A1 (پایه)

different

dif‧fe‧rent S1 W1 /ˈdɪfərənt/ BrE AmE adjective
[Word Family: verb: ↑differ, ↑differentiate; noun: ↑difference, ↑differentiation; adverb: ↑differently; adjective: ↑different]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: différer; ⇨ ↑differ]
1. not like something or someone else, or not like before OPP similar
different from
Our sons are very different from each other.
different to
Her jacket’s different to mine.
different than American English:
He seemed different than he did in New York.
The place looks completely different now.
They decided to try a radically different approach.
We found women had significantly different political views from men.
a slightly different way of doing things
What actually happened was subtly different from the PR people’s version.
The show is refreshingly different from most exhibitions of modern art.
The publishing business is no different from any other business in this respect.
It’s a different world here in London.
GRAMMAR
In spoken British English, different from and different to are both common. Different than is also used in American English and occasionally in British English, especially when it is followed by a clause:
▪ He looks no different than when he was 20. Teachers prefer different from, so from is the preposition to use in writing:
▪ Their homes are completely different from ours.

► Do not say 'different of'.
2. [only before noun] used to talk about two or more separate things of the same basic kind SYN various:
Different people reacted in different ways.
different types/kinds etc
There are many different types of fabric.
I looked in lots of different books but couldn’t find anything about it.
3. [only before noun] another:
I think she’s moved to a different job now.
4. spoken unusual, often in a way that you do not like:
‘What did you think of the film?’ ‘Well, it was certainly different.’
—differently adverb:
I didn’t expect to be treated any differently from anyone else.
Things could have turned out quite differently.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ different if something or someone is different, they are not like something or someone else, or they are not like they were before: You look different. Have you had your hair cut? | We’ve painted the door a different colour. | The cultures of the two countries are very different.
▪ unique very different, special, or unusual and the only one of its kind. Don’t use words such as very before unique: The book is certainly very rare, and possibly unique. | the unique wildlife of the Galapagos Islands
▪ distinctive having a special feature or appearance that makes something different from other things, and makes it easy to recognize: Male birds have distinctive blue and yellow markings.
▪ unlike [prep] completely different from a particular person or thing: In Britain, unlike the United States, the government provides health care.
▪ have nothing in common if two people have nothing in common, they do not have the same interests or opinions and therefore cannot form a friendly relationship: Apart from the fact that we went to the same school, we have absolutely nothing in common.
▪ there’s no/little resemblance used when saying that two people or things seem very different: There’s no resemblance between the two sisters at all. | The final product bore no resemblance to the original proposal (=it was very different).
▪ dissimilar formal not the same as something else: These four politically dissimilar states have all signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation.
▪ be like chalk and cheese British English informal if two people are like chalk and cheese, they are completely different: It’s hard to believe that they’re brothers – they’re like chalk and cheese!
▪ be (like) apples and oranges American English informal used when saying that two people or things are very different: You can't compare residential and commercial real estate markets. It's apples and oranges. | Obama and Romney are apples and oranges. | Comparing homemade soup to canned soup is really comparing apples and oranges.

tomorrow

I. to‧mor‧row¹ S1 W2 /təˈmɒrəʊ $ -ˈmɔːroʊ, -ˈmɑː-/ BrE AmE adverb
[Language: Old English; Origin: to morgen, from to 'to' + morgen 'morning']
on or during the day after today ⇨ yesterday, today:
Our class is going to London tomorrow.
a week from tomorrow (also a week tomorrow/tomorrow week )British English:
Terry’s new job starts a week tomorrow.
tomorrow morning/night etc
We’re meeting tomorrow evening.

