British English

behind

behind [preposition]

At the back (of)

/bɪˈhaɪnd/

پشت سر

مثال:

Look behind you!

Oxford Essential Dictionary

behind

preposition, adverb

1 at or to the back of somebody or something:
I hid behind the wall.
I drove off and Jim followed behind.

2 slower or less good than somebody or something; slower or less good than you should be:
She is behind with her work because she is often ill.

3 in the place where somebody or something was before:
I got off the train and left my bag behind (= on the train).

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

behind

I. be‧hind¹ S1 W1 /bɪˈhaɪnd/ BrE AmE preposition, adverb
[Language: Old English; Origin: behindan, from hindan 'from behind']
1. at or towards the back of a thing or person:
I turned to speak to the person standing behind me.
Someone could easily creep up behind us.
The car behind was hooting impatiently.
Jane shut the door behind her.
The manager was sitting behind a large desk.
close behind/not far behind
He set off down the road with the rest of us following close behind.
► Do not say ‘behind of’: He hid behind a chair (NOT behind of a chair).
2. not as successful or not having made as much progress as someone or something else:
Mark’s always behind the rest of his class in mathematics.
This victory lifts Ferguson’s team into fifth place, nine points behind leaders Norwich.
Europe was falling behind in the important field of computer technology.
3. used to say that someone is late in doing what they have to do:
This work should have been finished yesterday. I’m getting terribly behind.
Victor had fallen behind with his mortgage payments after losing his job.
an important research project that is already two years behind schedule (=not ready at the time planned)
4. used for talking about the hidden reason for something:
I wonder what’s behind this change of plan.
Perhaps a bitter experience lay behind her anger.
5. supporting a person, idea etc:
The workers are very much behind these proposals.
I suppose I’m lucky because my parents were behind me all the way.
6. responsible for a plan, idea etc or for organizing something:
It was alleged that foreign agents were behind the recent violence.
The Rotary Club is behind the fund-raising for the new hospital.
7. if an unpleasant experience or situation is behind you, it no longer upsets you or affects your life:
Now you can put all these worries behind you.
a chance to start a new life and leave all your troubles behind
8. if you have experience behind you, you have gained valuable skills or important qualities that can be used:
Marjorie is one of the top designers in the business, with years of experience behind her.
9. used when the real facts about a situation or someone’s character are hidden by the way things seem or by the way a person behaves:
We were determined to find the truth behind this mystery.
You could see the burning hatred behind Graham’s calm manner.
10. if a student stays behind after school or after a lesson, they stay after it has finished
⇨ behind sb’s back at ↑back²(9), ⇨ behind bars at ↑bar¹(7), ⇨ behind the times at ↑time¹(38)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ behind at or towards the back of something, and often hidden by it: The sun went behind a cloud. | I got stuck behind a truck on the way to the airport.
▪ at the back British English, in (the) back American English behind something, especially a building: There’s a small garden at the back of the cottage. | Their house has a pool in the back.
▪ at/to the rear written behind something, especially a building. At/to the rear sounds rather formal and is used especially in written descriptions: They parked in a small carpark at the rear of the hotel. | There is a small seating area to the rear.
▪ in the background if someone or something is in the background, it is behind the place where the main activity is happening: If you look carefully at the painting, you will see several men sitting at a table in the background.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

behind

be·hind preposition, adverb, noun [bɪˈhaɪnd] [bɪˈhaɪnd]

preposition
1. at or towards the back of sb/sth, and often hidden by it or them
• Who's the girl standing behind Jan?
• Stay close behind me.
• a small street behind the station
• She glanced behind her.
• Don't forget to lock the door behind you (= when you leave).
• The sun disappeared behind the clouds.

compare in front of

2. making less progress than sb/sth
• He's behind the rest of the class in reading.

• We're behind schedule (= late).

3. giving support to or approval of sb/sth

• She knew that, whatever she decided, her family was right behind her.

4. responsible for starting or developing sth
• What's behind that happy smile (= what is causing it)?

• He was the man behind the plan to build a new hospital.

