A2 (مبتدی)

violin

vio·lin[violinviolins] [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn] [ˌvaɪəˈlɪn]noun
 

a musical instrument with strings, that you hold under your chin and play with a bow

• Brahms' violin concerto

compare  viola 

see also  fiddle 

Word Origin:

late 16th cent.: from Italian violino, diminutive of viola (see viola).

Example Bank:

• Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin

• The cello is a member of the violin family.

mail

mail [mail mails mailed mailing] noun, verb   [meɪl]    [meɪl]

noun uncountable
1. (BrE also post) the official system used for sending and delivering letters, packages, etc
• a mail service/train/van
• the Royal Mail
• Your cheque is in the mail.
• We do our business by mail.

see also  airmail, snail mail, voicemail

2. (BrE also post) letters, packages, etc. that are sent and delivered
• There isn't much mail today.
• I sat down to open the mail.
• Is there a letter from them in the mail?
• hate mail (= letters containing insults and threats)

see also  junk mail, surface mail

3. messages that are sent or received on a computer
• Check regularly for new mail.

see also  electronic mail, email

4. used in the title of some newspapers

• the Mail on Sunday

5. =  chain mail
• a coat of mail  
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the sense ‘travelling bag’): from Old French male ‘wallet’, of West Germanic origin. The sense “by post” dates from the mid 17th cent.  
Culture:
postal services
Most letters and packages posted in Britain are dealt with by the Royal Mail, which is part of the Royal Mail Group Ltd, together with Parcelforce, which delivers larger packages, and the Post Office, which manages the country’s many post offices. As well as selling stamps, post offices take in letters and packages that are to be sent by special delivery. Post offices also sell vehicle licences and often greetings cards and stationery. In villages they are often combined with a newsagent’s and general store. In recent years, many smaller post offices have been closed because they do not make a profit, though this often led to protests from local people.
Mail (= letters, bills, etc.) is often called post in British English. When sending a letter, people can choose between two levels of service, first class or the cheaper second class. Normally, first-class mail is delivered the day after it is posted and second-class mail within two or three days. Every address in Britain includes a postcode of letters and numbers, for example OX1 2PX for an address in Oxford, that makes it possible to sort the post by machine. Letters are posted in red postboxes, also called letter boxes. Each has a sign giving times of collections. Postmen and women deliver mail each morning direct to homes and businesses. They put the mail through a flap in the door, which is also called a letter box. In the country they travel round in red vans, but in towns and villages they often ride bicycles.
The system that deals with mail in the US, the US Postal Service (USPS), is an independent part of the government. Its head is the Postmaster General. Mail carriers, sometimes called mailmen though many are women, deliver mail to homes and businesses once a day. Most homes have mailboxes fixed outside, near the door. It is very uncommon for a house to have a letter box in the door for letters. People whose houses are a long way from the road have a special rural mailbox by the road. This has a flag which the mail carrier raises so that the people in the house can see when they have mail. To mail (= send) a letter, people leave it on top of their own mailbox or put it in one of the many blue mailboxes in cities and towns. Every address in the US includes an abbreviation for the name of the state and a ZIP code, which is used to help sort the mail. Post offices sell stamps and deal with mail that has to be insured. Most cities have one post office which stays open late. Americans complain about the Postal Service, but it usually does an efficient job at a reasonable price.
In the US only Postal Service can deliver mail to letter boxes and the Service has a monopoly on first-class mail that is not urgent.In Britain the post office lost its monopoly on delivery of post in 2006. In both countries there are many companies who provide courier and messenger services for urgent mail. The largest of these include FedEx and DHL. In Britain private companies may also deliver mail to letter boxes. 
Thesaurus:
mail noun U
• There isn't any mail for you today.
letter • • email • • message • • note • • memo • • fax • • text • |BrE post • |formal correspondence • • communication • • memorandum •
(a/an) mail/letter/email/message/note/memo/fax/text/post/correspondence/communication/memorandum from/to sb
(a) personal/private mail/letter/email/message/note/correspondence/communication
send/receive (a/an) mail/letter/email/message/note/memo/fax/text/post/correspondence/communication/memorandum 
British/American:
post / mail
Nouns
In BrE the official system used for sending and delivering letters, parcels/packages, etc. is usually called the post. In NAmE it is usually called the mail: ▪ I’ll put an application form in the post/mail for you today. ◊ ▪ Send your fee by post/mail to this address. Mail is sometimes used in BrE in such expressions as ▪ the Royal Mail. Post occurs in NAmE in such expressions as ▪ the US Postal Service.
In BrE post is also used to mean the letters, parcels/packages, etc. that are delivered to you. Mail is the usual word in NAmE and is sometimes also used in BrE: ▪ Was there any post/mail this morning? ◊ ▪ I sat down to open my post/mail. Verbs
Compare: ▪ I’ll post the letter when I go out. (BrE) and ▪ I’ll mail the letter when I go out. (NAmE)Compounds
Note these words: postman (BrE), mailman/mail carrier (both NAmE); postbox (BrE), mailbox (NAmE) Some compounds are used in both BrE and NAmE: post office, postcard, mail order. 
Example Bank:
• Has the mail come yet?
• He has received death threats and hate mail from angry fans.
• I throw away junk mail without reading it.
• I throw junk mail straight in the bin without reading it.
• If we want to send something to another department, we use the internal mail.
• Is there anything interesting in the mail?
• My reply is in the mail.
• Send it by first-class mail.
• She checked her mail before leaving the hotel.
• Some people let their assistants handle the mail.
• The mail carrier didn't deliver the mail on Friday.
• The mail is collected twice a day.
• The postcode allows the mail to be sorted automatically.
• We got the Post Office to redirect our mail when we moved.
• We had our mail redirected when we moved out.
• direct mail advertising
• the strange piece of fan mail she'd received two days earlier
• Half a million tonnes of junk mail is generated every year in the UK.
• I sat down to open the mail.
• Is there a letter from them in the mail?
• She's received a lot of hate mail for speaking out about it.
• There isn't much mail today.
• You've got mail.

