTTOM LAYER
4. countable ~ of sth a layer of sth that other things lie or rest on
• grilled chicken, served on a bed of rice
• The blocks should be laid on a bed of concrete.
GEOLOGY
5. countable a layer of clay, rock, etc. in the ground
see also bedrock
more at die in your bed at die v., wet the/your bed at wet v.
Word Origin:
Old English bed, bedd (noun), beddian (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bed and German Bett.
Example Bank:
• Are you out of bed yet?
• Bed and breakfast accommodation is available.
• Come on, children, it's time for bed.
• Don't punish a child who wets the bed.
• Elizabeth was sitting on her bed writing a letter.
• He and his brother had to share a bed.
• He came home to find an empty bed.
• He lay in bed, reading his book.
• He slept on a makeshift bed of blankets and cushions.
• I like to be in bed before 11 o'clock.
• I slept in the bottom bunk of a set of bunk beds.
• It's your turn to put the children to bed.
• Please strip the beds and put the sheets in the washing machine.
• She crawled into bed exhausted.
• We stayed at a comfortable bed and breakfast.
• a messy room, with an unmade bed and clothes on the floor
• ornamental beds of roses
• Raised flower beds are ideal for people in wheelchairs.
Idioms: bed of roses ▪ get out of bed on the wrong side ▪ go to bed with somebody ▪ in bed ▪ take to your bed ▪ you've made your bed and you must lie in it
Derived: bed down
verb (-dd-)
1. ~ sth (in sth) to fix sth firmly in sth
• The bricks were bedded in sand to improve drainage.
• Make sure that you bed the roots firmly in the soil.
2. ~ sb (old-fashioned) to have sex with sb
• He's been trying to bed her for weeks.
Word Origin:
Old English bed, bedd (noun), beddian (verb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bed and German Bett.
BEd
BEd /biːˈed/
noun [C]
ABBREVIATION FOR Bachelor of Education: a degree taken by some teachers, or a person who has this degree
bed
bed (AREA OF GROUND) /bed/
noun [C]
a piece of ground used for planting in a garden:
They've got some beautiful flower beds in their garden.
bed (BOTTOM) /bed/
noun [C]
1 the bottom or something that serves as a base:
Many strange plants and fish live on the sea bed.
The railway was built on a bed of solid rock.
2 a bed of sth a pile of one type of food on which other food is arranged as a meal:
roasted vegetables on a bed of rice.
bed (FURNITURE) /bed/
noun [C or U]
a large rectangular piece of furniture, often with four legs, which is used for sleeping on:
He lived in a room with only two chairs, a bed and a table.
He likes to have breakfast in bed on a Saturday morning.
She didn't get out of bed till lunchtime today.
I'm exhausted - I'm going to bed (= going to get into a bed in order to sleep).
I always put the children to bed (= make certain that they get into a bed and are comfortable there ready for going to sleep) at 7.30 p.m.
bed /bed/
verb [T] -dd- OLD-FASHIONED
to have sex with someone
bed
/bed/
(beds)
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1.
A bed is a piece of furniture that you lie on when you sleep.
She went into her bedroom and lay down on the bed...
We finally went to bed at about 4am...
By the time we got back from dinner, Nona was already in bed...
When she had gone Sam and Robina put the children to bed.
N-COUNT: also prep N
2.
If a place such as a hospital or a hotel has a particular number of beds, it is able to hold that number of patients or guests.
N-COUNT
3.
A bed in a garden or park is an area of ground that has been specially prepared so that plants can be grown in it.
...beds of strawberries and rhubarb.
N-COUNT: usu n N, N of n
4.
A bed of shellfish or plants is an area in the sea or in a lake where a particular type of shellfish or plant is found in large quantities.
The whole lake was rimmed with thick beds of reeds.
N-COUNT: usu with supp
5.
The sea bed or a river bed is the ground at the bottom of the sea or of a river.
For three weeks a big operation went on to recover the wreckage from the sea bed.
N-COUNT: usu sing, usu with supp
6.
A bed of rock is a layer of rock that is found within a larger area of rock.
Between the white limestone and the greyish pink limestone is a thin bed of clay.
N-COUNT: usu with supp
7.
If a recipe or a menu says that something is served on a bed of a food such as rice or vegetables, it means it is served on a layer of that food.
Heat the curry thoroughly and serve it on a bed of rice.
N-COUNT: usu sing, N of n
8.
see also -bedded, bedding
9.
To go to bed with someone means to have sex with them.
PHRASE: V inflects
10.
If you say that someone has made their bed and must lie in it, you mean that since they have chosen to do a particular thing, they must now accept the unpleasant results of their action.
PHRASE
11.
When you make the bed, you neatly arrange the sheets and covers of a bed so that it is ready to sleep in.
PHRASE: V and N inflect
12.
bed of roses: see rose
1bed /ˈbɛd/ noun, pl beds
1 a : a piece of furniture that people sleep on
[count]
• The room contains only a bed and a dresser.
• There are two beds in the hotel room.
• a hospital bed
• a single bed [=a bed for one person]
• a double bed [=a bed for two people]
• He lay on the bed [=on top of the sheets, blankets, and bedspread] for a long time.
• Don't forget to make the bed. [=to neatly arrange the sheets, blankets, and bedspread on the bed so that the mattress is covered]
• He became ill and took to his bed. [=he went to lie in bed for a long time]
[noncount]
• She usually goes to bed [=lies down in her bed to sleep] around 11:00.
• It's time to get out of bed. [=get up]
• He lay/stayed in bed all morning.
• The kids like to hear a story before bed. [=before they go to sleep]
• Have you put the children to bed? [=have you prepared the children to go to sleep and put them in their beds?]
• Come on, children. It's time for bed. [=bedtime, time to sleep]
b [count] : something that is used to sleep on
• The blanket by the fireplace is the dog's bed.
• Her bed was a mound of soft pine needles.
- see also deathbed, sickbed, sunbed, water bed
2
- used in phrases that describe having sexual relations;
✦Someone who is good in bed is a skillful lover. When two people are in bed, they are in the act of having sex.
