A1 (پایه)

excited

ex‧cit‧ed /ɪkˈsaɪtəd, ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/ BrE AmE adjective
[Word Family: adjective: ↑excitable, ↑excited, ↑exciting ≠ ↑unexciting, ↑excitable; noun: ↑excitement, ↑excitability; adverb: ↑excitedly, ↑excitingly; verb: ↑excite]
1. happy, interested, or hopeful because something good has happened or will happen:
Steve flies home tomorrow – we’re all really excited.
excited about
Maria’s starting to get pretty excited about the wedding.
excited by/at
We’re all excited by the prospect of a party.
excited to do something
Michelle sounded excited to hear from him.
excited (that)
I’m so excited that we’re going to New York.
The food was nothing to get excited about (=not very good or special).
excited crowds of shoppers
2. very nervous and upset about something so that you cannot relax
excited about
There’s no point getting excited about it. We can’t change things.
3. feeling sexual desire
—excitedly adverb:
People had gathered and were talking excitedly.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ excited feeling happy, especially about something good that has happened or is going to happen: He’s excited about his new job. | The kids always get excited on their birthday. | An excited crowd watched their team win 3–0. | When we get home, the dogs are always excited to see us. | Doctors are very excited by the discovery.
▪ thrilled /θrɪld/ [not before noun] very excited and pleased: She was thrilled to hear that you were in London. | I was thrilled when they told me that I’d got a place on the course.
▪ exhilarated /ɪɡˈzɪləreɪtəd, ɪɡˈzɪləreɪtɪd/ [not before noun] very excited and full of energy, especially because you are experiencing something new or something that involves risks: She felt exhilarated by her new freedom. | The climb left him feeling exhilarated.
▪ look forward to something to feel excited about something good that is going to happen and to think about it a lot: The kids are looking forward to their vacation – they’ve never been to California before. | She’s really looking forward to meeting him.
▪ can’t wait to do something especially spoken to be very excited about something good that is going to happen: I can’t wait to see him again.
▪ on the edge of your seat extremely excited and interested when you are watching a film, game etc, because you do not know what is going to happen next: I was on the edge of my seat throughout the movie. | The game kept fans on the edge of their seats.
▪ on tenterhooks /ˈtentəhʊks $ -ər-/ very excited and nervous because you are waiting to find out what has happened: Don’t keep us on tenterhooks! Did you pass your test?
▪ rapturous [usually before noun] especially written rapturous behaviour shows that a large group of people are extremely excited and pleased: They received a rapturous welcome. | He came on the stage to rapturous applause (=everyone was clapping and cheering).