Derived: mail something out 

camping

camp·ing [camping]   [ˈkæmpɪŋ]    [ˈkæmpɪŋ]  noun uncountable

living in a tent, etc. on holiday/vacation

• Do you go camping?

• a camping trip

• camping equipment

Example Bank:

• We go camping every weekend.

camp

camp [camp camps camped camping camper campest] noun, verb, adjective   [kæmp]    [kæmp] 

noun 

IN TENTS

1. countable, uncountable a place where people live temporarily in tents or temporary buildings

• Let's return to camp.

• to pitch/make camp (= put up tents)

• to break camp (= to take down tents)

see also  holiday camp  

HOLIDAY/VACATION

2. countable, uncountable a place where young people go on holiday/vacation and take part in various activities or a particular activity

• a tennis camp

• He spent two weeks at camp this summer.

• summer camp

see also  fat camp  

PRISON, ETC.

3. countable (used in compounds) a place where people are kept in temporary buildings or tents, especially by a government and often for long periods

• a refugee camp

• a camp guard

see also  concentration camp, prison camp, transit camp  

ARMY

4. countable, uncountable a place where soldiers live while they are training or fighting

• an army camp  

GROUP OF PEOPLE

5. countable a group of people who have the same ideas about sth and oppose people with other ideas

• the socialist camp

• We were in opposing camps.

• People are split into two camps on this issue.

6. countable one of the sides in a competition and the people connected with it

• There was an air of confidence in the England camp.

see have/keep a foot in both camps at  foot  n.

Word Origin:

n. and v. early 16th cent. French camp champ Italian campo Latin campus ‘level ground’
adj. early 20th cent.

