In middle age
میان سال
Once you reach middle age, you have to be sensible with your health.
زمانی که به سن میان سالی رسیدی ، باید نسبت به سلامتی خودت عاقلانه و فهمیده باشی.
middle-aged
adjective
not old and not young; between the ages of about 40 and 60:
a middle-aged man
middle-aged
ˌmiddle-ˈaged BrE AmE adjective
1. between the ages of about 40 and 60:
a middle-aged businessman
2. someone who seems middle-aged seems rather dull and does not do exciting or dangerous things:
Living with Henry had made her feel middle-aged.
3. middle-aged spread fat that many people develop around their waist as they grow older
middle-aged
ˌmiddle-ˈaged [middle-aged] adjective
1. (of a person) neither young nor old
2. the middle aged noun plural people who are middle-aged
3. (disapproving) (of a person's attitudes or behaviour) rather boring and old-fashioned
• He has a very middle-aged attitude to life.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
ˌ middle- ˈ aged / ˌmɪd.l̩ˈeɪdʒd / adjective
B1 in middle age:
They're a middle-aged couple, with grown-up children.
disapproving too careful and not showing the enthusiasm, energy, or style of someone young:
What a conventional, middle-aged attitude he has to life!
© Cambridge University Press 2013
middle-aged
1.
If you describe someone as middle-aged, you mean that they are neither young nor old. People between the ages of 40 and 60 are usually considered to be middle-aged.
...middle-aged, married businessmen.
ADJ
2.
If you describe someone’s activities or interests as middle-aged, you are critical of them because you think they are typical of a middle-aged person, for example by being conventional or old-fashioned.
Her novels are middle-aged and boring.
ADJ [disapproval]
Of or relating to the US
آمريكايى
American culture
فرهنگ آمریکایی
American
I. A‧mer‧i‧can1 /əˈmerəkən, əˈmerɪkən/ BrE AmE adjective
1. relating to the US or its people:
Her mother is American.
a famous American writer
2. something is as American as apple pie used to say that something is very typically American
adjective
of or connected with N or S America, especially the US
• I'm American.
• American culture/tourists
Word Origin:
from modern Latin Americanus, from America, which dates from the early 16th cent. and is believed to derive from the Latin form (Americus) of the name of Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed along the west coast of South America in 1501.
Culture:
America
The United States of America is called by several different names, both by the people who live there and by people in other countries. These names include the USA, the United States, the US, the States and America. The official name, the United States of America, first appears in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, when the country was called ‚the thirteen united States of America’. America is widely used as a name for the US, though this seems unfair on all the other nations in the Americas (= the continents of North and South America). Songs like America and America the Beautiful are about the US. Americans also use informal names like the US of A and Stateside, especially when they are out of the country. Other names, e.g. ‚the land of the free’, ‚the land of liberty’, ‚God’s country’, ‚the melting pot ’ and ‚the greatest nation on earth’, show their pride in their country. People in Britain and America sometimes refer humorously to each other’s countries as ‚the other side of the pond’, i.e. the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
North America refers to a continent and region, and includes Canada and Mexico as well as the US. Between the US and South America is the region of Central America. Sometimes the countries of Central and South America are together referred to as Latin America.
America and the Americas are said to have been named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorerwho sailed to South America in 1499, visiting the area that later became known as Brazil, and also the Bahamas. Vespucci believed that the land he had discovered was a new continent, not part of Asia as Columbus had thought. By 1538, the famous map-maker Gerhardus Mercator was using the name ‚America’, the Latin form of Vespucci’s name, for the New World (= North and South America, as opposed to Europe).
People from the US are called Americans, though British people may, rather rudely, call them ‚Yanks’. People from other countries in the Americas are called by national names derived from the name of their country, e.g. Canadians. The adjective used to describe things from the US is American. The US is always referred to in organizations such as the American Legion and in expressions like ‚the American dream ’. US is also used as an adjective, as in the US Olympic team. Official names of government organizations may use United States, e.g. the United States Military Academy.
More About:
America
The continent of America is divided into North America and South America. The narrow region joining North and South America is Central America.
North America, which is a geographical term, consists of the United States of America, Canada and Mexico. Latin America, a cultural term, refers to the non-English speaking countries of Central and South America, where mainly Portuguese and Spanish are spoken. Mexico is part of Latin America.
The United States of America is usually shortened to the USA, the US, the States or simply America: ▪ the US President ◊ ▪ Have you ever been to the States? ◊ ▪ She emigrated to America in 1995. Many people from other parts of the continent dislike this use of America to mean just the US, but it is very common.
American is usually used to talk about somebody or something from the United States of America: ▪ Do you have an American passport? ◊ ▪ American football ◊ ▪ I’m not American, I’m Canadian. Latin American and South American are used to refer to other parts of the continent: ▪ Latin American dance music ◊ ▪ Quite a lot of South Americans study here.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
American / əˈmer.ɪ.kən / adjective
of or relating to the US:
They drive a big American car.
of or relating to North or South America
© Cambridge University Press 2013
American
/əmerɪkən/
(Americans)
An American person or thing belongs to or comes from the United States of America.
...the American Ambassador at the United Nations.
...the influence of American television and movies.
ADJ
see also Latin American
•
An American is someone who is American.
The 1990 Nobel Prize for medicine was won by two Americans.