foot

I. foot¹ S1 W1 /fʊt/ BrE AmE noun (plural feet /fiːt/) [countable]
[Language: Old English; Origin: fot]
1. BODY PART the part of your body that you stand on and walk on:
My foot hurts.
I had blisters on the soles of my feet.
I dropped a glass earlier, so don’t walk around in bare feet.
The vet examined the horse’s hind feet.
Don’t wipe your feet on the carpet!
She stood on the platform, her suitcase at her feet.
2. MEASUREMENT (plural feet or foot) (written abbreviation ft) a unit for measuring length, equal to 12 ↑inches or about 30 centimetres:
He’s six feet tall, with blonde hair.
Mark was standing just a few feet away from me.
I’d say she’s about five foot three (=five feet and three inches).
a one/two/three etc foot something
a four foot wall
square feet/cubic feet
15,000 square feet of office space
3. BOTTOM PART the foot of something the lowest or bottom part of something
the foot of the stairs/ladder etc
He walked to the foot of the stairs.
the foot of a mountain/cliff etc
a small cottage at the foot of the hill
at the foot of something
a large wooden trunk at the foot of his bed
The date is shown at the foot of the page.
4. on foot if you go somewhere on foot, you walk there:
It takes about 30 minutes on foot, or 10 minutes by car.
5. get/jump/rise etc to your feet to stand up after you have been sitting:
He leapt to his feet and ran outside.
6. on your feet
a) to be standing for a long time without having time to sit down:
The worst thing about working in the shop is that you’re on your feet all day. ⇨ dead on your feet at ↑dead¹(8)
b) to be standing up:
As soon as the bell rang the class were on their feet and out of the door.
c) to feel better again after being ill and in bed:
We’ll soon have you on your feet again.
7. be/get back on your feet to have enough money again, or to be successful again after having problems:
I need to get back on my feet again and forget all this.
8. off your feet sitting or lying down, rather than standing or walking:
The doctor told me to stay off my feet for a few days.
9. knock/lift etc somebody off their feet to make someone fall over:
They were blown off their feet by the force of the explosion.
10. be rushed/run off your feet to be very busy:
Before Christmas, most salespeople are rushed off their feet.
11. set foot in something to go to or enter a place:
She swore she would never set foot in his house again.
12. be/get under your feet to annoy you by always being in the same place as you and preventing you from doing what you want:
I hate summer vacation. The kids are under my feet all day long.
13. put your foot down
a) to say very firmly that someone must do something or must stop doing something:
You’ll just have to put your foot down and tell him he can’t stay out on school nights.
b) informal to make a car go faster
14. put your feet up informal to relax, especially by sitting with your feet supported on something
15. put your foot in it especially British English, put your foot in your mouth especially American English to say something without thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone:
I’ve really put my foot in it this time. I didn’t realize that was her husband!
16. start/get off on the wrong/right foot to start a relationship badly or well:
Simon and I got off on the wrong foot but we’re good friends now.
17. not put a foot wrong British English to do everything right and make no mistakes, especially in your job
18. have/keep both feet on the ground to think in a sensible and practical way and not have ideas or aims that will be impossible to achieve:
It was a great result, but we have to keep our feet firmly on the ground.
19. fall/land on your feet to get into a good situation because you are lucky, especially after being in a difficult situation:
Don’t worry about Nina, she always falls on her feet.
20. get/have/keep your foot in the door to get your first opportunity to work in a particular organization or industry
21. have a foot in both camps to be involved with or connected with two opposing groups of people
22. have somebody/something at your feet used to say that people admire or respect someone very much:
All Paris was at his feet. ⇨ have the world at your feet at ↑world¹(24)
23. have two left feet informal to be very ↑clumsy
24. have one foot in the grave to be very old or very ill – used humorously
25. ... my foot! British English old-fashioned used to show that you do not believe something that someone has just said:
£50 my foot! It’ll cost £200 at least.
26. leave feet first to die before you leave a place or job – used humorously:
If you keep fooling around with that gun you’ll be leaving this camp feet first.
27. feet of clay someone that you admire who has feet of clay has faults and weaknesses that you did not realize they had
28. foot soldier/patrol a soldier or group of soldiers that walks and does not use a horse or a vehicle
29. foot passenger a passenger on a ship who has not brought a car with them
30.
a) left-footed/right-footed using your left foot or right foot when you kick a ball
b) flat-footed/four-footed having a particular type or number of feet
31. foot pedal/brake/pump etc a machine or control that you operate using your feet
32. SOCK the foot the part of a sock that covers your foot
33. POETRY technical a part of a line of poetry in which there is one strong ↑beat and one or two weaker ones
⇨ the boot is on the other foot at ↑boot¹(6), ⇨ get/have cold feet at ↑cold¹(6), ⇨ ↑underfoot, ⇨ drag your feet/heels at ↑drag¹(8), ⇨ find your feet at ↑find¹(18), ⇨ from head to foot at ↑head¹(1), ⇨ stand on your own (two) feet at ↑stand¹(31), ⇨ sweep somebody off their feet at ↑sweep¹(14), ⇨ have itchy feet at ↑itchy(3), ⇨ not let the grass grow under your feet at ↑grass¹(6), ⇨ vote with your feet at ↑vote¹(8)
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adjectives
▪ left foot My left foot ached a bit.
▪ right foot He has broken a bone in his right foot.
▪ front foot (=of an animal) The tiger has five claws in each of its front feet.
▪ back/hind foot (=of an animal) The horse lifted its back foot.
▪ big/small He had small neat feet.
▪ bare (=without any socks or shoes) The marble floor felt cold under his bare feet.
▪ flat (=having a medical condition in which someone’s feet rest flat on the ground, with no curved part) We’ve both got slightly flat feet.
▪ booted/sandalled feet (=wearing boots or sandals) He put down his rucksack and stretched out his booted feet.
■ verbs
▪ injure/hurt your foot Simon injured his foot while playing rugby.
▪ sb’s foot hurts She complained that her foot was hurting.
▪ raise/lift your feet He raised his foot off the floor and rested it on a chair.
▪ drag your feet (=walk slowly in an unwilling way) I was dragging my feet because I didn’t want to get there.
▪ wipe your feet (=wipe your shoes on a mat to remove dirt) Be sure to wipe your feet before coming into the house.
▪ stamp your feet (=bang them noisily on the ground) He stamped his feet in an attempt to keep warm.
▪ tap your feet (=bang them gently on the ground) She was tapping her feet in time with the music.
▪ shuffle your feet (=make small movements with them, because you are nervous or impatient) Ken shuffled his feet and looked down at the floor.
■ foot + NOUN
▪ a foot injury He suffered a foot injury during the match against Sporting Lisbon.
▪ a foot massage Would you like a foot massage?
■ phrases
▪ the sole of your foot (=the base of your foot, that you walk on)The soles of her feet were aching from the long walk.
▪ the ball of your foot (=the rounded part of your foot at the base of the toes) He has a blister on the ball of his foot.
▪ the heel of your foot (=the curved back part of your foot ) He kicked his opponent with the heel of his foot.
▪ at sb’s feet (=on the ground, near your feet) The dog was sitting at his master’s feet.
▪ in your stockinged/stocking feet (=not wearing shoes) She stood 5ft 6 inches tall in her stockinged feet.
▪ my feet are killing me informal (=my feet are hurting)

