B1 (متوسط)

live

I.   verb

I. live1 S1 W1 /lɪv/ verb
  [Word Family: verb: live, outlive, relive, liven, up; adjective: live, lively, living, liveable; noun: liveliness, living, livelihood; adverb: live]
 [Language: Old English; Origin: libban]
 1. IN A PLACE/HOME  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] if you live in a place, you have your home there
  live in/at/near etc
   • They lived in Holland for ten years.
   • He lives just across the street from me.
   • We live only a few miles from the coast.
   • A rather odd family came to live next door to us.
   • As soon as I saw the place, I knew I didn’t want to live there.
   • Does Paul still live here?
   • We’re still looking for somewhere to live.
   • They’ve finally found a place to live.
  live with
   • My grandmother came to live with us when I was ten.
   • Most seventeen-year-olds still live at home (=live with their parents).
   • I’m quite happy living alone.
   • The house has 3,600 square feet of living space (=the areas of a house you live in).
  live rough British English (=live outside because of having no home)
   • I ran away from home and lived rough for nine months.
 2. PLANT/ANIMAL  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] a plant or animal that lives in a particular place grows there or has its home there
  live in/on etc
   • These particular birds live on only one island in the Pacific.
 3. AT A PARTICULAR TIME  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] if you live at a particular time, you are alive then
  live before/in/at
   • He lived in the eighteenth century.
   • She lived at a time when women were not expected to work.
   • Gladstone lived during a period of great social change.
  the best/greatest etc that/who ever lived (=the best, greatest etc who has been alive at any time)
   • He’s probably the best journalist who ever lived.
 4. BE/STAY ALIVE  [intransitive] to be alive or be able to stay alive:
   • Without light, plants couldn’t live.
   • He is extremely ill and not expected to live.
   • The baby only lived a few hours.
   • People on average are living much longer than before.
   • I’ll never forget this for as long as I live.
  live to (be) 80/90 etc/live to the age of 80/90 etc
   • My grandmother lived to 85.
   • She lived to the age of 79.
  have two weeks/six months etc to live
   • He knows he’s only got a few months to live.
   • He did not live to see (=live long enough to see) the realization of his dream.
 5. WAY OF LIFE  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive] to have a particular type of life, or live in a particular way
  live in peace/poverty etc
   • The people in this country just want to live in peace.
   • People should not live in fear of crime.
   • We live in hope that a cure will be found.
  live peacefully/quietly/happily etc
   • The two communities live peacefully alongside each other.
   • She thought that she would get married and live happily ever after (=like in a children’s story).
   • Some people like to live dangerously.
   • Most elderly people prefer to live independently if they can.
   • They earn enough money to live well (=have plenty of food, clothes etc).
   • I just want to live my life in my own way.
   • He’s not well enough to live a normal life.
  live a quiet/active/healthy etc life
   • She lives a very busy life.
   • He had chosen to live the life of a monk.
   • She’s now in Hollywood living a life of luxury.
  live by
   • I have always tried to live by my faith (=according to my religion).
   • We struggle on, living from day to day (=trying to find enough money each day to buy food etc).
   • He was tired of living out of a suitcase (=spending a lot of time travelling).
 6. EARN A LIVING  [intransitive] the way that someone lives is the way that they earn money to buy food etc:
   • Fishing is the way their families have lived for generations.
  live by doing something
   • They live by hunting and killing deer.
 7. EXCITING LIFE  [intransitive] to have an exciting life:
   • She wanted to get out and live a little.
   • We’re beginning to live at last!
 8. IMAGINE SOMETHING  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to imagine that things are happening to you
  live in
   • He lives in a fantasy world.
  live through
   • She lived through her children’s lives.
   • You must stop living in the past (=imagining that things from the past are still happening).
 9. BE KEPT SOMEWHERE  [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] British English informal the place where something lives is the place where it is kept:
   • Where do these cups live?
   • Those big dishes live in the cupboard next to the fridge.
 10. STILL EXIST/HAVE INFLUENCE  [intransitive] if an idea lives, it continues to exist and influence people:
   • Democracy still lives!
   • His name will live forever.
   • That day will always live in my memory.
 11. living quarters the part of a building where people live, especially a building that is used by many people or is used for several different purposes:
   • the White House living quarters
 12. living expenses the money you need to spend in order to live, for example on food or a house:
   • His tuition is paid, but he’ll work to cover his living expenses.
 13. living arrangements the way someone organizes how and where they will live:
   • Her mother disapproved of the living arrangements, saying that two girls living with four boys was bound to cause problems.
 14. live it up informal to do things that you enjoy and spend a lot of money:
   • Sam was living it up in London.
 15. live by your wits to get money by being clever or dishonest, and not by doing an ordinary job
 16. live a lie to pretend all the time that you feel or believe something when actually you do not feel that way:
   • I knew that I could not continue to live a lie.
 17. be living on borrowed time to be still alive after the time that you were expected to die:
   • She’s been living on borrowed time for the last year.
 18. live in sin old-fashioned if people live in sin, they live together and have a sexual relationship without being married ⇨ live together
 19. live and breathe something to enjoy doing something so much that you spend most of your time on it:
   • Politics is the stuff I live and breathe.
 20. you live and learn spoken used to say that you have just learned something that you did not know before
 21. live and let live used to say that you should accept other people’s behaviour, even if it seems strange
 22. you haven’t lived (if/until ...) spoken used to say that someone’s life will be boring if they do not do a particular exciting thing:
   • You haven’t lived until you’ve tasted champagne.
 23. somebody will live to regret it used to say that someone will wish that they had not done something:
   • If you marry him, you’ll live to regret it.
 24. live to see/fight another day to continue to live or work after a failure or after you have dealt with a difficult situation:
   • Hopefully, the company will live to fight another day.
 25. live life to the full to enjoy doing a lot of different things:
   • She believes in living life to the full.
 26. live high on the hog used to say that someone has a nice life because they have a lot of money and buy expensive things – often used to show disapproval
 27. live from hand to mouth to have only just enough money to buy food:
   • We lived from hand to mouth, never knowing where the next meal was coming from.
 28. long live the King/Queen! etc spoken used as an expression of loyal support for a person
 29. long live democracy/freedom etc used to say that you hope something continues to exist for a long time:
   • Long live free education!
   