person

per‧son S1 W1 /ˈpɜːsən $ ˈpɜːr-/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Word Family: noun: ↑person, ↑personality, ↑persona, ↑personage, the personals, ↑personification, ↑personnel; adjective: ↑personal ≠ ↑impersonal, ↑personalized, ↑personable; verb: ↑personalize, ↑personify; adverb: ↑personally ≠ ↑impersonally]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: persone, from Latin persona 'actor's mask, character in a play, person', probably from Etruscan phersu 'mask']
1. (plural people /ˈpiːpəl/) a human being, especially considered as someone with their own particular character:
He was a very nice person, always pleasant and friendly.
The only person who really said anything helpful was Jack.
kind/type/sort of person
David was not the sort of person who found it easy to talk about his feelings.
I like her as a person, but not as a boss.
I still know quite a lot of people in the village.
a group of young people
city/cat/night etc person (=someone who likes a particular kind of thing)
I’m not a morning person.
2. in person if you do something in person, you go somewhere and do it yourself, instead of doing something by letter, asking someone else to do it etc:
You have to sign for it in person.
3. businessperson/salesperson etc someone who works in business, who sells things etc ⇨ ↑chairperson, ↑spokesperson
4. (plural persons) formal or law someone who is not known or not named:
The police are appealing for any person who was in the area at this time to contact them.
murder by person or persons unknown
All 115 persons on board were killed.
5. on/about your person formal if you have something on or about your person, you have it in your pockets or attached to you:
Customs officers found a gun concealed about his person.
6. in the person of somebody formal used before the name of someone who you have just mentioned in a more general way:
I was met by the police in the person of Sergeant Black.
⇨ ↑first person, ↑missing person, ↑person-to-person, ↑second person, ↑third person
• • •
GRAMMAR
The plural of person is usually people:
▪ Sixty-four people (NOT persons) died in the fire.
Persons is also used, but only in formal notices, documents, and situations:
▪ All persons born in the United States are citizens of the United States.
People meaning 'more than one person' is already plural and cannot form a plural with 's':
▪ A lot of British people (NOT peoples) are employed by foreign firms.
People meaning 'race' or 'nation' is countable and you can add 's' to form a plural in the normal way:
▪ African peoples

enjoy

en‧joy S1 W1 /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ BrE AmE verb [transitive]
[Word Family: verb: ↑enjoy; noun: ↑enjoyment; adverb: ↑enjoyably; adjective: ↑enjoyable]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: enjoir, from Latin gaudere 'to show great happiness']
1. to get pleasure from something:
Sandra enjoys her job in the city.
I enjoyed every minute of it.
enjoy doing something
Young children enjoy helping around the house.
enjoy yourself (=be happy in a particular situation)
Julia was just starting to enjoy herself.
► Enjoy always has an object and is never followed by a preposition or an infinitive with ‘to’: Did you enjoy it (NOT Did you enjoy)? | I enjoyed my trip (NOT I enjoyed to/with my trip). | He enjoys playing football (NOT He enjoys to play football).
2. formal to have a particular ability or advantage:
These workers enjoy a high level of job security.
3. enjoy! spoken used to say that you hope someone gets pleasure from something you give them:
Here’s your steak – enjoy!

  sometimes

some‧times S1 W1 /ˈsʌmtaɪmz/ BrE AmE adverb
on some occasions but not always ⇨ occasionally:
I sometimes have to work late.
Sometimes, Grandma would tell us stories about her childhood in Italy.
‘Do you ever wish you were back in Japan?’ ‘Sometimes. Not very often.’
The journey takes an hour, sometimes even longer.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ sometimes on some occasions but not always: Sometimes, I wish I was still living in Tokyo. | He sometimes plays football with my brother.
▪ occasionally (also on occasion written) used about something that only happens a few times. Occasionally is used when something happens more rarely than sometimes: I prefer trousers but I do wear skirts occasionally. | Occasionally, operations have to be cancelled. | On occasion, prisoners were allowed visits from their families.
▪ (every) now and then/again (also from time to time) sometimes but not often or regularly: We still call each other every now and then. | Every now and again, an invention comes along which changes people's lives completely. | Even experienced doctors make mistakes from time to time.
▪ every so often sometimes at fairly regular periods: He looked up from his book every so often. | Every so often, a train whizzed past.
▪ at times if something happens at times, it happens sometimes but is not what usually happens: The job can be frustrating at times. | At times I've wondered whether I made the right decision in moving here.
▪ (every) once in a while sometimes but very rarely: We only see each other every once in a while.