plate

I. plate¹ S2 W2 /pleɪt/ BrE AmE noun
[Sense 1,3,7: Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: plat 'plate, dish', from plat 'flat', from Vulgar Latin plattus, probably from Greek platys 'broad, flat']
[Sense 2, 4-5,8-11: Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: plat 'flat']
[Sense 6: Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Partly from Old French plat 'plate, piece of silver', partly from Old Spanish plata 'silver']
1. FOOD [countable]
a) a flat and usually round dish that you eat from or serve food on:
The plates were piled high with rice.
a dinner plate
b) (also plateful) the amount of food that is on a plate
plate of
He’s eaten a whole plate of french fries.
► Do not use plate when you mean ‘food cooked in a particular way as a meal’. Use dish: the chef who created this dish (NOT this plate)
2. SIGN [countable] a flat piece of metal with words or numbers on it, for example on a door or a car:
The brass plate on the door said ‘Dr Rackman’.
number/license/registration plate (=on a car)
Did anyone see the car’s license plate? ⇨ ↑L-plate, ↑nameplate
3. have a lot/enough on your plate informal to have a lot of problems to deal with or problems to worry about
4. PROTECTIVE COVERING [countable]
a) technical one of the thin sheets of bone, horn etc that covers and protects the outside of some animals
b) a thin sheet of metal used to protect something
metal/steel/iron plates
The shoes had metal plates attached to the heels.
5. EARTH’S SURFACE [countable] technical one of the very large sheets of rock that form the surface of the Earth ⇨ ↑plate tectonics
6. GOLD/SILVER
a) gold/silver plate ordinary metal with a thin covering of gold or silver
b) [uncountable] things such as plates, cups, forks, or knives made of gold or silver
7. hand/give/offer somebody something on a plate to let someone get or achieve something easily, without much effort from them:
I worked hard for what I’ve got. It wasn’t handed to me on a plate.
8. PICTURES/PHOTOS [countable]
a) a sheet of metal that has been cut or treated in a special way so that words or pictures can be printed from its surface:
copper printing plates
b) a picture in a book, printed on good-quality paper and usually coloured
c) a thin sheet of glass used especially in the past in photography, with chemicals on it that are sensitive to light
9. BASEBALL [countable usually singular] the place where the person hitting the ball stands
10. COMPETITION the ... Plate used in the names of sports competitions or races in which the winner gets a silver plate:
This horse won the Galway Plate.
11. TEETH [countable]
a) a thin piece of plastic shaped to fit inside a person’s mouth, into which ↑false teeth are fixed
b) British English a thin piece of plastic with wires fixed to it, that some people wear in their mouth to make their teeth straight SYN brace British English
⇨ ↑hotplate

bike

I. bike¹ S2 /baɪk/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1800-1900; Origin: bicycle]
1. a bicycle:
Let’s go for a bike ride.
by bike
They’ll be coming by bike.
2. informal a ↑motorcycle
3. on your bike! British English spoken used to tell someone rudely to go away
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ go somewhere by bike I usually go to work by bike.
▪ ride a bike Her Dad taught her to ride a bike and to drive.
▪ get on/off a bike He got off his bike and walked with her for a while.
▪ rent a bike (also hire a bike British English) You can rent bikes and explore the island's cycle paths.
■ types of bike
▪ a mountain bike (=a strong bicycle for riding over rough ground) They went out for a country ride on their mountain bikes.
▪ a racing bike He bought a cool new racing bike.
▪ an exercise bike (=used for exercising indoors) I usually go on the exercise bike and the rowing machine.
■ bike + NOUN
▪ a bike ride We used to go for long bike rides in the summer holidays.
▪ a bike race The Tour de France is a famous bike race.
▪ a bike shed They used to meet behind the bike sheds at school.
▪ a bike rack (=a metal frame that you can attach your bike to) All stations should provide bike racks for passengers.

beach

I. beach¹ S2 W2 /biːtʃ/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Perhaps from Old English bæce 'small stream']
an area of sand or small stones at the edge of the sea or a lake:
a sandy beach
surfers on the beach
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning )
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + beach
▪ crowded In the summer the beaches get very crowded.
▪ quiet (=with few people on it) The beaches on this side of the island are quieter.
▪ deserted/empty (=with no one on it) We took a boat to a deserted beach.
▪ a sandy beach Corfu is known for its sandy beaches.
▪ a shingle/pebble/pebbly beach (=covered with very small stones) Both resorts have small shingle beaches.
▪ a rocky beach (=with large rocks on it) They anchored the boat off a rocky beach.
▪ a long beach All around the coast of Lanzarote are long beaches of golden sand.
▪ a white/golden beach The house was beside a dazzling white beach.
▪ a private beach (=owned by someone, so you need permission to use it) The hotel has its own private beach.
▪ a public beach (=for everyone to use) The public beaches were very dirty.
■ verbs
▪ lie on the beach I find it boring just lying on the beach all day.
▪ go to the beach They've gone to the beach for the weekend.
▪ walk on/along the beach She loved to walk along the beach in the early morning.
■ beach + NOUN
▪ a beach holiday British English (=a holiday spent mainly at the beach) She loves beach holidays, while he prefers city breaks.
▪ a beach resort This is one of the most popular beach resorts in Greece.
▪ a beach hut (=a small building on the beach for storing things such as swimming or sports equipment) a row of brightly painted beach huts
▪ a beach bar/restaurant (=on the beach) We watched the sun go down from the beach bar.
▪ a beach towel They spread out beach towels and opened parasols.
▪ beach volleyball/football (=played on the beach) Who wants a game of beach volleyball?