N-COUNT
American
2American adj
1 : of or relating to the U.S. or its citizens
• American culture/government/history
• the American people
• their American friends
2 : of or relating to North America, South America, or the people who live there
• the American continents
• a tropical American tree
(as) American as apple pie
- see apple pie
From, belonging to, or relating to Italy
ایتالیایی
Italian food
غذای ایتالیایی
Italian
I. I‧tal‧i‧an1 /ɪˈtæliən/ BrE AmE adjective
relating to Italy, its people, or its language
Italian
Italian [Italian] [ɪˈtæliən] [ɪˈtæliən] noun, adjective
(a person) from Italy
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
Italian / ɪˈtæl.jən / / -i.ən / adjective
from, belonging to, or relating to Italy:
Italian food/art/wine
© Cambridge University Press 2013
- Italian adj
• Italian food/politics
Two times
دو بار، دو دفعه
I have been to Japan twice.
من دوبار به ژاپن رفته ام.
twice
adverb
two times:
I have been to Japan twice.
He ate twice as much as I did.
twice
twice S2 W2 /twaɪs/ BrE AmE adverb, predeterminer
[Language: Old English; Origin: twiga]
1. two times:
He was questioned by police twice yesterday.
twice a day/week/year etc (=two times in the same day, week etc)
Letters were delivered twice a week only.
None of our dinner menus are exactly the same twice over.
2. two times more, bigger, better etc than something else
twice as many/much (as something)
They employ 90 people, twice as many as last year.
twice as high/big/large etc (as something)
Interest rates are twice as high as those of our competitors.
twice the size/number/rate/amount etc
an area twice the size of Britain
⇨ once bitten, twice shy at ↑once1(19), ⇨ once or twice at ↑once1(12), ⇨ think twice at ↑think1(8)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ pair two things of the same type that you use together. Also used about two people who do something together or who you often see together: a pair of shoes | a pair of socks | Winners will receive a pair of tickets for the show. | The pair were arrested six days after the killing. | They're a funny pair! | The British pair will be playing in the final on Saturday.
▪ a couple (of something) two things of the same type, or a very small number of things: There were a couple of empty seats at the table. | Do you have any stamps? I just need a couple.
▪ couple noun [countable] two people who are married or having a sexual relationship: a married couple | The couple met at university.
▪ twins noun [plural] two children who were born on the same day to the same mother: The twins look very alike. | identical twins
▪ duo noun [countable] two people who perform together or who are often seen together: a comedy duo
▪ duet noun [countable] a piece of music written for two people to play: They played a duet by Brahms.
▪ twice two times adverb: The group meets twice a week. | She sneezed twice.
twice
twice [twaɪs] [twaɪs] adverb
1. two times; on two occasions
• I don't know him well; I've only met him twice.
• They go there twice a week/month/year.
• a twice-monthly/yearly newsletter
2. double in quantity, rate, etc
• an area twice the size of Wales
• Cats sleep twice as much as people.
• At 56 he's twice her age.
• Charges have risen at twice the rate of inflation.
more at lightning never strikes (in the same place) twice at lightning n., once bitten, twice shyonce or twice at once adv., think twice about sth at think v.
Idiom: twice over
Word Origin:
[twice] late Old English twiges, from the base of two + -s (later respelled -ce to denote the unvoiced sound); compare with once.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
twice / twaɪs / predeterminer , adverb
A2 two times:
I've already asked him twice.
The post comes twice daily (= two times every day) .
There are twice as many houses in this area as there used to be.
The state is at least twice as big as England.
He's twice her size (= much bigger than she is) .
© Cambridge University Press 2013
twice
/twaɪs/
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If something happens twice, there are two actions or events of the same kind.
He visited me twice that fall and called me on the telephone often...
Thoroughly brush teeth and gums twice daily...
ADV: ADV with v, ADV adv, ADV n
2.
You use twice in expressions such as twice a day and twice a week to indicate that two events or actions of the same kind happen in each day or week.
I phoned twice a day, leaving messages with his wife...
ADV: ADV a n
3.
If one thing is, for example, twice as big or old as another, the first thing is two times as big or old as the second. People sometimes say that one thing is twice as good or hard as another when they want to emphasize that the first thing is much better or harder than the second.
The figure of seventy-million pounds was twice as big as expected.
ADV: ADV as adj/adv
•
Twice is also a predeterminer.
Unemployment in Northern Ireland is twice the national average...
PREDET: PREDET the n
4.
If you think twice about doing something, you consider it again and decide not to do it, or decide to do it differently.
She’d better shut her mouth and from now on think twice before saying stupid things.
PHRASE: V inflects
5.
once or twice: see once
twice over: see over
twice
twice /ˈtwaɪs/ adv
1 : two times : on two occasions
• I only wore it twice.
• I called you twice.
• He has rehearsals twice a month.
• He twice lost to younger opponents.
• We visited them twice in 10 years.
• The dictionary has been twice updated since 1993.
• I've been there at least twice.
• We've eaten at that restaurant once or twice. [=one or two times]
• We go to Europe twice a year. [=two times every year]
• The mail is delivered twice a day. [=two times every day]
2 : doubled in amount or degree
• The new house is twice [=two times] as large as our old one.
• He must be twice her age.
• The population is twice that of Canada.
• The new one costs about twice as much.
• He could earn twice his present salary at the new job.
• Twice two is four. [=two times two is/equals four]
think twice
- see 1think
The large system of connected computers around the world that allows people to share information and communicate with each other
اينترنت
I learned about it on the Internet.
من در مورد آن در اینترنت یاد گرفتم.
Internet
noun the Internet (also informal) the Net) (no plural)
(computing) the international system of computers that makes it possible for you to see information from all around the world on your computer and to send information to other computers:
You can find out almost anything on the Internet.
Do you have Internet access?
Internet
In‧ter‧net S2 W2 BrE AmE, internet /ˈɪntənet $ -tər-/ noun
the Internet a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information:
Do you have access to the Internet?
on the Internet
You can find all kinds of information on the internet.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ use the Internet More and more companies are using the Internet to conduct their business.
