B2 (بالای متوسط)

explosion

ex‧plo‧sion W3 /ɪkˈspləʊʒən $ -ˈsploʊ-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: adjective: exploding, ↑explosive, ↑exploded, ↑unexploded; noun: ↑explosion, ↑explosive; verb: ↑explode; adverb: ↑explosively]
1. [countable] a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces ⇨ explode
bomb/gas/nuclear explosion
Several people were injured in a bomb explosion.
We heard a loud explosion.
huge/massive etc explosion
A massive explosion ripped through the building.
2. [uncountable and countable] a process in which something such as a bomb is deliberately made to explode:
Police carried out a controlled explosion of the device.
3. [countable] a sudden or quick increase in the number or amount of something:
the population explosion in India
explosion of
the recent explosion of interest in Latin music and dance
4. [countable] a sudden expression of emotion, especially anger SYN outburst
5. [countable] a sudden very loud noise
explosion of
an explosion of laughter
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meanings 1 & 2)
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + explosion
▪ a big explosion There has been a big explosion in the centre of Paris.
▪ a huge/massive/enormous explosion An enormous explosion tore the roof off the building.
▪ a tremendous explosion (=very big and powerful) The torpedo struck the side of the ship, followed by a tremendous explosion.
▪ a powerful explosion The powerful explosion was heard from Portland, Maine to Albany, New York.
▪ a major explosion formal We are getting reports of a major explosion at the oil refinery.
▪ a loud explosion We heard several loud explosions followed by an eerie silence.
▪ a deafening explosion (=extremely loud) The building collapsed in a deafening explosion.
▪ an almighty explosion old-fashioned (=extremely loud) There was an almighty explosion and I was knocked to the ground.
▪ a muffled explosion (=one that is not heard very clearly) We could just make out a muffled explosion from deep inside the mine.
▪ a nuclear/atomic explosion This is the site of the first ever nuclear explosion.
▪ a gas explosion Firefighters say that a gas explosion destroyed the building.
▪ a volcanic explosion (=one caused by a volcano) You could see where a volcanic explosion had blown the mountain peak away.
■ verbs
▪ cause an explosion The police do not yet know what caused the explosion.
▪ set off/trigger an explosion (=cause an explosion) Investigators believe a fuel leak may have triggered the explosion.
▪ carry out an explosion (=cause one deliberately) By 1942, the United States had carried out test explosions with nuclear bombs.
▪ hear an explosion Marie was reading in bed when she heard the explosion.
▪ an explosion takes place/happens The largest explosion took place at the main post office.
▪ an explosion occurs formal The explosion occurred just off the coast of Greece.
▪ an explosion shakes something A series of explosions shook the building.
▪ an explosion destroys something Seven people died when the explosion destroyed the bus.
▪ an explosion kills somebody Last year, an underground explosion killed 82 miners.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 3)
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + explosion
▪ a sudden explosion Henry thought she was going to laugh, but then there was a sudden explosion of sobbing.
▪ a population explosion The decision not to plant the fields led to a population explosion in rabbits.
■ phrases
▪ an explosion of interest in something There has been an explosion of interest in networking websites in the last few years.
▪ an explosion of violence The army had to cope with the explosion of violence that followed the elections.
▪ an explosion of anger The verdict was greeted by an explosion of public anger.
▪ an explosion of colour literary After the rain, the desert bloomed in an explosion of color.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ a very big increase
▪ explosion noun [countable] a sudden very large increase in the amount or number of something: There has been an explosion in the number of fast food restaurants. | The country experienced a population explosion. | The book caused an explosion of interest in Renaissance Italy.
▪ boom noun [singular] a sudden large increase in trade, profits or sales, with the result that a country, company, or industry becomes very successful. Boom is also used about a sudden increase in interest in something, with the result that it becomes very popular: the German economic boom of the 1960s | the Internet boom | There has been a boom in sales of diet books and videos.