THESAURUS

   ▪ live to have your home somewhere: • He lives with his parents. | • Where do you live? | • Do you like living in Tokyo? | • Jo lives next to a busy road. | • Judy lives in that nice house on the corner. | • How do you like living in the city again after so many years away from it? | • In 1905 Russell was living at 4 Ralston Street.
   ▪ be from/come from use this when talking about the country, city, or area where you usually live: • My name’s Sharon and I’m from Harlow. | • The man is believed to be from somewhere in the north of England. | • ‘Where are you from?’ ‘I’m from Japan.’ | • The winner came from Australia.
   ▪ inhabit if a group of people or animals inhabit an area, they live there. Used especially in written descriptions: • The island is mainly inhabited by sheep. | • Some tribes still inhabit the more remote mountains and jungles of the country.
   ▪ reside formal to live in a particular country, city etc: • She now resides in the US. | • Miss Badu grew up in Dallas but now resides in Brooklyn. | • At that time there were many American writers residing in Paris. | • Miss Tonelli, how exactly did you come to reside at your current address? | • The government bureau has prepared a booklet for US citizens residing abroad.
   ▪ grow up to live somewhere when you are a child or teenager: • This is the neighborhood where my father grew up. | • I grew up on a farm in South Africa.
 live something ↔ down phrasal verb
   if someone does not live something down, people never forget about it and never stop laughing at them for it:
   • She’ll never live that down!
 live for something phrasal verb
   if you live for something, it is the thing that you enjoy or hope for most in your life:
   • He lived for his art.
   • She had nothing left to live for.
   • She lives for the day when she can have a house of her own.
 live in phrasal verb British English
   if someone lives in, they live in the place where they work ⇨ live-in:
   • Sometimes it can be easier if you have a nanny who lives in.
 live off somebody/something phrasal verb
   to get your income or food from a supply of money or from another person:
   • Mom used to live off the interest from her savings.
   • Dad lost his job and we had to live off welfare.
   • Most people in the countryside live off the land (=live by growing or finding their own food).
 live on phrasal verb
  1. if something lives on, it continues to exist:
   • Alice’s memory will live on.
  2. live on something to have a particular amount of money to buy food and other necessary things:
   • I don’t know how they manage to live on £55 a week.
   • the number of families who live on benefits
  3. live on something to eat a lot of a particular type of food:
   • They live on bread and potatoes.
   • He practically lives on fish and chips!
 live out phrasal verb
  1. British English if someone lives out, they do not live in the place where they work:
   • Most home helps prefer to live out.
  2. live out something to experience or do something that you have planned or hoped for SYN fulfil, realize:
   • The money enabled them to live out their dreams.
  3. live out your life to continue to live in a particular way or place until you die:
   • He lived out his life in solitude.
 live through something phrasal verb
   to experience difficult or dangerous conditions SYN endure:
   • the generation that lived through the Second World War
   • It was hard to describe the nightmare she had lived through.
 live together phrasal verb
   if people live together, they live in the same house and have a sexual relationship but are not married ⇨ live with:
   • They lived together for two years before they got married.
 live up to something phrasal verb
   if something or someone lives up to a particular standard or promise, they do as well as they were expected to, do what they promised etc:
   • The bank is insolvent and will be unable to live up to its obligations.
   • The film has certainly lived up to my expectations.
 live with somebody/something phrasal verb
  1. to accept a difficult situation that is likely to continue for a long time SYN put up with, tolerate:
   • You have to learn to live with stress.
   • He has lived with his illness for most of his life.
  2. to live in the same house as someone and have a sexual relationship with them without being married ⇨ live together:
   • She’s living with her boyfriend now.
  3. if something lives with you, it stays in your mind:
   • That episode has lived with me all my life.