5. used to say that sth is in sb's past
• The accident is behind you now, so try to forget it.
• She has ten years' useful experience behind her.
Word Origin:
Old English behindan, bihindan, from bi ‘by’ + hindan ‘from behind’.
Which Word?:
at the back / at the rear / behind

At the back and at the rear have a similar meaning, but at the rear is used more in formal or official language: ▪ What’s that at the back of the fridge? ◊ ▪ Smoking is only allowed at the rear of the aircraft. It is more usual to talk about the back door of a house but the rear exit of an aircraft or public building. If something is behind something else it is near to the back of it but not part of it. Compare: ▪ Our room was at the back of the hotel and ▪ There’s a lovely wood just behind our hotel.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

behind / bɪˈhaɪnd / preposition , adverb

A1 at the back (of):

Look behind you!

I hung my coat behind the door.

Alex led, and I followed along behind.

mainly UK As hard as she tried, she always fell behind the other swimmers in the races.

figurative I knew that behind (= hidden by) her smile was sadness.

behind / bɪˈhaɪnd / preposition

C1 responsible for or the cause of:

He wondered what was behind his neighbour's sudden friendliness.

Marie Curie was the woman behind enormous changes in the science of chemistry.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

behind
I. PREPOSITION AND ADVERB USES

/bɪhaɪnd/
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'behind' is also used in a few phrasal verbs, such as ‘fall behind’ and ‘lie behind’.
Please look at category 14 to see if the expression you are looking for is shown under another headword.
1.
If something is behind a thing or person, it is on the other side of them from you, or nearer their back rather than their front.
I put one of the cushions behind his head...
They were parked behind the truck...
PREP
•
Behind is also an adverb.
Rising into the hills behind are 800 acres of parkland...
She was attacked from behind.
ADV: usu n ADV, from ADV
2.
If you are walking or travelling behind someone or something, you are following them.
Keith wandered along behind him...
Myra and Sam and the children were driving behind them.
PREP
•
Behind is also an adverb.
The troopers followed behind, every muscle tensed for the sudden gunfire.
ADV: ADV after v
3.
If someone is behind a desk, counter, or bar, they are on the other side of it from where you are.
The colonel was sitting behind a cheap wooden desk...
He could just about see the little man behind the counter.
PREP
4.
When you shut a door or gate behind you, you shut it after you have gone through it.
I walked out and closed the door behind me...
He slammed the gate shut behind him.
PREP: PREP pron
5.
The people, reason, or events behind a situation are the causes of it or are responsible for it.
It is still not clear who was behind the killing...
He is embarrassed about the motives behind his decision.
PREP
6.
If something or someone is behind you, they support you and help you.
He had the state’s judicial power behind him.
PREP: PREP pron
7.
If you refer to what is behind someone’s outside appearance, you are referring to a characteristic which you cannot immediately see or is not obvious, but which you think is there.
What lay behind his anger was really the hurt he felt at Grace’s refusal...
PREP
8.
If you are behind someone, you are less successful than them, or have done less or advanced less.
Food production has already fallen behind the population growth.
≠ ahead of
PREP
•
Behind is also an adverb.
The rapid development of technology means that she is now far behind, and will need retraining...
ADV: be ADV, ADV after v
9.
If an experience is behind you, it happened in your past and will not happen again, or no longer affects you.
Maureen put the nightmare behind her...
PREP: PREP pron
10.
If you have a particular achievement behind you, you have managed to reach this achievement, and other people consider it to be important or valuable.
He has 20 years of loyal service to Barclays Bank behind him...
PREP: have/with n PREP pron
11.
If something is behind schedule, it is not as far advanced as people had planned. If someone is behind schedule, they are not progressing as quickly at something as they had planned.
The work is 22 weeks behind schedule...
≠ ahead of
PREP: oft n PREP n
12.
If you stay behind, you remain in a place after other people have gone.
About 1,200 personnel will remain behind to take care of the air base.
ADV: ADV after v
13.
If you leave something or someone behind, you do not take them with you when you go.
The rebels fled into the mountains, leaving behind their weapons and supplies...
ADV: ADV after v