never

nev‧er S1 W1 /ˈnevə $ -ər/ BrE AmE adverb
[Language: Old English; Origin: næfre, from ne- 'not' + æfre 'ever']
1. not at any time, or not once:
He’s never been to Australia.
I’m never going back there again, not as long as I live.
It is never too late to give up smoking.
never had/did/was etc
Never had she been so confused.
never ever (=used to emphasize what you are saying)
I’ll never ever forgive him for leaving me.
Never again (=never after a particular time) would he return to Naples.
never in all my life (=used to emphasize how bad something was)
Never in all my life have I felt so humiliated.
never for one moment (=used to emphasize that you never thought something)
She had never for one moment imagined that it could happen to her.
somebody/something has never been known to do something (=used to say that something is strange because it has never happened before)
Max had never been known to leave home without telling anyone.
GRAMMAR
Do not use another negative word (eg 'not') with never. If you use 'not', use ever:
▪ She might never forgive you OR She might not ever forgive you (NOT She might not never forgive you).
2. you never know spoken used to say that something which seems unlikely may happen:
Try it! You never know, you might be lucky.
3. I never knew (that) spoken used to mean that you did not know something until now:
I never knew you played the guitar!
4. never so much as used to emphasize that someone did not do something, especially when this seems surprising:
I do everything for him, and he’s never so much as made me a cup of coffee.
5. that would/will never do spoken used to say that you would not want something to happen:
Someone might discover our secret and that would never do.
6. never! British English spoken used when you are very surprised by something:
‘They’re getting married next month.’ ‘Never!’
He’s never going to cycle all the way to Manchester!
Well I never! I wouldn’t have thought she was that old!
7. (no) I never! British English spoken used to say that you did not do something bad that someone has said you did. Many teachers think this is not correct English:
‘You cheated, didn’t you?’ ‘No, I never.’
8. never say never informal used to say that you should not say that you will never do something, because there is always a small possibility that you might do it
9. never say die used to encourage someone not to give up
10. never fear spoken old-fashioned used to tell someone not to worry:
She’ll be back, never fear.
⇨ never the twain shall meet at ↑twain(2)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ never not at any time, or not once: Ali had never seen snow before. | I’ll never forget that day.
▪ never ever spoken used to emphasize that you mean never: Do you promise never ever to tell anyone else about this?
▪ not once used to emphasize that you are surprised or annoyed because someone never did something: She’s never said thank you – not once. | Jo hasn’t emailed me once in six months.
▪ not/never for a moment used to emphasize that you never had a particular thought or idea: ‘Did you ever suspect he was cheating on you?’ ‘No, not for a moment.’ | Not for one moment did she think it was a trap.
▪ not/never in a million years spoken used to say that it is completely impossible that something could ever happen: Dad will never agree to that – not in a million years!
▪ at no time formal used to emphasize that something never happened: At no time did anyone suggest that the drug was dangerous. | At no time were the prisoners mistreated.

rhythm and blues

ˌrhythm and ˈblues BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
↑R & B (=a type of popular music)

nationality

na‧tion‧al‧i‧ty /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti, ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti/ BrE AmE noun (plural nationalities)
[Word Family: noun: ↑nation, ↑national, ↑multinational, ↑nationalism, ↑nationalist, ↑nationality, ↑nationalization, ↑nationhood, ↑international, ↑internationalism, ↑internationalist, ↑internationalization; adjective: ↑national, ↑international, ↑multinational, ↑nationalist, ↑nationalistic, nationalized, ↑internationalist; verb: ↑nationalize, ↑internationalize; adverb: ↑nationally, ↑internationally]
1. [uncountable and countable] the state of being legally a citizen of a particular country ⇨ citizenship:
people of the same nationality
French/Brazilian etc nationality
He has British nationality.
dual nationality (=the state of being a citizen of two countries)
2. [countable] a large group of people with the same race, origin, language etc:
the different nationalities within the former USSR