▪ go on the Internet I went on the Internet to find some information for my assignment.
▪ access the Internet/connect to the Internet You can access the Internet from your mobile phone.
▪ surf the Internet (=look at different websites) She spends hours surfing the Internet every evening.
▪ download something from the Internet I downloaded the file from the Internet.
▪ buy something on the Internet He bought the chairs on the Internet.
■ Internet + NOUN
▪ an Internet connection a high-speed Internet connection
▪ Internet access Not everyone has Internet access at home.
▪ an Internet address (=the address of a website) The company charges $100 to register a new internet address.
▪ an Internet service provider (=a company that allows you to connect to the Internet) Your Internet service provider should be able to solve the problem.
▪ Internet shopping/banking The new regulations will increase customer confidence in Internet shopping. | Internet banking saves customers a lot of time.
▪ an Internet user The number of Internet users is doubling every six months.
▪ Internet use The software allows parents to control children’s Internet use.
▪ Internet traffic (=the number of people using the Internet) An estimated 40% of the nation’s Internet traffic begins or ends in California.
▪ Internet dating (=using the Internet to meet people for a romantic relationship) Internet dating websites are becoming increasingly popular.
▪ an Internet café (=a café with computers, where people can pay to use the Internet) The message had been sent from an Internet café in Leeds.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ things you do when using the Internet
▪ surf the net verb to look quickly through information on the Internet, looking for anything that interests you: He spends his evenings surfing the net.
▪ search to look for a specific piece of information on the Internet, for example by entering text into a box: Try searching for his name on Google.
▪ shop/book online to buy things or reserve tickets using the Internet: More and more people are preferring to shop online. | It’s easier to book online.
▪ visit a website to look at a particular Internet site: You can check to see how many people visit your website.
▪ download to get files, programs, music, films etc from the Internet and put them on your own computer: I downloaded the software for free from the Internet.
▪ chat to communicate with several people in a ↑chat room on the Internet: Using the Internet, you can chat to people from around the world.
Internet
Inter·net (also inter·net) [ˈɪntənet] [ˈɪntərnet] noun (usually the Internet) (also informal the Net) singular
an international computer network connecting other networks and computers from companies, universities, etc
• I looked it up on the Internet.
• You can buy our goods over the Internet.
• All the rooms have access to the Internet/Internet access.
• an Internet service provider (= a company that provides you with an Internet connection and services such as email, etc.)
see also intranet, WWW
See also: internet
Word Origin:
[Internet] 1970s (denoting a computer network connecting two or more smaller networks): from inter- ‘reciprocal, mutual’ + network.
Collocations:
Email and the Internet
Email
receive/get/open an email
write/send/answer/forward/delete an email
check/read/access your email
block/filter (out) junk/spam/unsolicited email
exchange email addresses
open/check your inbox
junk mail fills/floods/clogs your inbox
have/set up an email account
open/send/contain an attachment
sign up for/receive email alerts
Connecting to the Internet
use/access/log onto the Internet/the Web
go online/on the Internet
have a high-speed/dial-up/broadband/wireless (Internet) connection
access/connect to/locate the server
use/open/close/launch a/your web browser
browse/surf/search/scour the Internet/the Web
send/contain/spread/detect a (computer/email) virus
update your anti-virus software
install/use/configure a firewall
accept/enable/block/delete cookies
Using the Internet
visit/check a website/an Internet site/sb's blog
create/design/launch a website/social networking site
start/write/post/read a blog
update your blog/a website
be in/meet sb in/go into/enter an Internet chat room
download/upload music/software/a song/a podcast/a file/a copy of sth
share information/data/files
post a comment/message on a website/an online message board/a web forum/an internet chat room
stream video/audio/music/content over the Internet
join/participate in/visit/provide a (web-based/web/online/Internet/discussion) forum
generate/increase/monitor Internet traffic
Example Bank:
• Attempts to regulate the Internet are usually doomed to failure.
• He likes watching movies, reading, and surfing the Internet.
• It is possible to earn a degree over the Internet.
• Many of the sites launched at the peak of the Internet boom have now disappeared.
• More and more people are shopping on the Internet.
• Registering an Internet domain name is now an essential part of setting up a company.
• She likes to go on the Internet in the evenings.
• She often talks to fans via live Internet chats.
• She went on the Internet to check air fares.
• The auction was held in Paris with an Internet link to New York.
• They began scouring the Internet for information about his condition.
• Thousands logged on to view the live Internet broadcast of the concert.
• Travellers can check their email at the Internet cafe in the square.
• a broadband/high-speed Internet connection
• issues facing the music industry in the Internet age
• software for downloading Internet files
• the bank's Internet arm
• the challenges of providing Internet connectivity to rural communities
• the laying of fast networks to carry Internet traffic
• unlimited/unmetered Internet access
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
the internet / ˈɪn.tə.net / / -t̬ɚ- / noun [ S ] ( informal the Net )
A1 the large system of connected computers around the world that allows people to share information and communicate with each other:
I found out about the bombings from/on the internet.
Word partners for the internet
browse / surf the internet • post sth on the internet • download sth from the internet • on the internet • internet access • an internet chatroom / site • an internet provider / service provider • an internet account / address
© Cambridge University Press 2013
Internet
In·ter·net /ˈɪntɚˌnɛt/ noun
the Internet : a system that connects computers throughout the world
• She spent hours surfing the Internet.