• She caught her husband and his secretary in bed together. = She caught her husband in bed with his secretary. To go to bed with someone is to have sex with someone.
• She likes him as a friend, but she's not interested in going to bed with him. To get someone into bed is to get someone to have sex with you.
• He has fantasies about getting a fashion model into bed. Phrases like these are also used figuratively.
• a politician who is accused of being in bed with the oil industry [=of having an improperly close relationship with the oil industry]
• The Communists and the Fascists got into bed with each other [=joined forces] to keep the liberals out of power.
3 [count] : a small area of ground specially prepared for plants
• I'm planning on putting a bed of perennials in that corner of the yard.
• a bed of flowers
- see also bed of roses, flower bed, seedbed
4 [count]
a : a flat pile or layer of something
• a bed of coals
b : a flat pile or layer of food that is placed on a dish with other food on top of it
• grilled fish served on a bed of greens
• a bed of rice
5 [count]
a : the ground that is at the bottom of a sea, lake, etc.
• seaweed growing on the ocean bed [=floor]
b : an area of shallow water where something grows
• an oyster bed [=an area where there are many oysters]
- see also riverbed, seabed
6 [count] technical : a layer of rock or some other material from inside the earth
• fossil beds
• a bed of shale
7 [count] : the platform or box in the back of some kinds of trucks
• the bed of the truck
• We loaded the equipment and put a cover over the truck bed.
- see also flatbed
die in (your) bed
- see 1die
get up on the wrong side of the bed US or chiefly Brit get out of bed on the wrong side : to be in a bad mood throughout the day
• Be careful when you talk to the boss. He got up on the wrong side of the bed this morning.
make your bed and lie in it
✦Expressions like you've made your bed, and now you must lie in it mean that you have done something that causes problems and now you must accept and deal with those problems.
• There's nothing we can do to help her. She's made her bed and has to lie in it.
marriage bed : a bed that married people share - sometimes used figuratively to refer to marriage in general or to the sexual relations that married people have
• the sorrows of their marriage bed
to wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this
بیدار شدن
I didn't get up until midday.
من تا نیمه ی روز بیدار نشدم.
to wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this
بیدار شدن
I didn't get up until midday.
من تا نیمه ی روز بیدار نشدم.
get up
get up phrasal verb (see also ↑get)
1. get (somebody) up to get out of your bed after sleeping, or to make someone get out of their bed:
We didn’t get up until lunchtime.
Get me up at seven, would you?
2. to stand up:
He got up and walked over to the window.
3. if a wind or storm gets up, it starts and gets stronger
4. be got up as/in something British English informal to be dressed in particular clothes:
He arrived at the party got up as Count Dracula.
The men were all got up in suits.
5. get it up informal to get an ↑erection(1)
get up
▪ I. ˌget ˈup derived
1. to stand up after sitting, lying, etc.
Syn: rise
• The class got up when the teacher came in.
2. if the sea or wind gets up, it increases in strength and becomes violent
Main entry: getderived
▪ II. ˌget ˈup | ˌget sb ˈup derived
to get out of bed; to make sb get out of bed
• He always gets up early.
• Could you get me up at 6.30 tomorrow?
Main entry: getderived
get-up
ˈget-up [get-up get-ups] noun (old-fashioned, informal)
a set of clothes, especially strange or unusual ones
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
get up (STAND) — phrasal verb with get / ɡet / verb ( present participle getting , past tense got , past participle got or US gotten )
B2 to stand up:
The whole audience got up and started clapping.
get up UK (GROW STRONG) — phrasal verb with get / ɡet / verb ( present participle getting , past tense got , past participle got or US gotten )
If the wind gets up, it starts to grow stronger:
The wind is getting up.
get (sb) up — phrasal verb with get / ɡet / verb ( present participle getting , past tense got , past participle got or US gotten )
get (sb) up
A1 to wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this:
I got up at five o'clock this morning!
It's dreadful trying to get the kids up on school days.
get sth up — phrasal verb with get / ɡet / verb ( present participle getting , past tense got , past participle got or US gotten )
UK to organize a group of people to do something:
He's getting up a small group to go carol-singing for charity.
© Cambridge University Press 2013
get up
1.
When someone who is sitting or lying down gets up, they rise to a standing position.
I got up and walked over to where he was.
= stand up
PHRASAL VERB: V P
2.
When you get up, you get out of bed.
They have to get up early in the morning.
PHRASAL VERB: V P
3.
see also get-up
get-up
(get-ups)
If you refer to a set of clothes as a get-up, you think that they are unusual or ridiculous. (INFORMAL)
Naturally he couldn’t work in this get-up.
N-COUNT [disapproval]
To do sports or physical activities in order to stay healthy and become stronger
ورزش کردن
He would never exercise - he was terribly lazy.
او هیچ وقت ورزش نمی کرد، او خیلی تنبل بود.
To do sports or physical activities in order to stay healthy and become stronger
ورزش کردن
He would never exercise - he was terribly lazy.
او هیچ وقت ورزش نمی کرد، او خیلی تنبل بود.
exercise
verb (exercises, exercising, exercised )
to move your body to keep it strong and well:
They exercise in the park every morning.
noun
1 (no plural) moving your body to keep it strong and well:
Swimming is very good exercise.
2 (plural exercises) a special movement that you do to keep your body strong and well:
This exercise is good for your back.
3 (plural exercises) a piece of work that you do to learn something:
Please do exercises 1 and 2 for homework.
exercise
I. ex‧er‧cise1 S2 W2 /ˈeksəsaɪz $ -ər-/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: exercice, from Latin exercitium, from exercere 'to drive on, keep busy']
1. FOR HEALTH [uncountable] physical activities that you do in order to stay healthy and become stronger:
Try to fit some regular exercise into your daily routine.
Working in an office, I don’t get much exercise.
do/take exercise
Most people need to do more exercise.
gentle/light exercise
Gentle exercise can be beneficial for older people.
vigorous/strenuous exercise
After the operation, you should avoid strenuous exercise.