II. fast² S2 W2 adjective
[Language: Old English; Origin: fæst 'firm']
1. MOVING QUICKLY moving or able to move quickly:
a fast car
He’s one of the fastest runners in the world.
2. IN A SHORT TIME doing something or happening in a short time:
The subway is the fastest way to get downtown.
The company must give a faster response to clients’ requests.
The rain forests are being chopped down at an alarmingly fast rate.
I’m a fast learner.
3. CLOCK [not before noun] a clock that is fast shows a later time than the real time:
That can’t be the time – my watch must be fast.
five minutes/an hour etc fast
I always keep my watch 15 minutes fast.
4. fast track a way of achieving something more quickly than is normally done
on the fast track
a young actress on the fast track to fame and success
5. fast road a road on which vehicles can travel very quickly
6. fast film/lens a film or lens(2) that can be used when there is little light, or when photographing something that is moving very quickly
7. COLOUR a colour that is fast will not change when clothes are washed ⇒ colourfast
8. SPORTS a fast surface is one on which a ball moves very quickly
9. fast and furious done very quickly with a lot of effort and energy, or happening very quickly with a lot of sudden changes:
Arsenal’s opening attack was fast and furious.
10. somebody is a fast worker informal used to say that someone can get what they want very quickly, especially in starting a sexual relationship with another person
11. fast talker someone who talks quickly and easily but is often not honest or sincere
12. WOMAN old-fashioned becoming involved quickly in sexual relationships with men:
fast cars and fast women
13. fast friends literary two people who are very friendly for a long time
⇒ fast food, fast-forward, fast lane, ⇒ make a fast buck at buck¹(1), ⇒ pull a fast one at pull¹(10)
 

▪ fast moving or able to move quickly: The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world. | a fast car
▪ quick moving fast or doing something in a short time: He was much quicker than I was over the first 100 metres. | Do I have time for a quick shower?
▪ high-speed [only before noun] designed to travel or operate very quickly: a high-speed train | high-speed Internet access
▪ rapid especially written happening in a short period of time – used about changes, increases, improvements etc: a rapid increase in the population | the rapid expansion of the firm’s business in the Middle East | a rapid decline in profits
▪ swift written moving quickly or happening after only a short time: The horses ran along the track at a swift trot. | He received a swift response to his letter.
▪ brisk quick and energetic: a brisk walk in the countryside | His manner was very brisk.
▪ speedy [only before noun] happening after only a short time: Everyone wishes you a speedy recovery. | a speedy resolution to the problem
▪ hurried done more quickly that usual, because you do not have much time: She ate a hurried breakfast in the cafe before catching her train. | We made a hurried departure.
▪ hasty deciding or doing something very quickly, especially when this has bad results: It was a hasty decision, which he later regretted. | Let’s not be too hasty.

where

where S1 W1 /weə $ wer/ BrE AmE adverb, conjunction, pronoun
[Language: Old English; Origin: hwær]
1. in or to which place:
Where are you going?
Where do they live?
Do you know where my glasses are?
Where would you like to sit?
where (...) to/from
Where have you come from?
‘We’re going on a long journey.’ ‘Where to?’
where to do something
They’re easy to find, if you know where to look.
where on earth/in the world etc (=used for emphasis when you are surprised, angry etc)
Where on earth have you been all this time?
2. used to talk about a particular place:
She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
Stay where you are.
This is the place where I hid the key.
In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
3. used to talk about a particular stage in a process, conversation, story etc:
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
4. used to ask or talk about the origin of something or someone:
Where does the word ‘super’ come from?
Where does this man get the money to keep two houses?
I wonder where he gets these strange ideas.
5. used to say that one person, thing, opinion etc is different from another:
Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions.
6. in or to any place SYN wherever:
You can sit where you like.
You’re free to go where you please.