rip

I. rip¹ S3 /rɪp/ BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle ripped, present participle ripping)
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Probably from Flemish rippen 'to tear off roughly']
1. [intransitive and transitive] to tear something or be torn quickly and violently:
Her clothes had all been ripped.
The sails ripped under the force of the wind.
Impatiently, Sue ripped the letter open.
2. [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to remove something quickly and violently, using your hands
rip something out/off/away/down
Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from her notebook.
The buttons had been ripped off.
3. rip something/somebody to shreds
a) to destroy something or damage it badly by tearing it in many places:
Jill’s kitten is ripping her sofa to shreds.
b) informal to strongly criticize someone, or criticize their opinions, remarks, behaviour etc:
I expected to have my argument ripped to shreds.
4. [transitive] to copy music from a CD to an ↑MP3 player or computer
5. let rip informal to speak or behave violently or emotionally:
Fran took a slow deep breath, then let rip, yelling and shouting at him.
6. let it/her rip informal to make a car, boat etc go as fast as it can:
Put your foot on the gas and let her rip!
rip something ↔ apart phrasal verb
to tear or pull something to pieces:
He was ripped apart by savage beasts in the forest.
rip somebody/something ↔ off phrasal verb informal
1. to charge someone too much money for something SYN overcharge:
The agency really ripped us off.
2. to steal something:
Somebody had come in and ripped off the TV and stereo.
3. to take words, ideas etc from someone else’s work and use them in your own work as if they were your own ideas SYN plagiarize
⇨ ↑rip-off(2)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ tear to damage paper or cloth by pulling it too hard, or letting it touch something sharp: She unwrapped the present carefully, trying not to tear the paper. | I tore a hole in my jacket, climbing over the fence.
▪ rip to tear something quickly or violently: Beth excitedly ripped open the package. | Stop pulling my dress! You’ll rip it!
▪ split to tear your trousers or shirt when you put them on, because they are too tight for you: He bent down and split his trousers. | Oh no, now I’ve split my shirt.
▪ ladder British English if a woman ladders her ↑tights or STOCKINGS, she tears them so that a long thin line appears in them: Damn! I’ve laddered my tights!
▪ snag to catch a piece of clothing on something rough or sharp so that it tears slightly: I snagged my shirt on a nail.
▪ shred to deliberately destroy letters, documents etc by cutting them into thin pieces, often by using a special machine: In order to prevent fraud, it’s best to shred your bank statements. | I went through all my papers shredding things I didn’t need.
▪ frayed torn a little along the edges – used about clothes, carpets etc that have been used a lot: He was wearing an old pair of frayed jeans. | The rug was a little frayed around the edges. | The jacket was a little frayed at the cuffs.
rip on somebody/something phrasal verb American English informal
to complain a lot about someone or something
rip through something phrasal verb
to move through a place quickly and with violent force:
A wave of bombings ripped through the capital’s business district.
rip something ↔ up phrasal verb
to tear something into pieces:
Sue ripped his photo up into tiny bits.

mourning

mourn‧ing /ˈmɔːnɪŋ $ ˈmɔːr-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
1. great sadness because someone has died:
The Armenian authorities declared May 29 a national day of mourning.
in mourning (=feeling great sadness)
It was the custom to visit those in mourning and sit quietly with them.
2. black clothes worn to show that you are very sad that someone has died:
She was recently widowed and wearing mourning.

II. comment² S3 W3 AC BrE AmE verb [intransitive and transitive]
[Word Family: noun: ↑comment, ↑commentary; verb: ↑comment]
to express an opinion about someone or something SYN remark
comment on
People were always commenting on his size.
comment that
Smith’s lawyer commented that the decision was ‘outrageous’.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ to say something
▪ say to tell someone something, using words: ‘I really ought to go,’ she said. | Lauren said she’d probably be late.
▪ state to say something, especially in a definite or formal way – used in official contexts: The witness stated that he had never seen the woman before. | Please state your name and address.
▪ announce to publicly tell people about something: The chairman announced his resignation. | The results will be announced tomorrow. | We will announce the winners next Sunday. | They were announcing the train times over the loudspeaker system.
▪ declare to say something very firmly: ‘My personal life is none of your business,’ she declared.
▪ mention to talk about someone or something, especially without giving many details: Did Tom mention anything about what happened at school? | Your name was mentioned!
▪ express to let someone know your feelings by putting them into words: Young children often find it difficult to express their emotions.
▪ comment to say what your opinion is about someone or something: The prime minister was asked to comment on the crisis.
▪ note/remark formal to say that you have noticed that something is true – used especially in formal writing: We have already noted that most old people live alone. | Someone once remarked that the problem with computers is that they only give you answers.
▪ add to say something more, after what has already been said: He added that he thought it could be done fairly cheaply.
▪ point out to mention something that seems particularly important or relevant: Dr Graham points out that most children show some signs of abnormal behaviour. | It’s worth pointing out that few people actually die of this disease.
▪ air to talk about your opinions, worries, or the things you disagree about: air your views/grievances/differences: The programme will give listeners the chance to air their views about immigration. | Workers were able to air their grievances.
▪ voice to talk publicly about your feelings or about whether you approve or disapprove of something formal: voice concern/support/doubt/fears etc: The president has already voiced his support for the proposal. | She voiced concern for the safety of the hostages.