2. MOVEMENT [countable] a movement or set of movements that you do regularly to keep your body healthy:
stretching exercises
You can do exercises to strengthen your stomach muscles.
3. FOR A SKILL [countable usually plural] an activity or process that helps you practise a particular skill:
relaxation exercises
role-play exercises
4. IN A BOOK [countable] a set of questions in a book that test a student’s knowledge or skill:
Do Exercises 3 and 4 on page 51 for homework.
5. FOR A PARTICULAR RESULT [singular] an activity or situation that has a particular quality or result:
closing libraries as part of a cost-cutting exercise
It’s a pointless exercise.
exercise in
Buying a house can be an exercise in frustration.
6. ARMY/NAVY ETC [uncountable and countable] a set of activities for training soldiers etc:
a military exercise
on exercise
Half the unit was away on exercise.
7. the exercise of something formal the use of a power or right:
the exercise of political leadership
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 1)
■ verbs
▪ do some exercise (also take some exercise British English) He ought to do more exercise. | He was advised by the doctor to take more exercise.
▪ get some exercise I don’t get enough exercise.
■ adjectives
▪ good exercise Swimming is very good exercise for your muscles.
▪ regular/daily exercise Taking regular exercise is the best way to improve your overall health.
▪ physical exercise Physical exercise keeps you fit and helps to reduce stress.
▪ hard/strenuous/vigorous exercise (=involving a lot of physical effort) Pregnant women should avoid strenuous exercise.
▪ gentle/light/moderate exercise (=not involving too much physical effort) Try to do some gentle exercise as part of your daily routine.
▪ aerobic exercise (=in which you breathe deeply and your heart beats faster) Aerobic exercise, such as jogging or cycling, is a great way to burn off fat.
■ phrases
▪ a type/form of exercise This type of exercise is excellent for losing weight.
▪ lack of exercise Children are becoming overweight through lack of exercise.
■ exercise + NOUN
▪ an exercise programme/routine/regime British English, an exercise program American English (=a plan that includes different types of exercise) The athletes follow an intensive exercise programme. | I’m finding it quite hard to stick to my exercise routine.
▪ an exercise class I usually go to my exercise class on Wednesdays.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ verbs
▪ do an exercise (also perform an exercise formal) Try to do these exercises at least three days a week.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + exercise
▪ a basic exercise (=simple) He showed me some basic exercises for strengthening leg muscles.
▪ keep-fit exercises I couldn’t get to the gym, so I did a few keep-fit exercises in my bedroom.
▪ a warm-up exercise Do some warm-up exercises before lifting heavy weights.
▪ a yoga exercise Yoga exercises keep you supple.
▪ a breathing exercise We do breathing exercises in my yoga class.
II. exercise2 S3 W2 BrE AmE verb
1. USE SOMETHING [transitive] formal to use a power, right, or quality that you have:
There are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote.
People who can exercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxious.
2. DO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY [intransitive] to do sports or physical activities in order to stay healthy and become stronger:
It’s important to exercise regularly.
3. USE PART OF YOUR BODY [transitive] to make a particular part of your body move in order to make it stronger:
Swimming exercises all the major muscle groups.
4. ANIMAL [transitive] to make an animal walk or run in order to keep it healthy and strong:
people exercising their dogs in the park
5. MAKE SOMEBODY THINK [transitive] formal
a) to make someone think about a subject or problem and consider how to deal with it:
It’s an issue that’s exercised the minds of scientists for a long time.
b) British English if something exercises someone, they think about it all the time and are very anxious or worried – often used humorously:
It was clear that Flavia had been exercised by this thought.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ exercise to walk, do sports etc in order to stay healthy and become stronger: To lose weight, exercise regularly and eat less.
▪ do some exercise/a lot of exercise etc this phrase is much more common than the verb exercise, and means the same thing: Her doctor said that she needed to do more exercise. | My son does very little exercise – I don’t know how he stays so slim. | Dogs need lots of exercise.
▪ stay/keep/get in shape to stay or to become physically healthy and strong – used especially when you consider exercise as a way to keep a nice-looking body: Try jogging with a friend who also wants to get in shape.
▪ keep fit British English to exercise regularly in order to stay healthy and strong: The class encourages older people to keep fit.
▪ work out to do exercise in order to be healthy and strong, especially to exercise regularly in a gym or exercise class: He works out three times a week.
▪ tone up (also firm up) to exercise in order to make your body or part of your body firmer: I need to tone up my stomach and legs.
▪ warm up to do gentle exercises to prepare your body for more active exercise: It’s important to warm up before you begin to play.
▪ stretch to reach your arms, legs, or body out to full length, in order to make your muscles as long as possible, so that you do not injure them when you exercise: Jog for five minutes, then stretch before starting on your run.
▪ limber up (also loosen up) to do gentle exercises so that your muscles are warm and not tight before you begin a more active exercise: The footballers were limbering up before a training session.
▪ train especially British English to prepare for a sporting event by exercising in a particular way: She’s training to do the London Marathon.
▪ practise British English, practice American English to do a sports activity regularly, in order to get better and prepare for competition: The team practices on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
exercise
ex·er·cise [exercise exercises exercised exercising] noun, verb [ˈeksəsaɪz] [ˈeksərsaɪz]
noun
ACTIVITY/MOVEMENTS
1. uncountable physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger
• Swimming is good exercise.
• I don't get much exercise sitting in the office all day.
• The mind needs exercise as well as the body.
• vigorous/gentle exercise
• (BrE) to take exercise
2. countable a set of movements or activities that you do to stay healthy or develop a skill
• breathing/relaxation/stretching exercises
• exercises for the piano
• Repeat the exercise ten times on each leg.
QUESTIONS
3. countable a set of questions in a book that tests your knowledge or practises a skill
• grammar exercises
• Do exercise one for homework.
USE OF POWER/RIGHT/QUALITY
4. uncountable ~ of sth the use of power, a skill, a quality or a right to make sth happen
• the exercise of power by the government
• the exercise of discretion
FOR PARTICULAR RESULT
5. countable an activity that is designed to achieve a particular result
• a communications exercise
• In the end it proved a pointless exercise.