- compare intranet, world wide web
- Internet adj always used before a noun
• an Internet connection
• an Internet site
If a law or rule becomes effective, it starts to be used
The new laws will become effective next month.
effective
ef‧fec‧tive S2 W1 /ɪˈfektɪv/ adjective
[Word Family: noun: effect, effectiveness ≠ ineffectiveness; adjective: effective ≠ ineffective, effectual ≠ ineffectual; verb: effect; adverb: effectively ≠ ineffectively]
1. successful, and working in the way that was intended OPP ineffective:
The cheaper drugs are just as effective in treating arthritis.
the painting’s highly effective use of colour
Training is often much less effective than expected.
the most effective ways of reducing inner city congestion
REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say that something works (well), rather than say that it is effective:
▪ The cheaper drugs work just as well.
2. [no comparative, not before noun] if a law, agreement, or system becomes effective, it officially starts
effective from
The cut in interest rates is effective from Monday.
3. [no comparative, only before noun] real rather than what is officially intended or generally believed:
The rebels are in effective control of the city.
—effectiveness noun [uncountable]
• • •
| COLLOCATIONS |
| adverbs |
▪ extremely/highly effective The company launched a highly effective advertising campaign.
| nouns |
▪ an effective way What’s the most effective way to control crime?
▪ an effective method Exams are not the most effective method of assessing students’ abilities.
▪ an effective means Is reducing the speed limit an effective means of reducing accidents?
▪ effective action The police must take effective action to protect the public.
▪ an effective solution The most effective solution to traffic congestion is to build more roads.
▪ an effective treatment Antibiotics are still the most effective treatment for this disease.
▪ an effective system The country has a simple but effective welfare system.
• • •
| THESAURUS |
▪ successful achieving what you wanted, or having the effect or result you intended: He applied for a visa three times and in the end he was successful. | The treatment was successful. | It was a highly successful campaign.
▪ effective having the effect or result that was wanted - used especially about treatments, drugs, or methods: The drug is effective against a range of diseases. | We still haven't found an effective way to solve the problem.
▪ victorious successful as a result of winning in a game, election, war etc: the captain of the victorious team | She emerged victorious in the second round of voting.
▪ promising likely to be very successful in the future, used especially about someone who is good at a job, sport, art etc: a promising young athlete | He gave up a promising career in banking.
▪ thriving very successful – used about a company, industry, or organization that is doing well at a particular time: The area has a thriving tourist industry. | The school is thriving academically.
▪ booming extremely successful – used about an economy, or when business or trade is increasing: the booming economy in China | Business is booming.
effective
ef·fect·ive [ɪˈfektɪv] [ɪˈfektɪv] adjective
1. producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result
• Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders.
• Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.
• drugs that are effective against cancer
• Some people believe that violence is an effective way of protesting.
• I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.
Opp: ineffective
see also cost-effective
2. only before noun in reality, although not officially intended
• the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party
• In spite of what they are told, parents have no effective choice of schools.
• He has now taken effective control of the country.
3. (formal) (of laws and rules) coming into use
• The new speed limit on this road becomes effective from 1 June.
Derived Word: effectiveness
See also: effectivity
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from Latin effectivus, from efficere ‘accomplish’, from ex- ‘out, thoroughly’ + facere ‘do, make’.
Thesaurus:
effective [effective effectiveness] adj.
• a simple but highly effective treatment
successful • • powerful •
Opp: ineffective
effective/successful/powerful in sth
effective/successful/powerful in doing sth
an effective/successful/powerful campaign/challenge
Example Bank:
• The drug is generally effective in reducing pain.
• This method is effective enough with greenfly.
• We find advertising on the radio very effective.
• What makes a TV programme politically effective?
• a highly effective technique
• directly effective treaty provisions
• effective at keeping out the wind
• effective in helping people to stop smoking
• He argued that long prison sentences could be a very effective deterrent for offenders.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
effective / ɪfek.tɪv / adjective (IN USE)
If a law or rule becomes effective, it starts to be used:
The new laws will become effective next month.
effectiveness / -nəs / noun [ U ]
C1
There are doubts about the effectiveness of the new drug (= how successful it is) in treating the disease.
© Cambridge University Press 2013
effective
[ɪfe̱ktɪv]
♦♦
1) ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ in -ing, ADJ against n Something that is effective works well and produces the results that were intended.
The project looks at how we could be more effective in encouraging students to enter teacher training...
Simple antibiotics are effective against this organism...
Such conditions would make an effective public transport system possible.
Derived words:
effectively ADV-GRADED usu ADV after v, also ADV -ed ...the team roles which you believe to be necessary for the team to function effectively... Services need to be more effectively organised than they are at present.
effectiveness N-UNCOUNT oft N of n ...the effectiveness of computers as an educational tool.
2) ADJ: ADJ n Effective means having a particular role or result in practice, though not officially or in theory.
They have had effective control of the area since the security forces left.
...a restructuring that would have resulted in an effective increase on one of their most popular excursion fares.
Syn:
actual
3) ADJ: v-link ADJ When something such as a law or an agreement becomes effective, it begins officially to apply or be valid.
The new rules will become effective in the next few days.
effective
ef·fec·tive /ɪˈfɛktɪv/ adj
1 [more ~; most ~] : producing a result that is wanted : having an intended effect
• drugs effective in the treatment of a disease = drugs effective in treating a disease = drugs effective against a disease
• It's a simple but effective technique.
• He gave an effective speech.
- opposite ineffective
2 of a law, rule, etc. : in use : active
• The law becomes effective [=the law takes effect; the law will start to be used] next year.
• the effective date of the law [=the day when the law starts to be used]
3 : starting at a particular time - used to introduce a clause
• Effective [=starting, as of] tomorrow, the store will be open until 8:00 p.m. every day.
• Effective next month, the landfill will no longer accept old televisions.
4 always used before a noun
- used to describe something that exists or has an effect but that is not officially stated or recognized
• the effective tax rate
• The army has taken effective control of the city.