II. nap² BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle napped, present participle napping) [intransitive]
[Language: Old English; Origin: hnappian]
1. be caught napping informal to not be ready to deal with something when it happens, although you should be ready for it:
The German team were caught napping and Lampard scored the winning goal.
2. to sleep for a short time during the day

enthusiasm

en‧thu‧si‧as‧m W3 /ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm $ ɪnˈθuː-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: ↑enthusiasm, ↑enthusiast; verb: ↑enthuse; adverb: ↑enthusiastically ≠ UNENTHUSIASTICALLY; adjective: ↑enthusiastic ≠ UNENTHUSIASTIC]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: enthousiasmos, from entheos 'filled (by a god) with sudden strong abilities', from theos 'god']
1. [uncountable] a strong feeling of interest and enjoyment about something and an eagerness to be involved in it:
Gillian and Darren greeted the speakers with great enthusiasm.
We went along to the local diving club, full of enthusiasm.
They go about their tasks with little enthusiasm.
enthusiasm for
Britain’s apparent lack of enthusiasm for such a scheme
Employers showed little enthusiasm for the new regulations.
He shares your enthusiasm for jazz.
I left university fired with enthusiasm for work.
A delay of two hours did not dampen their enthusiasm.
2. [countable] formal an activity or subject that someone is very interested in

COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ have enthusiasm He never had much enthusiasm for work.
▪ show enthusiasm The younger children showed little enthusiasm for the game.
▪ lose (your) enthusiasm The diet started well, but I lost enthusiasm after a while.
▪ arouse/generate enthusiasm formal (=make people feel enthusiastic) The changes to the timetable failed to arouse enthusiasm amongst the staff.
▪ dampen sb’s enthusiasm (=cause people to be unenthusiastic) The rain had dampened our enthusiasm.
▪ share sb’s enthusiasm I’m afraid I don’t share my husband’s enthusiasm for camping.
▪ fire sb’s enthusiasm (=make someone feel very enthusiastic) At high school, Mr Jones really fired my enthusiasm for history.
■ adjectives
▪ infectious (=spreading from one person to another) Her enthusiasm was infectious.
▪ great/much/considerable enthusiasm There was considerable enthusiasm for the idea of a party.
▪ enormous/tremendous enthusiasm He always plays with tremendous enthusiasm.
▪ genuine/real enthusiasm She talked about the project with genuine enthusiasm.
▪ boundless/unbounded enthusiasm formal (=very great) I’d like to thank the design team for their boundless enthusiasm.
▪ little enthusiasm (=not much enthusiasm) In the nearby villages, there’s little enthusiasm for the airport.
▪ initial enthusiasm (=happening at the beginning, but not lasting) After a few months, their initial enthusiasm had started to wane.
▪ renewed enthusiasm (=starting again, with increased energy or interest) After lunch, she went about the task with renewed enthusiasm.
▪ youthful enthusiasm (=enthusiasm that is typical of young people) The team has just the right mix of youthful enthusiasm and experience.
■ phrases
▪ with/without enthusiasm The proposal has been greeted with enthusiasm by both parties.
▪ (be) full of enthusiasm (=very enthusiastic) He entered politics full of enthusiasm, but that gradually disappeared.
▪ be brimming/bursting/bubbling with enthusiasm (=be very excited and enthusiastic) Andrea’s voice was brimming with enthusiasm when she told John her plans.
▪ be fired (up) with enthusiasm (=be very enthusiastic and keen to do something) She came back from the course fired up with enthusiasm.
▪ a wave/burst/surge of enthusiasm (=a sudden feeling of enthusiasm) The new year began with a fresh wave of enthusiasm.
▪ a lack of enthusiasm My lack of enthusiasm for his suggestion made him angry.

II. up‧load² /ˈʌpləʊd $ -loʊd/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
information, computer programs etc that have been uploaded, or the process of uploading them OPP download:
tips on handling file uploads

THESAURUS
■ Actions when using a computer
▪ start up/boot up to make a computer start working: I’m having problems starting up my computer.
▪ log on/in to start using a computer system by typing your name and password: He logged on and read his emails.
▪ click on something to press a button on a computer mouse to choose a program, file etc from the screen: When you click on the link, it sends you to the company’s website.
▪ install to add new software to a computer so that the software is ready to be used: All users should install anti-virus software.
▪ download to move information, pictures, or music from the Internet onto your computer: You can download MP3 files.
▪ upload to move information, pictures, or music from your computer to a different computer across the Internet: Sites such as YouTube allow you to upload your own videos.
▪ open to make a file or program ready to use: Open a new file and type in the information.
▪ scroll up/down to move information on a computer screen up or down so that you can read it: Scroll down to read the questions and answers.
▪ enter to type information into a computer: The program requires you to enter a password.
▪ delete to remove information from a computer: I’ve deleted his email. | When you delete a file, it first gets moved to the recycle bin.
▪ cut and paste to remove information from one place and put it in another place: Tutors are looking out for students who cut and paste their essays from the Internet.
▪ save to make a computer keep the work that you have done on it: Make sure you save any work you do before you shut the computer down.
▪ close to stop having a file or program ready to use: To close the window, click on the ‘X’ in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
▪ log off/out to stop using a computer system by giving it particular instructions: I get an error message when I log off.
▪ shut down to make a computer stop working: Employees should shut their computers down at the end of each day.
▪ restart/reboot to make a computer start working again: Wait a few minutes before rebooting your computer.