charity

char‧i‧ty S3 W3 /ˈtʃærəti, ˈtʃærɪti/ noun (plural charities)
 [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: charité, from Late Latin caritas 'Christian love', from Latin carus 'dear']
 1. [countable] an organization that gives money, goods, or help to people who are poor, sick etc ⇨ charitable:
   • Several charities sent aid to the flood victims.
  charity event/walk/concert etc (=an event organized to collect money for a charity)
 2. [uncountable] charity organizations in general:
   • All the money raised by the concert will go to charity.
  for charity
   • The children raised over £200 for charity.
 3. [uncountable] money or gifts given to help people who are poor, sick etc:
   • refugees living on charity
   • Her pride wouldn’t allow her to accept charity.
 4. [uncountable] formal kindness or sympathy that you show towards other people:
   • Mother Teresa’s works of charity
   • Newspaper reports showed him little charity.
 5. charity begins at home a phrase meaning that you should take care of your own family, country etc before you help other people
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS(for Meanings 1 & 2)■ verbs

   ▪ give something to charity • I like to give a small amount of what I earn to charity.
   ▪ donate something to charity (=give something to charity) • She sold all her jewellery and donated the money to charity.
   ▪ go to charity • Any profit that she makes from her writing goes to charity.
   ▪ raise money/funds for charity • A huge amount is raised for charity by the festival.
   ▪ support a charity (=give money to one) • Do you support any charities?

■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + charity

   ▪ a local charity (=one that operates near the place where you live) • All the money raised goes to local charities.
   ▪ an international charity (=one that operates all over the world) • The Red Cross is a well-known international charity.
   ▪ a national charity (=one that operates throughout a country) • Help the Aged is a national charity representing older people.
   ▪ a cancer charity (=one that raises money to treat or cure cancer) • The event raised thousands of pounds for a cancer charity.

■ charity + NOUN

   ▪ a charity shop (=one that gives the money it makes to a charity) • Give your old clothes to a charity shop.
   ▪ a charity event (=one organized to collect money for a charity) • She spoke at a charity event in aid of famine relief.
   ▪ a charity match/concert/show etc • The band appeared at a charity concert for free.
   ▪ a charity worker (=someone who works for a charity, often without pay) • Charity workers say these reforms will not help the poor.
   ▪ a charity appeal (=an act of asking people to give money to a charity) • The organization is launching a charity appeal for a new air ambulance.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ organization a group of people, companies, or countries, which is set up for a particular purpose: • Greenpeace is an international organization that protects the environment. | • the World Health Organization
   ▪ institution a large important organization such as a bank, church, or university: • The University is an important academic institution. | • financial institutions such as banks
   ▪ association an organization for people in a particular profession, sport, or activity, which officially represents its members – often used in names: • I met a representative of the National Association of Teachers. | • the Football Association
   ▪ party an organization of people with the same political aims which you can vote for in elections: • Which political party do you support? | • He voted for the Republican Party’s candidate.
   ▪ body an important group of people who make the rules and advise people about what should be allowed: • the sport’s governing body | • The government has set up an advisory body.
   ▪ club/society an organization for people who share an interest, for example a sport: • We belong to a tennis club. | • I joined the university film society.
   ▪ union an organization formed by workers in order to protect their rights: • The union ordered its members out on strike.
   ▪ charity an organization which collects money to help people who are poor, sick etc and does not make any profit for itself: • She has raised a lot of money for local charities.
   ▪ quango British English disapproving an organization set up by the government, which has official power but whose members have not been elected: • the amount of money that is wasted on government quangos