• ~ in sth an exercise in public relations
• Staying calm was an exercise in self-control.
FOR SOLDIERS
6. countable, usually plural a set of activities for training soldiers
• military exercises
CEREMONIES
7. exercises plural (NAmE) ceremonies
• college graduation exercises
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the sense ‘application of a right’): via Old French from Latin exercitium, from exercere ‘keep busy, practise’, from ex- ‘thoroughly’ + arcere ‘keep in or away’.
Culture:
sport and fitness
The British are very fond of sport, but many people prefer to watch rather than take part. Many go to watch football, cricket, etc. at the ground, but many more sit at home and watch sport on television.
Most people today take relatively little general exercise. Over the last 30 or 40 years lifestyles have changed considerably and many people now travel even the shortest distances by car or bus. Lack of exercise combined with eating too many fatty and sugary foods has meant that many people are becoming too fat. Experts are particularly concerned that children spend a lot of their free time watching television or playing computer games instead of being physically active. In recent years, however, there has been a growing interest in fitness among young adults and many belong to a sports club or gym.
In Britain most towns have an amateur football and cricket team, and people also have opportunities to play sports such as tennis and golf. Older people may play bowls. Some people go regularly to a sports centre or leisure centre where there are facilities for playing badminton and squash, and also a swimming pool. Some sports centres arrange classes in aerobics, step and keep-fit. Some people work out (= train hard) regularly at a local gym and do weight training and circuit training. A few people do judo or other martial arts. Others go running or jogging in their local area. For enthusiastic runners there are opportunities to take part in long-distance runs, such as the London marathon. Other people keep themselves fit by walking or cycling. Many people go abroad on a skiing holiday each year and there are several dry slopes and snowdomes in Britain where they can practise.
Membership of a sports club or gym can be expensive and not everyone can afford the subscription. Local sports centres are generally cheaper. Evening classes are also cheap and offer a wide variety of fitness activities ranging from yoga to jazz dancing. Some companies now provide sports facilities for their employees or contribute to the cost of joining a gym.
Sports play an important part in American life. Professional baseball and football games attract large crowds, and many people watch games on television. Although many parents complain about their children being couch potatoes (= people who spend a lot of time watching television), there are sports sessions at school for all ages. College students are usually also required to take physical education classes to complete their studies.
Many popular keep-fit activities began in the US. Charles Atlas, Arnold Schwarzenegger and others inspired people to take up bodybuilding (= strengthening and shaping the muscles). Many women joined the ‘fitness craze’ as a result of video workouts produced by stars such as Jane Fonda and Cindy Crawford which they could watch and take part in at home. New fitness books are continually being published and these create fashions for new types of exercise, such as wave aerobics, which is done in a swimming pool, and cardio kick-boxing, a form of aerobics which involves punching and kicking a punchbag. Many richer people employ their own personal trainer, either at home or at a fitness centre, to direct their exercise programme. Local YMCAs offer programmes which include aerobics, gym, running, weights, treadmills and rowing machines, as well as steam rooms and swimming. But many people just walk or jog in the local park or play informal games of baseball or football.
Thesaurus:
exercise noun
1. U, C
• Swimming is good exercise.
training • • workout • • aerobics • |BrE sport • • PE • |AmE sports • • P.E. •
do exercises/training/a workout/ aerobics/sport/PE
2. C
• Do one exercise for homework.
assignment • • task • • homework •
a/an easy/difficult exercise/assignment/task
do an exercise/a task/your homework
give/set (sb) some exercises/an assignment/a task/their homework
Collocations:
Diet and exercise
Weight
put on/gain/lose weight/a few kilos/a few pounds
watch/control/struggle with your weight
be/become seriously overweight/underweight
be/become clinically/morbidly obese
achieve/facilitate/promote/stimulate weight loss
slim down to 70 kilos/(BrE) 11 stone/(especially NAmE) 160 pounds
combat/prevent/tackle/treat obesity
develop/have/suffer from/struggle with/recover from anorexia/bulimia/an eating disorder
be on/go on/follow a crash/strict diet
have/suffer from a negative/poor body image
have/develop a positive/healthy body image
Healthy eating
eat a balanced diet/healthily/sensibly
get/provide/receive adequate/proper nutrition
contain/get/provide essential nutrients/vitamins/minerals
be high/low in calories/fat/fibre/(especially US) fiber/protein/vitamin D/Omega-3 fatty acids
contain (no)/use/be full of/be free from additives/chemical preservatives/artificial sweeteners
avoid/cut down on/cut out alcohol/caffeine/fatty foods
stop/give up/ (especially NAmE) quit smoking
Exercise
(BrE) take regular exercise
do moderate/strenuous/vigorous exercise
play football/hockey/tennis
go cycling/jogging/running
go to/visit/ (especially NAmE) hit/work out at the gym
strengthen/tone/train your stomach muscles
contract/relax/stretch/use/work your lower-body muscles
build (up)/gain muscle
improve/increase your stamina/energy levels/physical fitness
burn/consume/expend calories
Staying healthy
be/get/keep/stay healthy/in shape/(especially BrE) fit
lower your cholesterol/blood pressure
boost/stimulate/strengthen your immune system
prevent/reduce the risk of heart disease/high blood pressure/diabetes/osteoporosis
reduce/relieve/manage/combat stress
enhance/promote relaxation/physical and mental well-being
Example Bank:
• Ask your students to try this exercise before the next class.
• Before embarking on any exercise, you should conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
• Combine yoga with stretching and floor exercises.
• Do you take enough exercise?
• Half the regiment was away on exercise.
• He began his daily exercises.
• I did try some basic relaxation exercises.
• John never does any exercise.
• Lack of exercise is a risk factor in heart disease.
• Mental exercises can help older people to sustain their mental abilities.
• Practise/Practice the following exercise at least twice a day.
• Remember to do your breathing exercises every day.