- ef·fec·tive·ness noun [noncount]
• The effectiveness of the drug was questioned.
a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour
ويژگى، خصلت
personality traits
ویژگی های شخصیتی
trait
trait /treɪ, treɪt $ treɪt/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: 'act of pulling, trait', from Latin tractus; ⇨ ↑tract]
formal a particular quality in someone’s character
personality/character traits
a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
genetic/inherited traits
trait
trait [trait traits] [treɪt] [treɪt] noun
a particular quality in your personality
• personality traits
• Awareness of class is a typically British trait.
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent.: from French, from Latin tractus ‘drawing, draught’, from trahere ‘draw, pull’. An early sense was ‘stroke of the pen or pencil in a picture’, giving rise to the sense ‘a particular feature of mind or character’ (mid 18th cent.).
Example Bank:
• She shares several character traits with her father.
• We do not know which behavioural traits are inherited and which acquired.
• a collection of traits associated with schizophrenia
• the composer's stylistic traits
• personality/character traits
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
trait / treɪt / noun [ C ]
C2 a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour:
His sense of humour is one of his better traits.
Arrogance is a very unattractive personality/character trait.
© Cambridge University Press 2013
trait
[tre͟ɪt, tre͟ɪ]
traits
N-COUNT: with supp
A trait is a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.
The study found that some alcoholics had clear personality traits showing up early in childhood...
Creativity is a human trait.
trait
trait /ˈtreɪt, Brit ˈtreɪ/ noun, pl traits [count] formal : a quality that makes one person or thing different from another
• Humility is an admirable trait. [=quality]
• This dog breed has a number of desirable traits.
• feminine/masculine traits
• inherited and acquired traits
the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen
خوشبينى
I prefer optimism to pessimism.
من خوشبينى را به بدبينى ترجيح مىدهم.
optimism
noun (no plural)
the feeling that good things will happen opposite pessimism
optimism
op‧ti‧mis‧m /ˈɒptəmɪzəm, ˈɒptɪmɪzəm $ ˈɑːp-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: optimisme, from Latin optimum; ⇨ ↑optimum]
a tendency to believe that good things will always happen OPP pessimism
grounds/cause/reason for optimism
Recent results must give some cause for optimism.
There are grounds for cautious optimism.
mood/sense of optimism
a new sense of optimism in the country
optimism (that)
There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.
optimism about
I don’t share his optimism about our chances of success.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adverbs
▪ great optimism The team was in a mood of great optimism.
▪ considerable optimism These figures indicate that we can go into next year with considerable optimism.
▪ cautious/guarded optimism (=the belief that a future situation will be good or better than before, although you cannot be not sure) The U.N. sees cause for cautious optimism in what has been achieved so far. | He expressed guarded optimism about the company's future.
▪ false optimism (=optimism based on wrong ideas or information) In his speech he warned against false optimism about the immediate future.
▪ initial/early optimism (=optimism that you feel at the start of a process, especially when it does not continue) There was initial optimism about a breakthrough in relations between the two countries.
▪ new/renewed optimism (=optimism that you start to feel again, after you stopped feeling it) The new leadership has brought renewed optimism.
■ verbs
▪ express optimism Diplomats expressed optimism about the progress of the talks.
▪ share somebody's optimism (=feel the optimism that someone else feels) After so many problems, I found it hard to share his optimism.
▪ optimism grows His optimism grew as the time came nearer for his release.
▪ optimism prevails/reigns (=optimism is the strongest feeling) Despite the crisis, optimism prevailed.
■ phrases
▪ be grounds/cause/reason for optimism The lower crime figures are certainly grounds for optimism.
▪ a mood/sense of optimism A mood of optimism prevails in the White House.
▪ a wave/surge of optimism (=a sudden strong feeling of optimism) The team are riding a wave of optimism after their recent victory.
▪ be (little/no) room for optimism (=have a possibility that things might get better) There is little room for optimism in the current financial situation.
▪ be full of optimism (=be feeling that good things will happen) The 1970s began full of optimism and confidence about world development .
optimism
op·ti·mism [ˈɒptɪmɪzəm] [ˈɑːptɪmɪzəm] noun uncountable ~ (about/for sth)
a feeling that good things will happen and that sth will be successful; the tendency to have this feeling
• optimism about/for the future
• We may now look forward with optimism.
• a mood of cautious optimism
• There are very real grounds for optimism.
• Both sides have expressed optimism about the chances of an early agreement.
Opp: pessimism
Word Origin:
[optimism] mid 18th cent.: from French optimisme, from Latin optimum ‘best thing’, neuter (used as a noun) of optimus ‘best’.
Example Bank:
• Despite the crisis a cautious optimism prevailed.
• Her optimism turned out to be misplaced.
• I find it hard to share his optimism.
• The 1970s began still full of optimism.
• The government expressed optimism about the success of the negotiations.
• The news caused a wave of optimism.
• There are now very real grounds for optimism.
• There was a note of optimism in his voice.
• We can look to the future with considerable optimism.
• When the 1970s began, we were still full of optimism.
• great optimism for the future
• renewed optimism among mortgage lenders
• He returned with renewed optimism about the future.
• Some people talked of a mood of cautious optimism.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
optimism / ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.z ə m / / ˈɑːp.tə- / noun [ U ]
C2 the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen:
There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future.
Judging from your exam results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for cautious optimism about getting a university place.
→ Opposite pessimism
© Cambridge University Press 2013
optimism
[ɒ̱ptɪmɪzəm]
N-UNCOUNT
Optimism is the feeling of being hopeful about the future or about the success of something in particular.
The Indian Prime Minister has expressed optimism about India's future relations with the USA.