architecture

ar‧chi‧tec‧ture S3 W3 /ˈɑːkətektʃə, ˈɑːkɪtektʃə $ ˈɑːrkətektʃər/ noun
 1. [uncountable] the style and design of a building or buildings
  architecture of
   • the architecture of Venice
  modern/classical/medieval etc architecture
 2. [uncountable] the art and practice of planning and designing buildings:
   • He studied architecture at university.
 3. [uncountable] the structure of something:
   • the architecture of DNA
 4. [uncountable and countable] technical the structure of a computer system and the way it works
 —architectural /ˌɑːkəˈtektʃərəl◂, ˌɑːkɪˈtektʃərəl◂ $ ˌɑːr-/ adjective:
   • architectural features
 —architecturally adverb:
   • Architecturally, Chengdu is quite different from most of China.

engineering

en‧gi‧neer‧ing S3 W3 /ˌendʒəˈnɪərɪŋ, ˌendʒɪˈnɪərɪŋ $ -ˈnɪr-/ noun [uncountable]
  the work involved in designing and building roads, bridges, machines etc
  ⇨ civil engineering, genetic engineering

education

ed‧u‧ca‧tion S1 W1 /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃən $ ˌedʒə-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: noun: education, educationalist, educationist, educator; adjective: educated ≠ uneducated, educational, educable ≠ ineducable, educative; verb: educate; adverb: educationally]
1. [singular, uncountable] the process of teaching and learning, usually at school, college, or university:
She also hopes her children will get a good education.
efforts to improve girls’ access to education ⇨ formal education at formal1(6)
2. [uncountable] the teaching of a particular subject
health/sex education
3. [uncountable] the institutions and people involved with teaching:
the local education authority
4. [singular] an interesting experience which has taught you something – often used humorously:
Having Jimmy to stay has been quite an education!
⇨ adult education, further education, higher education
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + education
▪ a good education All parents want a good education for their children.
▪ a poor education (=not very good) She had a poor education, and left school without qualifications.
▪ an all-round education (=including a balance of lots of different subjects) The school offers a good all-round education.
▪ full-time education (=spending every weekday in a school or college) Children must stay in full-time education until the age of 16.
▪ state education British English, public education American English (=provided by the government of a country) The state of California guarantees free public education to all children.
▪ private education (=that people have to pay for) I don't agree with the principle of private education.
▪ formal education (=from teachers at school or college, rather than learning by yourself) She had no formal education and was brought up by her grandmother.
▪ primary (school) education British English, elementary education American English (=for children aged between 5 and 11) The government has announced plans to improve the quality of primary school education.
▪ secondary education (also high school education American English) (=for children aged between 11 and 18) She hopes to start a teaching career in secondary education.
▪ university/college education Do you have a university education?
▪ further/higher education (=at a college or university) I did a carpentry course at the further education college.
▪ adult education (=for adults) They run adult education classes at the local community college.
▪ vocational education (=relating to skills needed for a particular job) We offer vocational education and job training.
▪ nursery/pre-school education (=for children aged under 5) The funding will provide nursery education for all four-year-olds.
■ verbs
▪ have an education The women have had little education.
▪ get/receive an education Some children grow up without receiving any education.
▪ give/provide an education The school aims to provide a good general education.
▪ enter education (=start going to school, college etc) The number of students entering higher education has risen.
▪ leave education British English (=stop going to school, college etc) She left full-time education at the age of 16.
▪ continue your education I hope to continue my education after high school.
■ education + NOUN
▪ the education system (=the way education is organized and managed in a country) Is the British education system failing some children?
▪ the education department (=the government organization that makes decisions about education) Newcastle City Council’s education department
▪ an education authority (=a government organization that makes official decisions about education in one particular area) The school is funded by the local education authority.
▪ the education service (=all the government organizations that work together to provide education) There are plans to expand the adult education service.
▪ education policy (=political plans for managing an education system) The teaching unions are calling for the government to review its education policy.
▪ education reform (=changes that a government makes to the education system in a country) the government’s programme of education reform
 