fade

fade /feɪd/ BrE AmE verb
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: fader, from Latin fatuus; ⇨ ↑fatuous]
1. [intransitive] (also fade away) to gradually disappear:
Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to fade.
Over the years her beauty had faded a little.
2. [intransitive and transitive] to lose colour and brightness, or to make something do this:
the fading evening light
a pair of faded jeans
The sun had faded the curtains.
3. [intransitive] (also fade away) to become weaker physically, especially so that you become very ill or die
4. [intransitive] if a team fades, it stops playing as well as it did before
5. fade into insignificance to seem unimportant:
Our problems fade into insignificance when compared with those of the people here.
fade in phrasal verb
to appear slowly or become louder, or to make a picture or sound do this
fade something ↔ in
Additional background sound is faded in at the beginning of the shot.
—ˈfade-in noun [countable]
fade out phrasal verb
to disappear slowly or become quieter, or to make a picture or sound do this
fade something ↔ out
He slid a control to fade out the music.
—ˈfade-out noun [countable]

pretend

I. pre‧tend¹ S2 W3 /prɪˈtend/ BrE AmE verb
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: praetendere 'to stretch out in front, make an excuse', from tendere 'to stretch']
1. [intransitive and transitive] to behave as if something is true when in fact you know it is not, in order to deceive people or for fun
pretend (that)
We can’t go on pretending that everything is OK.
Let’s pretend we’re on the moon.
pretend to do something
She pretended not to notice.
He’s not asleep – he’s just pretending.
To pretend ignorance of the situation would be irresponsible.
I can’t marry her and to pretend otherwise would be wrong.
2. [transitive usually in negatives] to claim that something is true, when it is not
pretend (that)
I can’t pretend I understand these technical terms (=I admit I do not understand them).
pretend to do/be something
The book doesn’t pretend to be for beginners.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ pretend /prɪˈtend/ to deliberately behave as though something is true when it is not, either for fun or to deceive someone: Mark closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep. | She shouted but he pretended that he hadn’t heard her.
▪ act to behave in a particular way – often used when saying that someone is pretending that something is true, when it is not: Paul acted as if nothing was wrong. | She always acts like she’s pleased to see me, but I’m sure she’s not. | He enjoyed acting the fool (=pretending to be stupid) and couldn’t care less about his studies. | The boy acted all innocent and said that he knew nothing about the money. | I tried to act the good housewife when I got married.
▪ make out something informal to pretend that something is true, in order to avoid doing something or to deceive someone: I didn’t want to go, so I made out I was busy. | She always makes out that she doesn’t have any money.
▪ be putting it on informal to be pretending to be ill, hurt etc, especially in order to avoid doing something, or to make other people feel sympathy for you: She’s not really upset, she’s just putting it on.
▪ feign interest/surprise/ignorance/illness etc formal to pretend that you are interested, surprised etc: ‘Oh really!’ he said, trying to feign interest. | Sometimes it’s best just to feign ignorance (=pretend that you do not know).
▪ keep up appearances to pretend that your life is happy and successful, especially when you have suffered some kind of trouble or loss: Although we were poor, our family always tried to keep up appearances. | She did her best to keep up appearances after her husband left her.
■ to pretend to be someone or something
▪ impersonate to copy the way that a famous person speaks and behaves, in order to entertain people, or to pretend to have an official job, in order to trick people: He’s brilliant at impersonating the President. | It’s illegal to impersonate a police officer.
▪ pose as somebody to pretend to be someone else, especially someone in an official position, so that it is easier for you to do something bad or illegal: He posed as a doctor to gain access to the hospital. | There have been cases of thieves posing as telephone engineers.
▪ masquerade as somebody/something disapproving to pretend to be someone or something else – used especially when saying that someone or something is not who they claim to be: Their advertisements are always full of people in white coats masquerading as scientists. | It’s not real news – it’s government propaganda masquerading as news.