cold

I. cold¹ S1 W1 /kəʊld $ koʊld/ BrE AmE adjective (comparative colder, superlative coldest)
[Language: Old English; Origin: ceald, cald]
1. OBJECTS/SURFACES/LIQUIDS/ROOMS something that is cold has a low temperature OPP hot ⇨ coldness:
She splashed her face with cold water.
a blast of cold air
We slept on the cold ground.
The house felt cold and empty.
ice/stone/freezing cold (=very cold)
The radiator is stone cold; isn’t the heating working?
go/get cold (=become cold)
My tea’s gone cold.
Come and eat or your dinner will get cold!
2. WEATHER when there is cold weather, the temperature of the air is very low OPP hot ⇨ coldness:
It was so cold this morning I had to scrape the ice off my windshield.
The day was bitterly cold.
The hut sheltered her from the cold wind.
cold winter/evening/January etc
the coldest winter on record
cold out/outside
It was raining and freezing cold outside.
The weather gets colder around the middle of October.
turn/grow cold (=become cold or colder, especially suddenly)
The nights grew colder.
3. be/feel/look/get cold if you are cold, your body is at a low temperature:
Could you turn up the heater, I’m cold.
I feel so cold!
My feet are as cold as ice (=very cold).
4. FOOD cold food is cooked but not eaten hot:
a plate of cold meats
a cold buffet
Serve the potatoes cold.
5. LACKING FEELING unfriendly or lacking normal human feelings such as sympathy, pity, humour etc OPP warm ⇨ coldly, coldness:
Martin was really cold towards me at the party.
His voice was as cold as ice.
She gave him a cold stare.
a cold calculated murder
6. get/have cold feet informal to suddenly feel that you are not brave enough to do something you planned to do:
The plan failed after sponsors got cold feet.
7. give somebody the cold shoulder informal to deliberately ignore someone or be unfriendly to them, especially because they have upset or offended you
8. LIGHT/COLOUR a cold colour or light reminds you of things that are cold OPP warm ⇨ coldness:
the cold light of a fluorescent tube
9. in the cold light of day in the morning, when you can think clearly or see something clearly:
The house seemed less threatening in the cold light of day.
10. cold (hard) cash American English money in the form of paper money and coins rather than cheques or ↑credit cards
11. leave somebody cold to not feel interested in or affected by something in any way:
Opera left him cold.
12. take/need a cold shower used humorously to say that someone is sexually excited and the cold water will stop them feeling that way
13. sb’s trail/scent is cold used to say that you cannot find someone because it has been too long since they passed or lived in a particular place:
I tracked the boy as far as the factory, but there his trail went cold.
14. IN GAMES [not before noun] used in children’s games, to say that someone is far away from the hidden object or answer they are trying to find:
You’re getting colder!
15. cold facts facts without anything added to make them more pleasant or interesting:
Statistics can be merely cold facts.
16. cold steel literary a weapon such as a knife or sword
⇨ in cold blood at ↑blood¹(3), ⇨ cold fish at ↑fish¹(8), ⇨ blow hot and cold at ↑blow¹(21), ⇨ cold comfort at ↑comfort¹(7), ⇨ pour cold water over/on at ↑pour(6), ⇨ a cold sweat at ↑sweat²(4)
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ cold + NOUN
▪ cold weather More cold weather is expected later this week.
▪ a cold night/day It was a cold night with a starlit sky.
▪ a cold winter A cold winter will increase oil consumption.
▪ a cold wind A cold wind was blowing from the north.
▪ a cold spell (=a period of cold weather, especially a short one) We’re currently going through a bit of a cold spell.
▪ a cold snap (=a short period of very cold weather) There had been a sudden cold snap just after Christmas.
■ adverbs
▪ freezing/icy cold Take your gloves – it’s freezing cold out there.
▪ bitterly cold (=very cold) The winter of 1921 was bitterly cold.
▪ unusually/exceptionally cold a period of unusually cold weather
▪ quite/pretty cold It’s going to be quite cold today.
▪ cold out/outside It’s too cold out – I’m staying at home.
■ verbs
▪ become cold (also get cold informal) In my country, it never really gets cold.
▪ turn/grow cold (=become cold, especially suddenly) The birds fly south before the weather turns cold.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ person
▪ cold used especially when you feel uncomfortable: I’m cold – can I borrow a sweater?
▪ cool a little cold, especially in a way that feels comfortable: The air-conditioning keeps everyone cool.
▪ freezing (cold) spoken very cold and very uncomfortable: You look absolutely freezing!
▪ shivery cold and unable to stop shivering, especially because you are ill: I felt shivery and had a headache.
■ weather
▪ cold used especially when you feel uncomfortable: It gets very cold here in the winter.
▪ cool a little cold, often in a way that feels comfortable: It’s very hot in the day, but cooler at night. | a nice cool breeze
▪ chilly a little cold, but not very cold, in a way that feels rather uncomfortable: a chilly autumn day | It’s a bit chilly.
▪ freezing (cold) spoken very cold and very uncomfortable: It’s freezing outside.
▪ bitterly cold very cold and very uncomfortable: It can be bitterly cold in the mountains.
▪ icy (cold) very cold, especially when the temperature is below zero: The wind was icy cold.
▪ crisp cold, dry, and clear, in a way that seems pleasant: I love these crisp autumn mornings.
▪ frosty in frosty weather, the ground is covered in a frozen white powder: It was a bright frosty morning.
▪ arctic extremely cold and unpleasant, with snow and ice: He would not survive for long in the arctic conditions. | arctic weather
■ room
▪ cold used especially when you feel uncomfortable: It’s cold in here.
▪ cool a little cold, especially in a way that feels comfortable: Let’s go inside where it’s cool.
▪ freezing (cold) spoken very cold: I had to sleep in a freezing cold room.
▪ draughty British English, drafty American English /ˈdrɑːfti $ ˈdræfti/ with cold air blowing in from outside, in a way that feels uncomfortable: Old houses can be very draughty.
■ food, liquid, or something you touch
▪ cold: The water’s too cold for swimming. | a cold stone floor
▪ cool a little cold, especially in a way that seems pleasant: a nice cool drink | cool white sheets
▪ freezing (cold) very cold: His friends pulled him from the freezing water.
▪ chilled food and drinks that are chilled have been deliberately made cold: a bottle of chilled champagne
▪ frozen kept at a temperature which is below zero: frozen peas