...a mood of cautious optimism.
Syn:
confidence
Ant:
pessimism
optimism
op·ti·mism /ˈɑːptəˌmɪzəm/ noun [noncount] : a feeling or belief that good things will happen in the future : a feeling or belief that what you hope for will happen
• Both of them expressed optimism about the future of the town.
• The early sales reports are cause/reason/grounds for optimism.
• Most of us reacted to the news with cautious/guarded optimism. [=a feeling that something good may happen but will not definitely happen]
• There is growing optimism that the problem can be corrected.
• He maintains a sense of optimism, despite all that has happened.
- opposite pessimism
the whys and (the) wherefores
the reasons for something
سبب، علت، دليل (اينكه)
This is why I am going.
علت رفتن من اين است.
III. why3 BrE AmE noun
the whys and (the) wherefores the reasons or explanations for something:
The whys and the wherefores of these procedures need to be explained.
3. used to give or talk about a reason
• That's why I left so early.
• I know you did it— I just want to know why.
• The reason why the injection needs repeating every year is that the virus changes.
Word Origin:
Old English hwī, hwȳ ‘by what cause’, instrumental case of hwæt ‘what’, of Germanic origin.
Idioms: why ever ▪ why not? ▪ whys and wherefores
exclamation (old-fashioned or NAmE) used to express surprise, lack of patience, etc.
• Why Jane, it's you!
• Why, it's easy— a child could do it!
Word Origin:
Old English hwī, hwȳ ‘by what cause’, instrumental case of hwæt ‘what’, of Germanic origin.
noun
Word Origin:
Old English hwī, hwȳ ‘by what cause’, instrumental case of hwæt ‘what’, of Germanic origin.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
why / waɪ / noun
the whys and (the) wherefores the reasons for something:
I know very little about the whys and the wherefores of the situation.
© Cambridge University Press 2013
why
[(h)wa͟ɪ]
♦
(The conjunction and the pronoun are usually pronounced [(h)waɪ].)
1) QUEST You use why in questions when you ask about the reasons for something.
Why hasn't he brought the whisky?...
Why didn't he stop me?...
Why can't I remember the exact year we married?...
`I just want to see him.' - `Why?'...
Why should I leave?
2) CONJ-SUBORD You use why at the beginning of a clause in which you talk about the reasons for something.
He still could not throw any further light on why the elevator could have become jammed...
Experts wonder why the US government is not taking similarly strong actions against AIDS in this country...
I can't understand why they don't want us.
ADV: ADV after v, be ADV
Why is also an adverb. I don't know why... It's obvious why... Here's why.
3) PRON-REL You use why to introduce a relative clause after the word `reason'.
There's a reason why women don't read this stuff; it's not funny...
Unless you're ill, there's no reason why you can't get those 15 minutes of walking in daily.
ADV: n ADV
Why is also an adverb. He confirmed that the city had been closed to foreigners, but gave no reason why.
4) QUEST You use why with `not' in questions in order to introduce a suggestion.
Why not give Claire a call?...
Why don't you come home with me until you sort things out?...
Why don't we talk it through?
5) QUEST (feelings) You use why with `not' in questions in order to express your annoyance or anger.
Why don't you look where you're going?...
Why don't they just leave it alone?
6) CONVENTION (formulae) You say why not in order to agree with what someone has suggested.
`Want to spend the afternoon with me?' - `Why not?'...
`Shall I tell them about poor Mrs Blair?' - `Why not?'
7) EXCLAM (feelings) People say `Why!' at the beginning of a sentence when they are surprised, shocked, or angry. [mainly AM]
Why hello, Tom...
Why, this is nothing but common vegetable soup...
Why, I wouldn't give the end off one of my fingers for all the money you've got!
8) the whys and wherefores → see wherefores
3why noun
the whys and (the) wherefores : the reasons for something
• She explained the whys and the wherefores of the sudden price increase.
[C or U] something that it is your job or duty to deal with
مسئوليت، وظيفه
He does not accept any responsibility.
او هيچگونه مسئوليتى را قبول نمىكند.
responsibility
noun
a duty to deal with or take care of somebody or something, so that it is your fault if something goes wrong:
Who has responsibility for the new students?
The dog is my brother's responsibility.
responsibility
re‧spon‧si‧bil‧i‧ty S2 W1 /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti, rɪˌspɒnsɪˈbɪləti $ rɪˌspɑːn-/ BrE AmE noun (plural responsibilities)
[Word Family: noun: ↑responsibility ≠ ↑irresponsibility; adverb: ↑responsibly ≠ ↑irresponsibly; adjective: ↑responsible ≠ ↑irresponsible]
1. [uncountable] a duty to be in charge of someone or something, so that you make decisions and can be blamed if something bad happens:
Kelly’s promotion means more money and more responsibility.
+for
The Minister has responsibility for the National Health Service.
with responsibility for something
a manager with responsibility for over 100 staff
it is sb’s responsibility to do something
It’s your responsibility to inform us of any changes.
2. [uncountable] blame for something bad that has happened:
The firm is denying all responsibility.
responsibility for
No one wants to take responsibility for the problem.
The surgeon accepted full responsibility for the error that led to her death..
So far no one has claimed responsibility (=said that they are responsible) for the bombings.
3. [countable] something that you must do as part of your job or duty:
My responsibilities include answering the phone and dealing with customer enquiries.
family/professional/parental etc responsibilities
a single parent struggling to balance work and family responsibilities
4. [countable] something that you ought to do because it is morally or socially right SYN duty
a responsibility to do something
We all have a responsibility to protect the environment.