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

²behind prep
1 : in or to a place at the back of or to the rear of (someone or something)
• Look behind you.
• He was standing in front of me and she was standing behind [=in back of] me.
• The older students entered the room first with the younger students following behind them.
• The house is behind some trees. [=there are some trees in front of the house]
• The cat hid behind the couch.
• The sun went/hid/was behind a cloud.
- see also behind the eight ball at eight ball
2 : losing to (someone or something) in a race or competition
• “How far behind the other runners was she?” “At least 50 yards (behind them).”
• They were ahead of us by 5 points earlier in the game, but now they're behind us by 7.
• The polls show that he is behind the other candidates.
• The company is now behind the competition.
3 : in a less advanced position than (someone or something)
• He was a year behind me in school. [=he finished school a year after I did] : not happening or proceeding as quickly as (someone or something)
• He was behind the other students in his studies.
• This year's sales have lagged considerably/significantly behind last year's sales. [=sales have not been as good this year as they were last year]
• We're running about five minutes behind schedule. [=late]
4 a : in the past for (someone or something)
• Those problems are behind us now.
• Her best work is behind her. [=her best work was in the past]
• He has many years of experience behind him. [=he has many years of experience in his past]
b : out of the mind or thoughts of (someone)
• Let's put our troubles behind us. [=let's stop thinking/worrying about our troubles]
5 a : providing the reason or explanation for (something)
• We need to learn more about the conditions behind the strike. [=the conditions that led to the strike]
• What was really behind his murder? [=what was the real reason for his murder?]
b : responsible for (something)
• We'll get to the bottom of this conspiracy and find out who's behind it!
6 a : in support of (someone or something)
• Despite the controversy, most of his supporters remain solidly behind him.
• We're behind you all the way!
• I encourage everyone to get behind these proposals. [=to support these proposals]
b : with the support of (something)
• They won the game 1–0 behind brilliant pitching. [=brilliant pitching made it possible for them to win the game 1–0]

in

in [preposition] (INSIDE)

Inside or towards the inside of a container, place, or area, or surrounded or closed off by something

/ɪn/

درون، داخل

مثال:

Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

preposition

1 a word that shows where somebody or something is:
a country in Africa
He put his hand in the water
She was lying in bed.

2 making all or part of something:
There are 100 centimetres in a metre.

3 a word that shows when something happens:
My birthday is in May.
He started school in 1987.

4 a word that shows how long something takes:
I'll be ready in ten minutes.

5 a word that shows what clothes somebody is wearing:
He was dressed in a suit.

6 a word that shows how somebody or something is:
This room is in a mess.
Jenny was in tears (= she was crying).
Sit in a circle.

7 a word that shows somebody's job:
He's in the army.

8 a word that shows in what way or in what language:
Write your name in capital letters.
They were speaking in French.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