• Role-playing situations allows a finer assessment to be made than in pen and paper exercises.
• She recommends the following exercises to increase circulation.
• Stop frequently to rest during exercise until you are fitter.
• The Government instituted a massive exercise in social control.
• The company has just carried out a major cost-cutting exercise.
• The doctor recommended regular exercise.
• The object of the exercise is to increase public awareness of environmental issues.
• The seminar was a valuable exercise in information exchange.
• The troops go on exercises twice a year.
• The whole consultation process was just a cynical political exercise.
• They recently completed a four-week exercise in Poland.
• This is a great exercise for the upper back.
• This is not a purely academic exercise: it should have a real impact on the way we work as a department.
• Try to do fifteen minutes of gentle exercise every day.
• US forces took part in joint exercises with the British Navy.
• We have conducted training exercises in seven separate states.
• We run team-building exercises with employees at each office.
• We were out on a field exercise.
• Weight-bearing exercise increases the health of bones.
• You can devise your own exercises to music.
• You may find it helpful to perform this exercise in front of the mirror.
• You will complete these exercises for homework.
• an exercise in translation
• an improper exercise of a discretionary power
• the effective exercise of power by the government
• the free exercise of informed choice
• to limit the exercise of political power
• As a public relations exercise the festival was clearly a success.
• Do one exercise for homework.
• I don't get much exercise sitting in the office all day.
• One of these powers is the exercise of discretion by police officers.
• Remember to take regular exercise.
• Sovereignty means more than just the exercise of power.
• breathing/relaxation/stretching exercises
• vigorous/gentle exercise
verb
USE POWER/RIGHT/QUALITY
1. transitive ~ sth (formal) to use your power, rights or personal qualities in order to achieve sth
• When she appeared in court she exercised her right to remain silent.
• He was a man who exercised considerable influence over people.
DO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
2. intransitive, transitive to do sports or other physical activities in order to stay healthy or become stronger; to make an animal do this
• an hour's class of exercising to music
• How often do you exercise?
• ~ sth Horses need to be exercised regularly.
3. transitive ~ sth to give a part of the body the movement and activity it needs to keep strong and healthy
• These movements will exercise your arms and shoulders.
BE ANXIOUS
4. usually passive ~ sb/sth (about sth) (formal) if sb is exercised about sth, they are very anxious about it
• The public are less exercised about this matter than the media.
• This very problem has exercised the minds of some of our most eminent scientists.
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the sense ‘application of a right’): via Old French from Latin exercitium, from exercere ‘keep busy, practise’, from ex- ‘thoroughly’ + arcere ‘keep in or away’.
Thesaurus:
exercise verb I, T
• How often do you exercise?
work out • • train • • warm up • |especially BrE keep fit •
exercise/train/warm up properly
exercise/train/work out regularly
exercise/train a horse/dog
Exercise or work out? Exercise can be any type of physical activity; working out usually involves using equipment in a gym.
Example Bank:
• Each of us has a vote— if we choose to exercise it.
• It is necessary to exercise caution when making recommendations.
• Managers are free to exercise their discretion in these cases.
• The all-powerful steering committee continued to exercise control.
• The company's representative failed to exercise due care.
• They found themselves unable to exercise influence and maintain independence.
• They have the right to exercise self-determination.
• the conditions necessary to fully exercise these rights
• the purposes for which power can be rightfully exercised
• the right to freely exercise your religion
• Care must be exercised to ensure there is no cross-contamination between samples.
• I've just done an hour's class of exercising to music.
exercise
exercise (USE) /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
verb [T] FORMAL
to use something:
I exercised my democratic right by not voting in the election.
Always exercise caution when handling radioactive substances.
We've decided to exercise the option (= use the part of a legal agreement) to buy the house we now lease.
exercise /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
noun [U]
The exercise of (= use of) restraint may well be difficult.
exercise (PRACTISING) /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
noun [C]
1 an action or actions intended to improve something or make something happen:
Ships from eight navies will be taking part in an exercise in the Pacific to improve their efficiency in combat.
It would be a useful exercise for you to say the speech aloud several times.
an exercise in public relations
2 a short piece of written work which you do to practise something you are learning:
The book has exercises at the end of every chapter.
exercises /ˈek.sə.saɪ.zɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
plural noun US FORMAL
a ceremony which includes speeches and usually traditional music or activities:
graduation/inaugural exercises
exercise (HEALTHY ACTIVITY) /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
noun [C or U]
physical activity that you do to make your body strong and healthy:
Swimming is my favourite form of exercise.
You really should take more exercise.
I do stomach exercises most days.
exercise /ˈek.sə.saɪz/ US /-sɚ-/
verb
1 [I or T] to do physical activities to make your body strong and healthy:
She exercises most evenings usually by running.
A work-out in the gym will exercise all the major muscle groups.
2 [T] If you exercise an animal, you make it walk or run so that it stays strong and healthy:
Now he's retired he spends most afternoons exercising his dogs.
exercise
/eksə(r)saɪz/
(exercises, exercising, exercised)
Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.
1.
If you exercise something such as your authority, your rights, or a good quality, you use it or put it into effect. (FORMAL)
They are merely exercising their right to free speech...
Britain has warned travellers to exercise prudence and care.
VERB: V n, V n
•
Exercise is also a noun.
...the exercise of political and economic power...
Leadership does not rest on the exercise of force alone.
N-SING: N of n
2.
When you exercise, you move your body energetically in order to get fit and to remain healthy.
She exercises two or three times a week...
Exercising the body does a great deal to improve one’s health.
VERB: V, V n
•
Exercise is also a noun.
Lack of exercise can lead to feelings of depression and exhaustion...
N-UNCOUNT
3.
If a movement or activity exercises a part of your body, it keeps it strong, healthy, or in good condition.
They call rowing the perfect sport. It exercises every major muscle group.
VERB: V n
4.
Exercises are a series of movements or actions which you do in order to get fit, remain healthy, or practise for a particular physical activity.
I do special neck and shoulder exercises...
N-COUNT: usu pl
5.