Parents need to encourage a sense of responsibility in their children (=the ability to behave sensibly in a way that will not harm themselves or other people).
moral/social/legal etc responsibility
The company saw it as part of its social responsibility to provide education for its workers.
5. responsibility to somebody a duty to help someone because of your work or position in society:
A doctor’s first responsibility is to her patients.
6. do something on your own responsibility formal to do something without being told to do it or officially allowed to do it
⇨ ↑diminished responsibility
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 1)
■ verbs
▪ have responsibility for (doing) something The Council has responsibility for maintaining the streetlights.
▪ take responsibility for (doing) something Who do you trust to take responsibility for our country's defence?
▪ take on responsibility (also assume responsibility formal) (=start to have responsibility for something) These days men tend to take on more responsibility at home. | The government must assume greater responsibility for the care of the elderly.
▪ shoulder responsibility (=agree to start having a difficult or unpleasant duty) The city, she said, would shoulder responsibility for caring for the children.
▪ shirk responsibility (=not accept a duty you should accept) He doesn't shirk responsibility.
▪ exercise responsibility formal (=take action because you have responsibility for something) The citizens of ancient Athens met here to exercise their responsibility to govern themselves.
▪ abdicate responsibility formal (=refuse to have responsibility for something you used to have responsibility for) The state should not allow parents to abdicate responsibility for their children.
▪ the responsibility lies with somebody (=they are responsible for it) Ultimate responsibility for admissions lies with the Course Co-ordinator.
■ adjectives
▪ personal responsibility So far, no one had taken personal responsibility for the project.
▪ overall responsibility The Department of Education has overall responsibility for schools and universities.
▪ direct responsibility (=when no other person is involved) He has direct responsibility for all the programmes on Radio 1.
▪ sole responsibility (=not shared with others) The financial director has sole responsibility for financial matters.
▪ collective responsibility (=shared equally by a group of people) Head teachers should encourage a sense of collective responsibility among teachers.
▪ primary responsibility (=most important responsibility) I have primary responsibility for the children.
▪ ultimate responsibility (=responsibility for making a final decision) The National Assembly will have ultimate responsibility for ensuring that health targets are met.
■ phrases
▪ a burden of responsibility (=a lot of responsibility, that worries you) Being the only wage earner put a great burden of responsibility on my father.
▪ a position of responsibility (=a job in which people depend on you to tell them what they should do) Before the age of 21 he had attained a position of responsibility in the factory.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ verbs
▪ accept/take responsibility for something To his credit, he took responsibility for his actions.
▪ claim responsibility (for something) (=say that you are responsible for something bad) No group has yet claimed responsibility for the bombings.
▪ deny responsibility for something The company denied responsibility for the oil spillage.
▪ bear responsibility for something (=be responsible for something bad) Developed countries must bear much of the responsibility for environmental problems.
■ adjectives
▪ full responsibility The airline accepted full responsibility for the crash.
▪ personal responsibility I take personal responsibility for what went wrong.
responsibility
re·spon·si·bil·ity [responsibility responsibilities] [rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti] [rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti] noun (pl. re·spon·si·bil·ities)
1. uncountable, countable a duty to deal with or take care of sb/sth, so that you may be blamed if sth goes wrong
• ~ (for sth) We are recruiting a sales manager with responsibility for the European market.
• ~ (for doing sth) They have responsibility for ensuring that the rules are enforced.
• The responsibility for doing this rests with the department managers.
• ~ (to do sth) It is their responsibility to ensure that the rules are enforced.
• parental rights and responsibilities
• to take/assume overall responsibility for personnel
• I don't feel ready to take on new responsibilities.
• to be in a position of responsibility
• I did it on my own responsibility (= without being told to and being willing to take the blame if it had gone wrong).
2. uncountable ~ (for sth) blame for sth bad that has happened
• The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
• Nobody has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
• We must all bear some responsibility for what happened.
see also diminished responsibility
3. uncountable, countable a duty to help or take care of sb because of your job, position, etc
• ~ (to/towards sb) She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees.
• ~ (to do sth) I think we have a moral responsibility to help these countries.
Thesaurus:
responsibility noun
1. U, C
• It is their responsibility to see that the rules are enforced.
duty • • charge • • burden • • obligation • • commitment • |informal job • |formal accountability • |especially business law liability •
a responsibility/duty towards sb
responsibility/accountability/liability for sth
have a responsibility/a duty/charge/an obligation/a commitment/the job/liability
accept responsibility/a duty/the burden/an obligation/liability
2. U
• The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the error.
fault • • blame • • guilt •
the responsibility/blame/guilt for sth
bear/accept/share/absolve sb from/shift the responsibility/blame/guilt
the responsibility/blame/fault lies/rests with sb
Responsibility or fault? People typically accept/share/admit/claim/deny responsibility for sth: ¤ The bank refuses to accept fault for the error. Fault is usually used in the phrases my/your/his/her/our/their/sb's (own) fault or sb is at fault:
• It was her fault that we were late.
¤ It was her responsibility that we were late.
Example Bank:
• Full responsibility for the fiasco lies with the PR department.
• Governors carry a special burden of responsibility.
• He attributed responsibility for the killing to the secret service.
• He feels a responsibility to his community.
• He feels a strong sense of responsibility towards his parents.
• He seems unwilling to face up to his responsibilities as a father.
• He was found not guilty of murder on the grounds of diminished responsibility.
• I don't feel ready to take on new responsibilities.
• It is a great responsibility caring for other people's children.
• No organization has yet claimed responsibility for the bomb attack.
• Responsibility is devolved down to the people who are affected.
• She has responsibility for public spending.
• She juggled the competing responsibilities of family and work.
• The assistants were handling their responsibilities in the only way they could.
• The club has a responsibility to its members.