I. in¹ S1 W1 /ɪn/ BrE AmE preposition
[Language: Old English]
1. used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is:
There’s some sugar in the cupboard.
My mother was in the kitchen.
He took us for a drive in his new car.
I found her sitting up in bed.
Manson spent fifteen years in prison.
a hole in the ground
Mr Fisher is in Boston this week.
My parents live in New Zealand now.
2. into a container, place etc:
I never went in pubs.
He almost drowned when he fell in the river.
You can put your pyjamas in the bottom drawer.
Get in the car.
She looked in her handbag, but her keys were not there.
3. used to say how something is done or happens:
a room furnished in the modern style
Her parents always talk to her in German.
She shouted my name in a harsh voice.
a short note scribbled in pencil
The title was printed in capital letters.
We waited in silence.
4. used with the names of months, years, seasons etc to say when something happens:
Shaw first visited Russia in 1927.
Bright yellow flowers appear in late summer.
He retired in October.
5. during a period of time:
It was amazing how much we managed to do in a day.
the hardest decision I ever made in my life
GRAMMAR
Do not use in before 'this’, 'last', and 'next' when saying when something happens:
▪ I got a letter from my sister this morning (NOT in this morning).
▪ I hope to go to Europe next summer (NOT in next summer).
You do not normally use in when saying how often something happens during a particular period of time:
▪ The group meets four times a week (NOT four times in a week). But when you are emphasizing how often something happens, you can use in in front of one:
▪ She was late for school four times in one week.
6. at the end of a period of time:
I’ll be with you in a minute.
The results will be announced in two weeks’ time.
7. used with negatives or with ‘first’ to say how much time has passed since the last time something happened:
I haven’t enjoyed myself so much in years.
It was the team’s first win in eighteen months.
8. used to name the book, document, film etc where something or someone appears:
You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.
Which actress starred in the film ‘Cleopatra’?
There are a few mistakes in your essay.
In his speech, Professor Leary praised the work of the volunteers.
9. making up the whole of something or included as part of something:
There are twelve programmes in the series.
How many minutes are there in an hour?
Think of a word with eight letters in it meaning ‘cold’.
Owen will be playing in the England team tomorrow.
10. doing or affecting a particular kind of job:
a career in industry
He’s been in politics for fifteen years.
reforms in education
11. wearing something:
He looked very handsome in his uniform.
She was dressed in a blue linen suit.
12. used to talk about the state or situation of something or someone:
I hear that their marriage is in trouble.
The engine appears to be in good condition.
His life was in danger.
The castle now lies in ruins.
13. used to say what activity a group of people do:
About 4,000 students took part in the protest.
his role in the negotiations
14. used to talk about the shape, arrangement, or course of something or someone:
I want you all to stand in a circle.
She slept curled up in a ball.
Can you walk in a straight line?
15. used between a smaller number and a larger number to say how common or how likely something is:
One in ten homes now has cable TV.
Smokers have a one in three chance of dying from their habit.
16. used before a plural number or amount to say how many people or things are involved, or how many there are in each group:
Eggs are still sold in half dozens.
The children work in pairs.
in their hundreds/thousands etc (=in very large numbers)
People flocked in their thousands to greet their new princess.
17. used between a smaller number or amount and a larger one to say what a rate is:
Income tax stands at 23 pence in the pound.
a hill with a gradient of one in six
18. used to say what colour something is or what it is made of:
Do you have the same pattern in blue?
a sculpture in white marble
19. used to say what specific thing your statement is related to:
Milk is very rich in calcium.
Clark had become more extreme in his opinions.
an increase in fuel prices
The street is about a mile in length.
20. used to refer to the weather or the physical conditions somewhere:
I’ve been standing in the rain for over an hour.
Would you prefer to sit in the shade?
21. used to say what feeling you have when you do something:
She looked at me in horror.
It was all done purely in fun.
22. used before the name of someone or something when you are saying how they are regarded:
You have a very good friend in Pat.
In Dwight D. Eisenhower the Republicans had found the ideal candidate.
23. used to say what person or thing has the quality you are mentioning:
There was a hint of spring in the air.
I don’t think Freddy had it in him to be a killer.
She’s everything I’d want in a wife (=she has every quality I would want a wife to have).
24. used to name the substance, food, drink etc that contains something:
Vitamin D is found in butter.
25. used to say how many parts something is divided into:
a radio serial in four parts
in two/halves/pieces etc
I tore the letter in two and threw the pieces in the fire.
26. while doing something or while something is happening, and as a result of this:
In all the confusion, it is quite possible that some people got tickets without paying.
In my excitement, I forgot all about the message.
in doing something
In trying to protect the queen, Howard had put his own life in danger.
27. in that used after a statement to begin to explain in what way it is true:
I’ve been lucky in that I have never had to worry about money.
28. be in your 20s/30s/40s etc to be between the ages of 20 and 29, 30 and 39 etc:
Matthews was already in his mid-40s.
⇨ in all at ↑all¹(11)
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ after preposition after something happens, or after a period of time has passed. After is used especially when taking about the past: We went for a walk after lunch. | After an hour, we got tired of waiting and went home. | They got married just after Christmas.
▪ in preposition after a particular period of time. In is used especially when talking about the future, especially the next few minutes, hours, days etc: The concert’s due to start in a few minutes. | I’ll come back in an hour. | In a few years’ time, this place will look completely different.
▪ within preposition after less than a month, two weeks etc has passed – used especially when the time seems surprisingly short: within a month/two weeks etc: He developed a headache at lunchtime, and within two hours he was dead. | Within two days of arriving she had managed to upset everyone.
▪ 24 hours/a year etc from now at a time 24 hours, a year etc after now: A week from now we’ll be in Paris.
▪ afterwards (also afterward especially American English) adverb after an event or time you have mentioned: Jones admitted afterwards that she had been very nervous during the game. | Speaking to reporters afterward, he said the operation had been a success. | He moved to Belgium, and soon afterwards he met Angela.
▪ later adverb some time after now or after the time you are talking about: I’ll tell you about it later when I’m less busy. | two months/three years etc later: James went off, and came back ten minutes later with some food.
▪ subsequently adverb formal after something had happened in the past: The book was published in 1954 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

in preposition, adverb, adjective, noun [ɪn] [ɪn]

preposition For the special uses of in in phrasal verbs, look at the entries for the verbs. For example deal in sth is in the phrasal verb section at deal.
1. at a point within an area or a space
• a country in Africa
• The kids were playing in the street.
• It's in that drawer.