hospital

hos‧pi‧tal S1 W1 /ˈhɒspɪtl $ ˈhɑː-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable and countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin hospitale 'place to stay at', from Latin hospitalis 'of a guest', from hospes; ⇨ ↑host¹]
a large building where sick or injured people receive medical treatment:
They are building a new hospital.
in hospital British English:
She visited him in hospital.
in the hospital American English:
Two people are in the hospital with serious burns.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ go to hospital British English, go to the hospital American English The pain got worse and she had to go to the hospital.
▪ be taken/rushed/airlifted to hospital British English, be taken/rushed/airlifted to the hospital American English Three people were taken to hospital after a crash on the motorway.
▪ be admitted to hospital British English, be admitted to the hospital American English He was admitted to hospital suffering from chest pain.
▪ leave/come out of hospital British English, leave/come out of the hospital American English Her mother never left the hospital.
▪ be discharged/released from hospital British English, be discharged/released from the hospital American English (=be allowed to leave a hospital because you are better) It was several weeks before he was released from hospital.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + hospital
▪ a psychiatric hospital (also a mental hospital old-fashioned) (=for people with mental illnesses) He was admitted to a secure psychiatric hospital.
▪ a children’s hospital an important children’s hospital
▪ a maternity hospital British English (=for women having babies) Many maternity hospitals have been forced to close.
■ hospital + NOUN
▪ hospital treatment/care What do older people think of hospital care?
▪ a hospital stay (=the period someone spends in hospital) New surgical techniques mean a hospital stay of less than 48 hours.
▪ a hospital bed There is a shortage of hospital beds.
▪ a hospital ward/room nurses working on hospital wards
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ hospital a large building where sick or injured people receive medical treatment: He was taken by ambulance to the local hospital. | the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford | a mental hospital
▪ medical center American English a large hospital, which often has many different departments, including areas for research: a discovery by doctors at the New England Medical Center
▪ clinic a place, often in a hospital, where medical treatment and advice is given to people who do not need to stay in a hospital: a family-planning clinic (=which gives people help and advice about birth control) | a special clinic for people with drug and alcohol problems
▪ hospice a special hospital for people who are dying: They are hoping to raise funds to build a hospice for sick and dying children.
▪ nursing home/old people's home (also home) a place where people who are old and ill can live and be looked after, by nurses: She doesn't want to end up in a nursing home.
▪ sanatorium a place where people recovering after a long illness were sent in the past, so that they could rest and receive special care: He was sent to a sanatorium in the Swiss Alps.
■ parts of a hospital
▪ A&E/casualty British English, emergency room/ER American English the part of a hospital where people who are injured or who need urgent treatment are brought: A&E waiting times have gone down. | A 33-year-old man was brought to the emergency room in a coma.
▪ operating theatre British English, operating room American English a room in a hospital where operations are done: Mrs Barnett was in the operating theatre for 11 hours while the transplant was carried out.
▪ intensive care the part of a hospital where people who are very seriously ill or badly injured are cared for: Mr Dye is in intensive care with head injuries.
▪ unit part of a hospital where a particular kind of treatment is carried out: the burns unit | the fertility unit
▪ ward a large room in a hospital where people who need medical treatment stay: the women's ward | She works as a nurse on a busy hospital ward.

shopping

shop‧ping S2 W3 /ˈʃɒpɪŋ $ ʃɑː-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
[Word Family: noun: ↑shop, ↑shopper, ↑shopping; verb: ↑shop]
1. the activity of going to shops and buying things:
Late-night shopping is becoming very popular.
shopping expedition/trip
She’s gone on a shopping trip to New York.
I went on a shopping spree (=went shopping and bought a lot of things) at the weekend and spent far too much money.
I’ve got to do some last-minute shopping.
the busy Christmas shopping season ⇨ ↑window-shopping
2. do the shopping to go shopping to buy food and other things you need regularly:
I hate doing the shopping at weekends.
3. British English the things that you have just bought from a shop:
Can you help me carry the shopping, please?
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
▪ go shopping She skipped lunch in order to go shopping.
▪ do some/the/your shopping I thought you wanted to do some shopping.
■ NOUN + shopping
▪ Christmas shopping So you've done all your Christmas shopping, have you?
▪ grocery shopping She even enjoys grocery shopping.
▪ home shopping (=buying things at home, for example from a catalogue)
■ shopping + NOUN
▪ a shopping expedition/trip His shopping trip with Uncle Billy had been a thorough success.
▪ a shopping spree (=when you buy a lot of things) He admits to going on a shopping spree with someone else's credit card.
▪ a shopping list (=a list of what you need to buy, especially of food) Always take a shopping list so you are not tempted to buy things you do not need.