Exercises are military activities and operations which are not part of a real war, but which allow the armed forces to practise for a real war.
General Powell predicted that in the future it might even be possible to stage joint military exercises...
N-COUNT: usu pl, also on N
6.
An exercise is a short activity or piece of work that you do, for example in school, which is designed to help you learn a particular skill.
Try working through the opening exercises in this chapter...
N-COUNT
7.
If you describe an activity as an exercise in a particular quality or result, you mean that it has that quality or result, especially when it was not intended to have it.
As an exercise in stating the obvious, this could scarcely be faulted...
Think what a waste of taxpayers’ money the whole exercise was.
N-COUNT: usu sing, usu N in n/-ing
8.
If something exercises you or your mind, you think or talk about it a great deal, especially because you are worried or concerned about it.
This has been a major problem exercising the minds of scientists around the world...
exercise
2exercise verb -cis·es; -cised; -cis·ing
1 [no obj] : to do physical activities in order to make yourself stronger and healthier
• It's important to exercise every day.
• He eats right and exercises regularly.
2 [+ obj]
a : to use (a body part) again and again in order to make it stronger
• exercise a muscle
• Bicycle riding exercises the leg muscles.
b : to cause (an animal) to walk, run, etc., : to give exercise to (an animal)
• The stable boys exercise the horses every morning.
3 [+ obj] : to use (an ability, power, etc.)
• He didn't exercise good judgment.
• We just need to exercise common sense.
• She has been reluctant to exercise her authority.
• Exercise caution when using these chemicals.
a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day
صبحانه
Come on, wake up - breakfast is ready.
عجله کن، بیدار شو، صبحانه آماده است.
a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day
صبحانه
Come on, wake up - breakfast is ready.
عجله کن، بیدار شو، صبحانه آماده است.
breakfast
noun
the first meal of the day:
I had breakfast at seven o'clock.
breakfast
break‧fast S2 W2 /ˈbrekfəst/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable and countable]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: break + ↑fast4]
the meal you have in the morning:
We had bacon and eggs for breakfast.
I never eat breakfast.
After a hearty breakfast (=large breakfast), we set out for a hike.
a light breakfast (=small breakfast)
a working breakfast (=a breakfast at which you talk about business)
—breakfast verb [intransitive]
⇨ ↑bed and breakfast, ↑continental breakfast, ↑English breakfast, ⇨ wedding breakfast at ↑wedding(1), ⇨ make a dog’s breakfast of something at ↑dog1(8)
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ have/eat breakfast Paul got up, washed and had breakfast.
▪ have something for breakfast What do you usually have for breakfast?
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + breakfast
▪ a big breakfast Most people don’t eat a big breakfast nowadays.
▪ a good/proper breakfast (=big and healthy) I think kids need a good breakfast before they go to school.
▪ a hearty breakfast written (=big) The price includes a hearty breakfast.
▪ a small/light breakfast She ate a light breakfast of toast and coffee.
▪ an English/a full breakfast (=a big breakfast with bacon, egg, toast etc - used especially in hotels) A lot of people like to have an English breakfast on holiday.
▪ a cooked/fried breakfast (=bacon, egg, toast etc) Do you feel like having a cooked breakfast?
▪ a buffet breakfast (=one in a hotel, where you serve yourself) A buffet breakfast is served in the hotel's elegant dining room.
▪ a continental breakfast (=coffee and bread with butter and jam) Continental breakfast can be served in your room.
▪ a quick/hasty/hurried breakfast I grabbed a quick breakfast and ran to the bus stop.
▪ a long/leisurely breakfast (=not hurried) On Sunday mornings I like to have a leisurely breakfast.
▪ an early/late breakfast We had an early breakfast and left before 7.30.
▪ a working breakfast (=at which you talk about business) She suggested we meet at 8.30 for a working breakfast.
■ breakfast + NOUN
▪ the breakfast dishes Did you put the breakfast dishes in the dishwasher?
▪ the breakfast things (=dishes, packets etc) Dad was clearing the breakfast things away.
▪ a breakfast table/room The house has a large kitchen and a breakfast room.
▪ breakfast cereal Many breakfast cereals are high in sugar.
▪ breakfast time I don’t like talking at breakfast time.
▪ breakfast television/TV (=programmes on television in the early morning) The children all eat their cereal in front of breakfast television.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ types of meal
▪ breakfast a meal that you eat in the morning
▪ brunch a meal that you eat in the late morning, instead of breakfast or lunch
▪ lunch a meal that you eat in the middle of the day
▪ tea British English a meal that you eat in the afternoon or evening
▪ dinner the main meal of the day, which most people eat in the evening
▪ supper a small meal that you eat in the evening, in British English; the main meal that you eat in the evening, in American English
▪ picnic a meal that you eat outdoors, consisting of food that you cooked or prepared earlier
▪ barbecue a meal that you cook outdoors over hot coals or wood and eat outdoors
▪ snack a small amount of food that is eaten between main meals or instead of a meal
▪ side dish food eaten with the main course, such as vegetables: I’ll have the salad as a side dish.
▪ course one of the separate parts of a meal, such as the starter or the dessert: a three-course meal
breakfast
break·fast [breakfast breakfasts breakfasted breakfasting] noun, verb [ˈbrekfəst] [ˈbrekfəst]
noun countable, uncountable
the first meal of the day
• a big/hearty/light breakfast
• (especially BrE) a cooked breakfast
• Do you want bacon and eggs for breakfast?
• They were having breakfast when I arrived.
• She doesn't eat much breakfast.
see also bed and breakfast, continental breakfast, English breakfast, power breakfast, wedding breakfast, see a dog's breakfast/dinner at dog n.
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from the verb break + the verb fast.
Culture:
meals
Americans and British people generally eat three meals a day though the names vary according to people’s lifestyles and where they live.
The first meal of the day is breakfast. The traditional full English breakfast served in many British hotels may include fruit juice, cereal, bacon and eggs, often with sausages and tomatoes, toast and marmalade, and tea or coffee. Few people have time to prepare a cooked breakfast at home and most have only cereal and/or toast with tea or coffee. Others buy coffee and a pastry on their way to work.