• I read about it in the paper.

2. within the shape of sth; surrounded by sth
• She was lying in bed.
• sitting in an armchair
• Leave the key in the lock.

• Soak it in cold water.

3. into sth
• He dipped his brush in the paint.

• She got in her car and drove off.

4. forming the whole or part of sth/sb; contained within sth/sb
• There are 31 days in May.
• all the paintings in the collection

• I recognize his father in him (= his character is similar to his father's).

5. during a period of time
• in 2009
• in the 18th century
• in spring/summer/autumn/winter
• in the fall
• in March
• in the morning/afternoon/evening

• I'm getting forgetful in my old age.

6. after a particular length of time
• to return in a few minutes/hours/days/months.
• It will be ready in a week's time (= one week from now).

• She learnt to drive in three weeks (= after three weeks she could drive).

7. (used in negative sentences or after first, last, etc.) for a particular period of time
• I haven't seen him in years.

• It's the first letter I've had in ten days.

8. wearing sth
• dressed in their best clothes
• the man in the hat
• to be in uniform

• She was all in black.

9. used to describe physical surroundings
• We went out in the rain.

• He was sitting alone in the darkness.

10. used to show a state or condition
• I'm in love!
• The house is in good repair.
• I must put my affairs in order.
• a man in his thirties

• The daffodils were in full bloom.

11. involved in sth; taking part in sth

• to act in a play

12. used to show sb's job or profession
• He is in the army.
• She's in computers.

• in business

13. used to show the form, shape, arrangement or quantity of sth
• a novel in three parts
• Roll it up in a ball.
• They sat in rows.

• People flocked in their thousands to see her.

14. used to show the language, material, etc. used
• Say it in English.
• She wrote in pencil.
• Put it in writing.
• I paid in cash.

• He spoke in a loud voice.

15. concerning sth
• She was not lacking in courage.
• a country rich in minerals

• three metres in length

16. while doing sth; while sth is happening
• In attempting to save the child from drowning, she nearly lost her own life.

• In all the commotion I forgot to tell him the news.

17. used to introduce the name of a person who has a particular quality

• We're losing a first-rate editor in Jen.

18. used to show a rate or relative amount
• a gradient of one in five
• a tax rate of 22 pence in the pound
Word Origin:
Old English in (preposition), inn, inne (adverb), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German in (preposition), German ein (adverb), from an Indo-European root shared by Latin in and Greek en.

Idioms: have an in with somebody ▪ in and out ▪ in at something ▪ in for something ▪ in on something ▪ in that ▪ in to something ▪ in with somebody ▪ ins and outs

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

in / ɪn / preposition (INSIDE)

A1 inside or towards the inside of a container, place, or area, or surrounded or closed off by something:

Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it.

Is Mark still in bed?

I got stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour.

They live in a charming old cottage.

How much is that coat on display in the window (= in the space behind the window of the shop) ?

I've got a pain in my back.

What's that in your hand?

I've got something in (= on the surface of) my eye.

They used to live in Paris, but now they're somewhere in Austria.

He's always looking at himself in the mirror (= at the image of his face produced by the mirror) .

I never know what's going on in her head (= what she's thinking about) .

My daughter's in hospital ( US in the hospital) having her tonsils out.

US Is Erika still in school (= does she still go to school) ?

in / ɪn / preposition (INTO)

into something:

Come on, we're late - get in the car.

Put it in the cupboard.

They threw him in the swimming pool.

in / ɪn / preposition (PART)

A2 forming a part of something:

He used to be the lead singer in a rock 'n' roll band.

There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay.

I've been waiting in this queue for ages.

What do you look for in a relationship?