play

I. play¹ S1 W1 /pleɪ/ BrE AmE verb
[Word Family: noun: ↑play, ↑interplay, ↑replay, ↑player, ↑playfulness; verb: ↑play, ↑outplay, ↑replay; adjective: ↑playful, ↑playable; adverb: ↑playfully]
[Language: Old English; Origin: plegan]
1. CHILDREN [intransitive and transitive] when children play, they do things that they enjoy, often with other people or with toys:
Kids were playing and chasing each other.
play catch/house/tag/school etc
Outside, the children were playing cowboys and Indians.
play with
Did you like to play with dolls when you were little?
Parents need to spend time just playing with their children.
2. SPORTS/GAMES
a) [intransitive and transitive] to take part or compete in a game or sport:
Karen began playing basketball when she was six.
If you feel any pain, you shouldn’t play.
Men were sitting in the park, playing cards.
play against
Bristol will play against Coventry next week.
She’s playing Helen Evans in the semi-final (=playing against her).
play for
Moxon played for England in ten test matches.
b) [transitive] to use a particular piece, card, person etc in a game or sport:
Harrison played a ten of spades.
The Regents played Eddie at center (=used him as a player in that position) in the game against Arizona.
c) [intransitive and transitive] to take a particular position on a team:
Garvey played first base for the Dodgers.
d) [transitive] to hit a ball in a particular way or to a particular place in a game or sport:
She played the ball low, just over the net.