The traditional American breakfast includes eggs, some kind of meat and toast. Eggs may be fried, ‘over easy’, ‘over hard’ or ‘sunny side up’, or boiled, poached or in an omelette (= beaten together and fried). The meat may be bacon or sausage. People who do not have time for a large meal have toast or cereal and coffee. It is common for Americans to eat breakfast in a restaurant. On Saturday and Sunday many people eat brunch late in the morning. This consists of both breakfast and lunch dishes, including pancakes and waffles (= types of cooked batter) that are eaten with butter and maple syrup.
Lunch, which is eaten any time after midday, is the main meal of the day for some British people, though people out at work may have only sandwiches. Some people also refer to the midday meal as dinner. Most workers are allowed about an hour off work for it, called the lunch hour, and many also go shopping. Many schools offer a cooked lunch (school lunch or school dinner), though some students take a packed lunch of sandwiches, fruit, etc. Sunday lunch is special and is, for many families, the biggest meal of the week, consisting traditionally of roast meat and vegetables and a sweet course. In the US lunch is usually a quick meal, eaten around midday. Many workers have a half-hour break for lunch, and buy a sandwich from near their place of work. Business people may sometimes eat a larger lunch and use the time to discuss business.
The main meal of the day for most people is the evening meal, called supper, tea or dinner. It is usually a cooked meal with meat or fish or a salad, followed by a sweet course. In Britain younger children may have tea when they get home from school. Tea, meaning a main meal for adults, is the word used in some parts of Britain especially when the evening meal is eaten early. Dinner sounds more formal than supper, and guests generally receive invitations to ‘dinner’ rather than to ‘supper’. In the US the evening meal is called dinner and is usually eaten around 6 or 6.30 p.m. In many families, both in Britain and in the US, family members eat at different times and rarely sit down at the table together.
Many people also eat snacks between meals. Most have tea or coffee at mid-morning, often called coffee time or the coffee break. In Britain in the past this was sometimes also called elevenses. In the afternoon many British people have a tea break. Some hotels serve afternoon tea which consists of tea or coffee and a choice of sandwiches and cakes. When on holiday/vacation people sometimes have a cream tea of scones, jam and cream. In addition many people eat chocolate bars, biscuits (AmE cookies) or crisps (AmE chips). Some British people have a snack, sometimes called supper, consisting of a milk drink and a biscuit before they go to bed. In the US children often have milk and cookies after school.
Example Bank:
• He treated his wife to breakfast in bed on her birthday.
• Low-fat cheeses and yogurt are good breakfast foods.
• Would you clear away the breakfast things?
• a full English breakfast of cereal, bacon and eggs and toast
• Do you want bacon and eggs for breakfast?
• I always have a cooked breakfast.
• I'm going to have a nice leisurely breakfast tomorrow.
• She doesn't eat much breakfast.
• The price per person includes a full English breakfast.
verb intransitive ~ (on sth) (formal)
to eat breakfast
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from the verb break + the verb fast.
Example Bank:
• Many of the hotel's guests had already breakfasted and departed.
• They breakfasted on coffee and hot rolls.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
breakfast / ˈbrek.fəst / noun [ C or U ]
A1 a meal eaten in the morning as the first meal of the day:
What do you want for breakfast?
Jane never eats breakfast.
She arrived shortly after breakfast.
Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8.30 till 10.00.
I love to eat breakfast in bed on Saturdays.
© Cambridge University Press 2013
breakfast
/brekfəst/
(breakfasts, breakfasting, breakfasted)
Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.
1.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is usually eaten in the early part of the morning.
What’s for breakfast?
...breakfast cereal.
N-VAR
see also bed and breakfast, continental breakfast, English breakfast
2.
When you breakfast, you have breakfast. (FORMAL)
All the ladies breakfasted in their rooms.
VERB: V adv/prep
1break·fast /ˈbrɛkfəst/ noun, pl -fasts : the first meal of the day
[count]
• a big/good/hearty breakfast
• a working/business breakfast [=a breakfast during which you talk with someone about business matters]
• (Brit) a cooked breakfast [=a breakfast that includes cooked foods, such as eggs and meat]
[noncount]
• I had pancakes for breakfast.
• Did you have/eat breakfast before you left?
• We relaxed/chatted/dawdled over breakfast.
- often used before another noun
• breakfast cereals
• They sat at the breakfast table.
- see also bed-and-breakfast, continental breakfast
a dog's breakfast
- see 1dog
A hot dark brown drink that has a slightly bitter taste
قهوه
He made us some coffee.
او برای ما قهوه درست کرد.
A hot dark brown drink that has a slightly bitter taste
قهوه
He made us some coffee.
او برای ما قهوه درست کرد.
coffee
noun
1 (no plural) a brown powder made from the seeds (called coffee beans) of a tree that grows in hot countries. You use it for making a drink.
2 (no plural) a drink made by adding hot water to this powder:
Would you like coffee or tea?
a cup of coffee
3 (plural coffees) a cup of this drink:
Two coffees, please.
word building
White coffee has milk in it and black coffee has no milk.
coffee
cof‧fee S1 W2 /ˈkɒfi $ ˈkɒːfi, ˈkɑːfi/ BrE AmE noun
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: caffè, from Turkish kahve, from Arabic qahwa]
1. [uncountable] a hot dark brown drink that has a slightly bitter taste:
Do you want a cup of coffee?
Do you like your coffee white (=with milk) or black (=without milk)?
2. [uncountable and countable] a cup of coffee:
Who wants a coffee?
over coffee
dinner guests chatting over coffee (=while drinking coffee) ⇨ ↑decaffeinated
3. [uncountable] whole coffee beans, crushed coffee beans, or a powder to which you add water to make coffee:
a jar of coffee
instant coffee (=powdered coffee)
I haven’t got any real coffee (=coffee beans) at the moment.