I can see a future champion in Joely (= I think that Joely might become a champion) .

Talent like hers is rare in someone so young.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

in / ɪn / preposition (DURING)

A1 during part or all of a period of time:

We're going to Italy in April.

Some trees lose their leaves in (the) autumn.

I started working here in 2009.

Life in the 19th century was very different from what it is now.

Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning) .

She was a brilliant gymnast in her youth (= when she was young) .

How many civilians died in the Vietnam War?

This is the first cigarette I've had in three years.

I haven't had a decent night's sleep in years/ages (= for a long time) .

in between between the two times mentioned:

I have breakfast at 7.30, lunch at 1.00, and sometimes a snack in between.

in / ɪn / preposition (NO MORE THAN)

A2 needing or using no more time than a particular amount of time:

Can you finish the job in two weeks?

She could get that essay done in a couple of hours if she really tried.

They completed the journey in record time (= faster than ever done before) .

in / ɪn / preposition (BEFORE THE END)

A2 before or at the end of a particular period:

Dinner will be ready in ten minutes.

We'll all be dead in a hundred years so there's no point worrying about it.

I'm just setting off, so I should be with you in half an hour.

in / ɪn / preposition (EXPERIENCING)

B1 experiencing a situation or condition, or feeling an emotion:

We watched in horror as they pulled the bodies from the wreckage.

He's living in luxury in the south of France.

She left in a bit of a hurry.

You're in great danger.

Could I have a word with you in private?

Have you ever been in love?

Your car's in very good condition, considering how old it is.

in / ɪn / preposition (EXPRESSED)

B1 expressed or written in a particular way:

Cheques should be written in ink.

She usually paints in watercolour.

They spoke in Russian the whole time.

He always talks in a whisper.

in / ɪn / preposition (RESULT)

B2 used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else:

I'd like to do something for you in return / exchange for everything you've done for me.

The changes are in response to demand from our customers.

He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions.

in / ɪn / preposition (ARRANGEMENT)

B1 used to show how things or people are arranged or divided:

We all sat down in a circle.

The desks were arranged in rows of ten.

Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups.

Sometimes customers buy books in twos and threes, but rarely in larger quantities than that.

Cut the potatoes in two.

People are dying in their thousands from cold and starvation.

in / ɪn / preposition (AGE/TEMPERATURE)

used when referring approximately to someone's age or the weather temperature:

Nowadays many women are in their late thirties when they have their first child.

Temperatures will be in the mid-twenties (= about 25 degrees) .

in / ɪn / preposition (INVOLVED)

B1 involved or connected with a particular subject or activity:

I never knew you were in publishing.

a degree in philosophy

advances in medical science

in / ɪn / preposition (WEARING)

B1 wearing:

Do you recognize that man in the grey suit?

Pat can't resist men in uniform.

You look nice in green (= green clothes) .

in / ɪn / preposition (COMPARING AMOUNTS)

used to compare one part of an amount of something with the total amount of it:

Apparently one in ten people/one person in ten has problems with reading.

UK The basic rate of income tax is 25 pence in ( US on ) the pound.

in / ɪn / preposition (CHARACTERISTIC)

used to show which characteristic or part of a person or thing is being described:

The new version is worse in every respect - I much preferred the original.

Are the two bags equal in weight?

She's deaf in her left ear.

in / ɪn / preposition (CAUSE)

[ + -ing verb ] used to show when doing one thing is the cause of another thing happening:

In refus ing (= because she refused) to work abroad, she missed an excellent job opportunity.

The government banned tobacco advertising and, in doing so (= because of this) , contributed greatly to the nation's health.

in that formal because:

This research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

in
I. POSITION OR MOVEMENT

The preposition is pronounced /ɪn/. The adverb is pronounced /ɪn/.
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'in' is used after some verbs, nouns, and adjectives in order to introduce extra information. 'In' is also used with verbs of movement such as ‘walk’ and ‘push’, and in phrasal verbs such as ‘give in’ and ‘dig in’.
1.
Someone or something that is in something else is enclosed by it or surrounded by it. If you put something in a container, you move it so that it is enclosed by the container.
He was in his car.
...clothes hanging in the wardrobe...
PREP
2.
If something happens in a place, it happens there.
We spent a few days in a hotel...
He had intended to take a holiday in America...
PREP
3.
If you are in, you are present at your home or place of work.
My flatmate was in at the time...
≠ out
ADV: be ADV
4.
When someone comes in, they enter a room or building.
She looked up anxiously as he came in...
They shook hands and went in.
ADV: ADV after v
5.
If a train, boat, or plane has come in or is in, it has arrived at a station, port, or airport.
We’d be watching every plane coming in from Melbourne...
Look. The train’s in. We’ll have to run for it now.
ADV: ADV after v, be ADV
6.
When the sea or tide comes in, the sea moves towards the shore rather than away from it.
She thought of the tide rushing in, covering the wet sand...
≠ out
ADV: ADV after v, be ADV
7.
Something that is in a window, especially a shop window, is just behind the window so that you can see it from outside.
There was a camera for sale in the window.
PREP
8.
When you see something in a mirror, the mirror shows an image of it.
I couldn’t bear to see my reflection in the mirror...
PREP
9.
If you are dressed in a piece of clothing, you are wearing it.
He was a big man, smartly dressed in a suit and tie.
PREP: oft -ed PREP n
10.
Something that is covered or wrapped in something else has that thing over or round its surface.
His legs were covered in mud.
PREP: oft -ed PREP n
11.
If there is something such as a crack or hole in something, there is a crack or hole on its surface.
There was a deep crack in the ceiling above him.
PREP

II. INCLUSION OR INVOLVEMENT

/ɪn/
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If something is in a book, film, play, or picture, you can read it or see it there.
Don’t stick too precisely to what it says in the book.
PREP
2.
If you are in something such as a play or a race, you are one of the people taking part.
Alf offered her a part in the play he was directing...
More than fifteen thousand people took part in the memorial service.
PREP
3.
Something that is in a group or collection is a member of it or part of it.
The New England team are the worst in the league.
PREP
4.
You use in to specify a general subject or field of activity.
...those working in the defence industry.
...future developments in medicine.
PREP

III. TIME AND NUMBERS

/ɪn/
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If something happens in a particular year, month, or other period of time, it happens during that time.
...that early spring day in April 1949...
Export orders improved in the last month...
In the evening, the people assemble in the mosques...
PREP
2.
If something happens in a particular situation, it happens while that situation is going on.
His father had been badly wounded in the last war.
...issues you struggle with in your daily life.
PREP
3.
If you do something in a particular period of time, that is how long it takes you to do it.
He walked two hundred and sixty miles in eight days.
PREP: PREP amount
4.
If something will happen in a particular length of time, it will happen after that length of time.
I’ll have some breakfast ready in a few minutes...
They’ll be back in six months.
PREP: PREP amount
5.
You use in to indicate roughly how old someone is. For example, if someone is in their fifties, they are between 50 and 59 years old.
...young people in their twenties.
PREP: PREP poss pl-num
6.
You use in to indicate roughly how many people or things do something.
...men who came there in droves...
PREP: oft PREP num
7.
You use in to express a ratio, proportion, or probability.
Last year, one in five boys left school without a qualification...
PREP: num PREP num

IV. STATES AND QUALITIES

/ɪn/
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If something or someone is in a particular state or situation, that is their present state or situation.
The economy was in trouble...
Dave was in a hurry to get back to work...
Their equipment was in poor condition...
PREP: v-link PREP n
2.
You use in to indicate the feeling or desire which someone has when they do something, or which causes them to do it.
Simpson looked at them in surprise...
Chris was weeping in anger and grief...
PREP
3.
If a particular quality or ability is in you, you naturally have it.
Violence is not in his nature...
PREP: oft PREP pron to-inf
4.
You use in when saying that someone or something has a particular quality.
He had all the qualities I was looking for in a partner...
‘I don’t agree,’ she said, surprised at the strength in her own voice...
PREP
5.
You use in to indicate how someone is expressing something.
Information is given to the patient verbally and in writing.
...lessons in languages other than Spanish.
PREP
6.
You use in in expressions such as in a row or in a ball to describe the arrangement or shape of something.
The cards need to be laid out in two rows...
Her ear, shoulder and hip are in a straight line...
PREP
7.
If something is in a particular colour, it has that colour.
...white flowers edged in pink...
PREP: oft -ed PREP colour
8.
You use in to specify which feature or aspect of something you are talking about.
The movie is nearly two hours in length...
There is a big difference in the amounts that banks charge.
...a real increase in the standard of living...
PREP

V. OTHER USES AND PHRASES

Pronounced /ɪn/ for meanings 1 and 3 to 8, and /ɪn/ for meaning 2.