MUSIC [intransitive and transitive]
to perform a piece of music on a musical instrument:
He’s learning to play the piano.
She played a Bach prelude.
Haden has played with many jazz greats.
A small orchestra was playing.
4. RADIO/CD ETC [intransitive and transitive] if a radio, CD etc plays, or if you play it, it produces sound, especially music:
The bedside radio played softly.
play a record/CD/tape etc
DJs playing the latest house and techno tracks
5. THEATRE/FILM
a) [transitive] to perform the actions and say the words of a particular character in a theatre performance, film etc:
Streep plays a shy, nervous woman.
play a role/part/character etc
Playing a character so different from herself was a challenge.
b) [intransitive] if a play or film is playing at a particular theatre, it is being performed or shown there:
‘Macbeth’ is playing at the Theatre Royal in York.
c) [transitive] if actors play a theatre, they perform there in a play
6. play a part/role to have an effect or influence on something
play a part/role in
A good diet and fitness play a large part in helping people live longer.
7. play ball
a) to throw, kick, hit, or catch a ball as a game or activity:
Jim and Karl were playing ball in the backyard.
b) to do what someone wants you to do:
So far, the company has refused to play ball, preferring to remain independent.
8. PRETEND [linking verb] to behave as if you are a particular kind of person or have a particular feeling or quality, even though it is not true:
the accusation that scientists are playing God
Some snakes fool predators by playing dead.
‘What do you mean?’ ‘Don’t play dumb (=pretend you do not know something).'
Don’t play the innocent (=pretend you do not know about something) with me – we both know what happened.
play the idiot/the teacher etc
Susan felt she had to play the good wife.
He played the fool (=behaved in a silly way) at school instead of working.
9. BEHAVE [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to behave in a particular way in a situation, in order to achieve the result or effect that you want:
How do you want to play this meeting?
Play it safe (=avoid risks) and make sure the eggs are thoroughly cooked.
play it carefully/cool etc
If you like him, play it cool, or you might scare him off.
10. play games to hide your real feelings or wishes in order to achieve something in a clever or secret way – used to show disapproval:
Stop playing games, Luke, and tell me what you want.
11. play something by ear
a) to decide what to do according to the way a situation develops, without making plans before that time:
We’ll see what the weather’s like and play it by ear.
b) if someone can play a musical instrument by ear, they can play a tune without looking at written music
12. play a joke/trick/prank on somebody to do something to someone as a joke or trick
13. play the game
a) to do things in the way you are expected to do them or in a way that is usual in a particular situation:
If you want a promotion, you’ve got to play the game.
b) British English to behave in a fair and honest way
14. play the race/nationalist/environmentalist etc card to use a particular subject in politics in order to gain an advantage:
a leader who is skilfully playing the nationalist card to keep power
15. play your cards right to say or do things in a situation in such a way that you gain as much as possible from it:
Who knows? If you play your cards right, maybe he’ll marry you.
16. play your cards close to your chest to keep secret what you are doing in a situation
17. play into sb’s hands to do what someone you are competing with wants you to do, without realizing it:
If we respond with violence, we’ll be playing into their hands, giving them an excuse for a fight.
18. play for time to try to delay something so that you have more time to prepare for it or prevent it from happening:
The rebels may be playing for time while they try to get more weapons.
19. play tricks (on you) if your mind, memory, sight etc plays tricks on you, you feel confused and not sure about what is happening:
It happened a long time ago, and my memory might be playing tricks on me.
20. play the market to risk money on the ↑stock market as a way of trying to earn more money
21. play the system to use the rules of a system in a clever way, to gain advantage for yourself:
Accountants know how to play the tax system.
22. play second fiddle (to somebody) to be in a lower position or rank than someone else
23. play hard to get to pretend that you are not sexually interested in someone so that they will become more interested in you
24. SMILE [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] written if a smile plays about someone’s lips, they smile slightly
25. play hooky American English, play truant British English to stay away from school without permission
26. play with fire to do something that could have a very dangerous or harmful result:
Dating the boss’s daughter is playing with fire.
27. play to your strengths to do what you are able to do well, rather than trying to do other things:
It is up to us to play to our strengths and try to control the game.
28. LIGHT [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] written if light plays on something, it shines on it and moves on it:
the sunlight playing on the water
29. WATER [intransitive] written if a ↑fountain plays, water comes from it
30. play a hose/light on something to point a ↑hose or light towards something so that water or light goes onto it
31. play the field to have sexual relationships with a lot of different people
32. play fast and loose with something to not be careful about what you do, especially by not obeying the law or a rule:
They played fast and loose with investors’ money.
33. play happy families British English to spend time with your family, doing normal things, especially so that your family appears to be happy when it is not
play around (also play about British English) phrasal verb
1. to have a sexual relationship with someone who is not your usual partner
play around with
Wasn’t she playing around with another man?
It was years before I realized he’d been playing around.
2. to try doing something in different ways, to see what would be best, especially when this is fun
play around with
Play around with the ingredients if you like.
3. to behave in a silly way or waste time, when you should be doing something more serious SYN fool around:
When the teacher wasn’t looking, we used to play about a lot.
play around with something (also play about with somethingBritish English) phrasal verb
to keep moving or making changes to something in your hands SYN fiddle with:
Will you stop playing around with the remote control!
play along phrasal verb
1. to pretend to agree to do what someone wants, in order to avoid annoying them or to get an advantage:
She felt she had to play along or risk losing her job.
2. play somebody along British English to tell someone something that is not true because you need their help in some way
play at something phrasal verb
1. What is somebody playing at? British English spoken used when you do not understand what someone is doing or why they are doing it, and you are surprised or annoyed:
What do you think you’re playing at?
2. if you play at doing something, you do not do it properly or seriously
play at doing something
He’s still playing at being an artist.
3. British English if children play at doctors, soldiers etc, they pretend to be doctors, soldiers etc
play at being something
a 14-year-old playing at being a grown woman
play something ↔ back phrasal verb
to play something that has been recorded on a machine so that you can listen to it or watch it:
He played back his answering machine messages.
play something ↔ down phrasal verb
to try to make something seem less important or less likely than it really is:
Management has been playing down the possibility of job losses.
play down the importance/seriousness/significance of something
The White House spokeswoman sought to play down the significance of the event.
play off phrasal verb
1. British English if people or teams play off, they play the last game in a sports competition, in order to decide who is the winner:
The top two teams will play off at Twickenham for the county title.
2. play off somebody/something American English to deliberately use a fact, action, idea etc in order to make what you are doing better or to get an advantage:
The two musicians played off each other in a piece of inspired improvisation.
play somebody off against somebody phrasal verb
to encourage one person or group to compete or argue with another, in order to get some advantage for yourself:
The house seller may try to play one buyer off against another, to raise the price.
play on/upon something phrasal verb
to use a feeling, fact, or idea in order to get what you want, often in an unfair way:
The ad plays on our emotions, showing a doctor holding a newborn baby.
play something ↔ out phrasal verb
1. if an event or situation is played out or plays itself out, it happens:
It will be interesting to see how the election plays itself out.
2. if people play out their dreams, feelings etc, they express them by pretending that a particular situation is really happening:
The weekend gives you a chance to play out your fantasies.
play up phrasal verb
1. play something ↔ up to emphasize something, sometimes making it seem more important than it really is:
Play up your strongest arguments in the opening paragraph.
2. play (somebody) up British English informal if children play up, they behave badly:
Jordan’s been playing up in school.
I hope the kids don’t play you up.
3. play (somebody) up British English informal to hurt you or cause problems for you:
My knee’s been playing me up this week.
The car’s playing up again.
play up to somebody phrasal verb
to behave in a very polite or kind way to someone because you want something from them:
Connie always plays up to her parents when she wants money.
play with somebody/something phrasal verb
1. to keep touching something or moving it:
Stop playing with the light switch!
2. to try doing something in different ways to decide what works best:
Play with the design onscreen, moving text and pictures until you get a pleasing arrangement.
3. to consider an idea or possibility, but not always very seriouslySYN toy with:
After university, I played with the idea of teaching English in China.
4. money/time/space etc to play with money, time etc that is available to be used:
The budget is very tight, so there isn’t much money to play with.
5. play with yourself to touch your own sex organs for pleasureSYN masturbate
6. play with words/language to use words in a clever or amusing way