Example Bank:

• Militants raided an army camp.

• She spent five years in a labour camp.

• The children are spending a week at a summer camp.

• The kids were at basketball camp most of the summer.

• The mountaineers set up their base camp at the foot of the mountain.

• The region split into two armed camps.

• There are opportunities for children to attend summer camps.

• They established a base camp by the river.

• We broke camp early the next morning.

• We pitched camp just outside the woods.

• a politician who switches camp when it suits him

• concentration camp survivors

• people in both main political camps

• the appalling conditions in the refugee camps

• Concentration camps were first used during the Boer War.

• He spent the rest of the war in a prison camp.

• Nearly a year after the disaster, many people are still living in refugee camps.

• The scientists split into two camps over the validity of animal studies.

• They were repeatedly beaten by camp guards.

Derived: camp it up ▪ camp out 

born

born verb, adjective   [bɔːn]    [bɔːrn] 

verb be born (used only in the passive, without by)
1. (abbr. b.) to come out of your mother's body at the beginning of your life
• I was born in 1976.
• He was born in a small village in northern Spain.
• She was born with a weak heart.
• ~ into sth She was born into a very musical family.
• ~ of/to sb He was born of/to German parents.
• + adj. Her brother was born blind (= was blind when he was born).

• + noun John Wayne was born Marion Michael Morrison (= that was his name at birth).

2. (of an idea, an organization, a feeling, etc.) to start to exist
• the city where the protest movement was born

• ~ (out) of sth She acted with a courage born (out) of desperation.

3. -born (in compounds) born in the order, way, place, etc. mentioned
• firstborn
• nobly-born
• French-born
see also  newborn 
more at not know you are born at  know  v., to the manner born at  manner, be/be born/be made that/this way at  way  n.  
Word Origin:
Old English boren, past participle of beran ‘to bear’, of Germanic origin; from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit bharati, Greek pherein, and Latin ferre.  
Collocations:
The ages of life
Childhood/youth
be born and raised/bred in Oxford; into a wealthy/middle-class family
have a happy/an unhappy/a tough childhood
grow up in a musical family/an orphanage; on a farm
be/grow up an only child (= with no brothers or sisters)
reach/hit/enter/go through adolescence/puberty
be in your teens/early twenties/mid-twenties/late twenties
undergo/experience physical/psychological changes
give in to/succumb to/resist peer pressure
assert your independence/individuality
Adulthood
leave school/university/home
go out to work (at sixteen)
get/find a job/partner
be/get engaged/married
have/get a wife/husband/mortgage/steady job
settle down and have kids/children/a family
begin/start/launch/build a career (in politics/science/the music industry)
prove (to be)/represent/mark/reach a (major) turning point for sb/in your life/career
reach/be well into/settle into middle age
have/suffer/go through a midlife crisis
take/consider early retirement
approach/announce/enjoy your retirement
Old age
have/see/spend time with your grandchildren
take up/pursue/develop a hobby
get/receive/draw/collect/live on a pension
approach/save for/die from old age
live to a ripe old age
reach the grand old age of 102/23 (often ironic)
be/become/be getting/be going senile (often ironic)
die (peacefully)/pass away in your sleep/after a brief illness 
Example Bank:
• I was born and bred in Texas.
• She was born into a wealthy family.
• The part is played by an American-born actress.
• Their child was born with a serious medical problem.
• babies who are born to very young mothers
• to be born of noble parents

Idioms: born and bred ▪ born to be something ▪ born with a silver spoon in your mouth ▪ in all my born days ▪ not be born yesterday ▪ there's one born every minute 

adjective only before noun
having a natural ability or skill for a particular activity or job
• a born athlete/writer/leader
• a born loser (= a person who always loses or is unsuccessful)  
Word Origin:

[born] Old English boren, past participle of beran ‘to bear’, of Germanic origin; from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit bharati, Greek pherein, and Latin ferre.