4. [uncountable] a light brown colour
⇨ wake up and smell the coffee at ↑wake up(3)
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ phrases
▪ a cup/mug of coffee Jake had a quick breakfast and a mug of coffee.
▪ a pot of coffee Shall I make a pot of coffee?
■ verbs
▪ have a coffee She stopped in a café to have a quick coffee.
▪ drink coffee I don’t often drink coffee.
▪ sip coffee (=drink it slowly) He sat in his chair, peacefully sipping his coffee.
▪ make coffee You wash up and I’ll make the coffee.
▪ pour the coffee (out) He poured the coffee out into mugs.
▪ spill coffee He’d accidentally spilt coffee over the table.
■ adjectives
▪ black (=without milk) He went up to the counter and ordered a black coffee.
▪ white (=with milk) I’d like a white coffee, please.
▪ fresh (=made very recently using coffee beans) the delicious smell of fresh coffee
▪ strong/weak I needed some strong coffee to wake me up.
▪ milky (=with a lot of milk in it) a steaming mug of milky coffee
▪ decaffeinated (also decaf informal) (=without any caffeine in it) Have you got any decaf coffee?
■ coffee + NOUN
▪ a coffee cup/mug Kate put down her coffee cup.
▪ a coffee pot She refilled the coffee pot.
▪ a coffee machine (=for making coffee) Janice crossed to the coffee machine and filled two plastic cups.
▪ a coffee break (=a break from work to have some coffee) Shall we stop for a coffee break?
▪ a coffee stain (=a mark left by coffee or a coffee cup) The table was covered in coffee stains.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ types of coffee
▪ espresso strong black Italian coffee: I’ll have a double espresso.
▪ latte coffee made by adding a lot of hot milk to a small amount of strong coffee: Two lattes please.
▪ cappuccino coffee that has hot milk with a lot of bubbles in it, usually with chocolate powder on top: I’ll have another cappuccino, please.
▪ Americano coffee made by pouring a small amount of strong black Italian coffee on top of hot water: Can I have an Americano?
▪ decaf informal coffee that does not contain ↑caffeine . Decaf is short for ‘decaffeinated’: I always drink decaf. | a decaf latte
▪ skinny a skinny latte or capuccino has very low-fat milk in it: I asked for a skinny latte, not a full-fat one.
▪ filter coffee coffee made using a paper filter: We usually drink filter coffee at home.
▪ iced coffee coffee served cold with ice: a can of iced coffee
coffee shop
ˈcoffee shop BrE AmE noun [countable]
1. American English a restaurant that serves cheap meals
2. British English a place in a large shop or a hotel that serves meals and non-alcoholic drinks
coffee
cof·fee [coffee coffees] [ˈkɒfi] [ˈkɔːfi] [ˈkɑːfi] noun
1. uncountable, countable the roasted seeds (called coffee beans) of a tropical bush; a powder made from them
• decaffeinated/instant coffee
• ground/real coffee
• a jar of coffee
• a blend of Brazilian and Colombian coffees
• coffee ice cream
2. uncountable a hot drink made from coffee powder and boiling water. It may be drunk with milk and/or sugar added
• black/white coffee (= without/with milk)
• Tea or coffee?
• I'll just make the coffee.
• Let's talk over coffee (= while drinking coffee).
3. countable a cup of coffee
• Two strong black coffees, please.
4. uncountable the colour of coffee mixed with milk; light brown
see wake up and smell the coffee at wake v.
Word Origin:
late 16th cent.: from Turkish kahveh, from Arabic qahwa, probably via Dutch koffie.
Example Bank:
• An inviting smell of coffee wafted into the room.
• Do you drink coffee?
• He brought in two mugs of steaming coffee.
• He took a sip of his coffee.
• I had two coffees while I waited.
• I have milk but no sugar in my coffee.
• I'll make some coffee for breakfast.
• Let's go for a coffee when you've finished your essay.
• She drinks very milky coffee with lots of sugar.
• Tea and coffee-making facilities are available in the kitchen.
• The others will be back soon— I'll go and make some fresh coffee.
• Would you like real or instant coffee?
• a mug of strong black coffee
• a packet of freshly-ground coffee
• a pot of piping hot coffee
• coffee laced with cognac
• freshly brewed coffee
coffee shop
ˈcoffee shop [coffee shop coffee shops] noun
a small restaurant, often in a store, hotel, etc, where coffee, tea, other drinks without alcohol and simple food are served
coffee
coffee /ˈkɒf.i/ US /ˈkɑː.fi/
noun [C or U]
a dark brown powder with a strong flavour and smell that is made by crushing coffee beans, or a hot drink made from this powder:
decaffeinated coffee
fresh/instant coffee
a cup of coffee
Would you get some coffee when you go shopping?
If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep.
Can I get you a coffee (= cup of coffee)?
I'd like a black coffee (= a cup of coffee without milk), please.
Do you take (= drink) your coffee white (= with milk)?
coffee
/kɒfi, AM kɔ:fi/
(coffees)
Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.
1.
Coffee is a hot drink made with water and ground or powdered coffee beans.
Would you like some coffee?...
N-UNCOUNT
•
A coffee is a cup of coffee.
I made a coffee.
N-COUNT
2.
Coffee is the roasted beans or powder from which the drink is made.
Brazil harvested 28m bags of coffee in 1991, the biggest crop for four years.
...superior quality coffee.
N-MASS
coffee shop
also coffee-shop
(coffee shops)
A coffee shop is a kind of restaurant that sells coffee, tea, cakes, and sometimes sandwiches and light meals.
N-COUNT
coffee
cof·fee /ˈkɑːfi/ noun, pl -fees
1 : a dark brown drink made from ground coffee beans and boiled water
[noncount]
• a cup of coffee
• iced/decaffeinated coffee
• I'll make/brew some coffee.
[count]
• Would you like another coffee? [=another cup of coffee]
- often used before another noun
• a coffee cup
• coffee mugs
• coffee ice cream [=ice cream that has the flavor of coffee]
2 [noncount] : coffee beans
• I bought a pound of coffee.
wake up and smell the coffee
- see 1wake