medicine

medi‧cine S2 W3 /ˈmedsən $ ˈmedəsən/ noun
  [Word Family: noun: medical, medication, medicine, medic; adjective: medical, medicated, medicinal; adverb: medically, medicinally]
 [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin medicina, from medicus; ⇨ medical]
 1. [uncountable and countable] a substance used for treating illness, especially a liquid you drink:
   • Medicines should be kept out of the reach of children.
   • Have you been taking your medicine?
   • a medicine bottle
  medicine chest/cabinet (=for keeping medicine in)
   ► Do not say that you ‘drink medicine’. Say that you take medicine.
 2. [uncountable] the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries:
   • She studied medicine at Johns Hopkins University.
   • the remarkable achievements of modern medicine
 3. the best medicine the best way of making you feel better when you are sad:
   • Laughter is the best medicine.
 4. give somebody a dose/taste of their own medicine to treat someone as badly as they have treated you
 5. take your medicine (like a man) to accept an unpleasant situation or a punishment that you deserve, without complaining
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS(for Meaning 2)■ adjectives

   ▪ modern medicine (=medicine based on science) • Thanks to modern medicine, these babies will survive.
   ▪ conventional/orthodox medicine (=ordinary modern medicine) • Some sufferers reject conventional medicine.
   ▪ Western medicine (=conventional medicine as developed in Western countries) • the scientific basis of Western medicine
   ▪ traditional medicine (=medical treatments that were used before modern medicine) • The plant was used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach problems.
   ▪ alternative/complementary medicine (=medical treatments that are not part of modern medicine) • Various types of alternative medicine, particularly acupuncture, can give pain relief.
   ▪ herbal medicine (=medical treatments that use herbs) • In ancient China, herbal medicine was often used with acupuncture.
   ▪ holistic medicine (=medical treatment of a whole person, not just a particular illness) • One principle of holistic medicine is that each person is unique.
   ▪ folk medicine (=medical treatments that were used by ordinary people, especially in the past) • Researchers are looking at plants that are commonly used in folk medicine.
   ▪ Chinese medicine (=medical treatments that are traditional in China, for example using herbs and acupuncture) • Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine.
   ▪ geriatric/veterinary/tropical etc medicine (=medical study relating to specific groups or types of illness) • Advances have been made in veterinary medicine, so that our pets are living longer, healthier lives.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ medicine noun [uncountable and countable] a substance used for treating illness: • Certain medicines should not be taken with alcohol. | • Has he taken his medicine?
   ▪ pill noun [countable] a small piece of medicine that you swallow: • She managed to swallow the pill with a sip of water. | • The doctor gave him some pills. | • sleeping pills | • diet pills | • contraceptive pills
   ▪ tablet noun [countable] especially British English a small piece of solid medicine: • She's now on four tablets a day. | • a five-day course of tablets | • sleeping tablets | • anti-malaria tablets
   ▪ antibiotics/aspirin/codeine etc: • The doctor put him on a course of antibiotics. | • Why don’t you take some aspirin? | • The tablets contain codeine, which is unsuitable for people with asthma.
   ▪ capsule noun [countable] a small tube-shaped container with medicine inside that you swallow whole: • a bottle of 500 capsules of vitamin C | • I advised her to take four to six garlic capsules a day for the duration of the treatment.
   ▪ caplet noun [countable] a small smooth pill that is slightly longer than it is wide - used especially on bottles and containers: • In small type, the consumer is warned not to take more than one caplet per day.
   ▪ eye/ear drops liquid medicine that you put into your eye or ear: • Remember — if you 're using eye drops for your hay fever, leave your contact lenses out.
   ▪ cream noun [uncountable and countable] especially British English (also lotion especially American English) a thick smooth substance containing medicine, that you put on your skin: • an antibiotic cream | • antiseptic cream | • skin cream
   ▪ drug noun [countable] a medicine or a substance for making medicines: • a drug used to treat malaria | • There are a wide range of different drugs on the market.
   ▪ dosage noun [countable usually singular] the amount of medicine that you should take at one time: • The dosage should be reduced to 0.5 mg. | • It’s important to get the dosage right.
   ▪ medication noun [uncountable and countable] medicine or drugs given to someone who is ill: • He takes medication for his diabetes. | • She’s on medication (=taking medication), having suffered from depression for a number of years.