• The government of the time placed responsibility for the poor on the Church.
• The heads of school departments have particular responsibilities for the curriculum.
• The sergeant assumed his command responsibilities.
• They wanted to shift responsibility for the failure onto their employees.
• Ultimate responsibility rests with the president.
• We retain all responsibility for any shortcomings.
• What are the main responsibilities in your job?
• Will you take responsibility for arranging the food?
• With great power comes great responsibility.
• an obligation to meet family responsibilities
• devolving responsibility downwards so decisions are taken nearer to the people they will affect
• people on the verge of assuming adult responsibilities
• to shift legal responsibility for the correct labelling of goods onto the shopkeeper
• I'm not ready to be in a position of responsibility.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
responsibility / rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌspɑːn.səˈbɪl.ə.t̬i / noun (DUTY)
B2 [ C or U ] something that it is your job or duty to deal with:
[ + to infinitive ] It's her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time.
She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.
have responsibility to be in a position of authority over someone and to have a duty to make certain that particular things are done:
Who has responsibility here?
Jenny, you have responsibility for clear ing up the room after the class.
have a responsibility to sb to have a duty to work for or help someone who is in a position of authority over you:
The company says it cannot cut its prices any more because it has a responsibility to its shareholders.
Word partners for responsibility (DUTY)
have a responsibility • responsibility falls on sb • share responsibility • abdicate / avoid / shirk responsibility • a big / heavy / huge responsibility
Word partners for responsibility (BLAME)
accept / bear / shoulder / take responsibility • admit / claim responsibility • full / total responsibility • responsibility for sth
responsibility / rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌspɑːn.səˈbɪl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ] (BLAME)
B2 blame for something that has happened:
Terrorists have claimed responsibility for (= stated that they caused) yesterday's bomb attack.
The minister took/accepted full responsibility for (= admitted that he was to blame for) the disaster and resigned.
Word partners for responsibility (DUTY)
have a responsibility • responsibility falls on sb • share responsibility • abdicate / avoid / shirk responsibility • a big / heavy / huge responsibility
Word partners for responsibility (BLAME)
accept / bear / shoulder / take responsibility • admit / claim responsibility • full / total responsibility • responsibility for sth
responsibility / rɪˌspɒn.sɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌspɑːn.səˈbɪl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ] (GOOD JUDGMENT)
good judgment and the ability to act correctly and make decisions on your own:
He has no sense of responsibility.
The job carries a lot of responsibility (= it involves making important decisions) .
Word partners for responsibility (DUTY)
have a responsibility • responsibility falls on sb • share responsibility • abdicate / avoid / shirk responsibility • a big / heavy / huge responsibility
Word partners for responsibility (BLAME)
accept / bear / shoulder / take responsibility • admit / claim responsibility • full / total responsibility • responsibility for sth
© Cambridge University Press 2013
responsibility
[rɪspɒ̱nsɪbɪ̱lɪti]
♦♦
responsibilities
1) N-UNCOUNT: oft N for n/-ing If you have responsibility for something or someone, or if they are your responsibility, it is your job or duty to deal with them and to take decisions relating to them.
Each manager had responsibility for just under 600 properties...
We need to take responsibility for looking after our own health...
`She's not your responsibility,' he said gently.
2) N-UNCOUNT: oft N for n If you accept responsibility for something that has happened, you agree that you were to blame for it or you caused it.
British Rail has admitted responsibility for the accident...
Someone had to give orders and take responsibility for mistakes.
3) N-PLURAL: usu with supp Your responsibilities are the duties that you have because of your job or position.
I am told that he handled his responsibilities as a counselor in a highly intelligent and caring fashion.
...programmes to help employees balance work and family responsibilities.
4) N-UNCOUNT If someone is given responsibility, they are given the right or opportunity to make important decisions or to take action without having to get permission from anyone else.
She would have loved to have a better-paying job with more responsibility...
Carrington held a position of responsibility within the government.
5) N-SING: usu N to-inf If you think that you have a responsibility to do something, you feel that you ought to do it because it is morally right to do it.
The court feels it has a responsibility to ensure that customers are not misled...
As parents we have a responsibility to give our children a sense of belonging.
Syn:
duty
6) N-SING: N to/towards n If you think that you have a responsibility to someone, you feel that it is your duty to take action that will protect their interests.
She had decided that as a doctor she had a responsibility to her fellow creatures.
responsibility
re·spon·si·bil·i·ty /rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪləti/ noun, pl -ties
1 [noncount] : the state of being the person who caused something to happen
• He accepted full responsibility for the accident. [=he admitted that the accident was his fault]
• The boys denied any responsibility for the damage to the fence.
• A terrorist group has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
2 a : a duty or task that you are required or expected to do
[count]
• The janitor has many responsibilities.
• Mowing the lawn is your responsibility.
• She has to deal with a lot of family and work responsibilities.
• It is your responsibility to give the company two weeks notice if you decide to leave.
• A teacher's most important responsibility is to help her students. = A teacher's first responsibility is to/toward her students.
[noncount]
• In her new position, she will have much more responsibility.
b [count] : something that you should do because it is morally right, legally required, etc.
• We have a responsibility to protect the environment.
• The government's responsibility is to serve the public.
3 [noncount] : the state of having the job or duty of dealing with and taking care of something or someone
• The principal has responsibility for 450 students and a staff of 35.
4 [noncount] : the quality of a person who can be trusted to do what is expected, required, etc.
• She is completely lacking in responsibility.
• The boy developed a sense of responsibility with his first job.
on your own responsibility
✦To do something on your own responsibility is to do it without being told to and to accept the blame if it has a bad result.
• He changed the schedule on his own responsibility.