problem

prob‧lem S1 W1 /ˈprɒbləm $ ˈprɑː-/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: problème, from Latin problema, from Greek, 'something thrown forward', from proballein 'to throw forward']
1. DIFFICULTY a situation that causes difficulties:
She was older than me, but that wasn’t really a problem.
problem of
The problem of street crime is getting worse every year.
problem with
I’ve been having a few problems with my car.
REGISTER
In writing, people sometimes prefer to use the word issue rather than problem, as it sounds more neutral and less negative:
▪ the issue of race relations
2. something wrong with your health or with part of your body
health problem/problem with your health
Does she have any long-term health problems?
back/heart/kidney etc problem
If you have back problems you should avoid lifting heavy objects.
hearing problem
Many people with hearing problems try to hide their condition.
weight problem
She refuses to admit to herself that she has a weight problem.
emotional/psychological problem
Is this a sign of some kind of deeper psychological problem?
3. QUESTION a question for which you have to find the right answer, using mathematics or careful thought:
She gave us 20 mathematical problems to solve.
4. no problem spoken
a) used to say that you are happy to do something or for someone else to do something:
‘Can I bring a friend?’ ‘Sure, no problem.’
b) used after someone has said thank you or said that they are sorry:
‘Thanks for all your help.’ ‘No problem!’
5. have no problem (in) doing something to do something easily:
I’ve had no problem recruiting staff.
6. the (only) problem is (that) ... spoken used before saying what the main difficulty in a situation is:
The problem is, there isn’t enough time.
7. that’s your/his etc problem spoken used to say rudely that someone else is responsible for dealing with a situation, not you:
If you miss the train, that’s your problem.
8. it’s/that’s not my problem spoken used to say rudely that you are not responsible for dealing with a particular problem and are not willing to help:
‘We’ve got a serious staffing shortage.’ ‘That’s not my problem.’
9. What’s your/his etc problem? spoken informal used when you think that someone is behaving in a way that is unreasonable
10. Do you have a problem with that? spoken informal used to ask someone why they seem to disagree with you, in a way that shows that you are annoyed
11. problem child/family/drinker etc a child etc whose behaviour causes problems for other people
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 1)
■ verbs
▪ have a problem We saw water rushing in and realised we had a serious problem.
▪ cause/create a problem The building’s lack of parking space could cause problems.
▪ present/pose a problem (=cause it or make it have to be considered) A shortage of trained nurses is posing major problems.
▪ deal with/sort out a problem The state has failed to deal with the problem of violence against women.
▪ tackle/address a problem (=deal with it) There is more than one way to tackle this problem.
▪ solve/resolve a problem (also fix a problem informal) He solved his financial problems by selling his car.
▪ overcome a problem We try to help families overcome housing problems.
▪ face a problem Terrorism is possibly the most important problem facing western countries.
▪ raise a problem (=mention it, so that people can discuss it) He also raised the problem of noise from planes taking off and landing.
▪ encounter/experience a problem You shouldn’t encounter any further problems.
▪ a problem arises/occurs (also a problem comes up) (=it happens) Problems may arise when the family wants to move house.
▪ compound/exacerbate a problem formal (=make it worse) The country’s economic problems are compounded by its ageing population.
▪ the problem lies in/with something The problem lies in the design of the rocket.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + problem
▪ big/major/serious The school’s biggest problem is a shortage of cash.
▪ little/small/minor Old cars often develop minor engine problems.
▪ the main problem The main problem for the climbers was lack of sleep.
▪ a real problem They quickly found that their real problem lay with marketing.
▪ a difficult problem Does the team have the skills to tackle these difficult problems?
▪ a thorny/knotty problem (=difficult) He still faced the thorny problem of finding a way out of the jungle.
▪ a fundamental problem (=relating to the most basic and important parts of something ) The government has done little to solve the fundamental problems of poverty and crime.
▪ a pressing problem (=one that needs to be dealt with very soon) Lack of clean drinking water is the most pressing problem facing the refugees.
▪ personal problems (=relating to your private life and relationships) My daughter found it hard to talk about her personal problems.
▪ family problems She would never discuss family problems with outsiders.
▪ financial/money problems Our financial problems are over.
▪ economic problems He argued that the government was to blame for the country’s economic problems.
▪ a technical problem The delay was caused by technical problems.
▪ a practical problem Burying a pet can present practical problems.
▪ an environmental problem Air pollution is our most serious environmental problem.
■ COMMON ERRORS
► It is more usual to say a big problem, a major problem or a serious problem, instead of saying 'an important problem'.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + problem
▪ a health/medical problem Have you ever suffered from any of these health problems?
▪ a back/heart/kidney etc problem He was born with heart problems.
▪ a hearing problem There are special telephones for people with hearing problems.
▪ a weight problem (=the problem of being too fat) Patients with weight problems were put on a strict diet.
▪ psychological problems (also mental health problems) She is being treated for psychological problems at a mental hospital in Oxford.
▪ emotional problems He suffers from depression and other emotional problems.
▪ behavioural problems Many of these children have behavioural problems.
▪ a serious/major problem Lifting things carelessly can lead to serious back problems.
▪ a minor problem She has had some minor medical problems.
■ verbs
▪ have a problem He's always had a weight problem.
▪ suffer (from) a problem The patient began to suffer breathing problems.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ setback a problem that stops you from making progress: The space program suffered a major setback when the space shuttle, Discovery, exploded.
▪ snag informal a problem, especially one that you had not expected: There’s a snag – I don’t have his number.
▪ hitch a small problem that delays or prevents something: There have been a few last-minute hitches.
▪ trouble when something does not work in the way it should: The plane developed engine trouble.
▪ hassle spoken a situation that is annoying because it causes problems: Just trying to store all this stuff is a hassle.