(ins)
Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.
1.
If you say that something is in, or is the in thing, you mean it is fashionable or popular. (INFORMAL)
A few years ago jogging was the in thing...
ADJ
2.
You use in with a present participle to indicate that when you do something, something else happens as a result.
In working with others, you find out more about yourself.
PREP: PREP -ing
3.
If you say that someone is in for a shock or a surprise, you mean that they are going to experience it.
You might be in for a shock at the sheer hard work involved...
PHRASE: V inflects, PHR n
4.
If someone has it in for you, they dislike you and try to cause problems for you. (INFORMAL)
The other kids had it in for me.
PHRASE: V inflects, PHR n
5.
If you are in on something, you are involved in it or know about it.
I don’t know. I wasn’t in on that particular argument...
PREP-PHRASE: v-link PREP n, v n PREP n
6.
If you are in with a person or group, they like you and accept you, and are likely to help you. (INFORMAL)
PHRASE: PHR n
7.
You use in that to introduce an explanation of a statement you have just made.
I’m lucky in that I’ve got four sisters.
PHRASE
8.
The ins and outs of a situation are all the detailed points and facts about it.
...the ins and outs of high finance...
PHRASE: usu the PHR of n/-ing

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹in /ˈɪn, ən/ prep
1
- used to indicate location or position within something
• We went for a swim in the lake.
• They have a house in the country.
• Albuquerque is in New Mexico.
• There wasn't a cloud in the sky.
• I like to read in bed. [=while sitting or lying on my bed]
• He was wounded in the leg.
• We had to stand in line for tickets.
• Why don't you look it up in the dictionary?
• There's something in my eye. [=between my eyelid and my eyeball]
• There was fear in their eyes. [=I could tell they were afraid when I looked at their eyes]
• I held her in my arms.
• He saw his reflection in the mirror.
2 : to the inside of (a room, container, etc.)
• She went in [=into] the house.
• Don't come in here with those muddy feet!
• I threw it in [=into] the garbage.
3 a
- used to indicate that someone or something belongs to or is included as part of something
• She used to play in [=as a member of] a band.
• There are 12 in a dozen. [=a dozen is equal to 12]
b
- used to indicate the existence of something or someone within a story, movie, etc.
• a character in a story
• a scene in a movie
• He saw it in a dream.
4 a : during (a period of time, a season, etc.)
• It happened in the 1930s.
• She likes to travel in [=during] the summer.
• Call us sometime in [=during] the morning/afternoon/evening.
• They plan to open in September.
• We haven't seen them in [=for] ages!
• Back in those days, we didn't have computers.
• an important moment in history
• Never in my life have I heard such a thing!
• I lost track of them in [=during] all the commotion/confusion.
b : at the end of (a period of time)
• I'll be there in a minute.
• The movie is coming out in a few months.
• He got his degree in only three years.
c
- used to indicate an approximate age or number
• a woman in her thirties [=a woman who is between 30 and 39 years old]
• Our members number in the thousands. [=more than 2,000]
5 a
- used to indicate the method, materials, or form of something
• a note written in pencil [=using a pencil]
• a note written in French
• a symphony in (the key of) C
• The book is bound in leather.
• They were covered in mud from head to toe.
• She gave us 50 dollars in cash.
• The measurements are listed in both inches and centimeters.
• The shirts come in three sizes.
b
- used to indicate the color of something
• I decorated the room in blues and grays. [=using different shades of blue and gray]
6 a
- used to indicate the state or condition of someone or something
• We'll be in trouble if we can't get the brakes to work! [=we will experience a situation that is difficult, dangerous, etc.]
• She was in and out of trouble for many years.
• young people in love [=experiencing romantic love]
• Are you in much pain?
• I just stood there gaping in amazement.
• They're not in any danger.
b : to a specified state, condition, or form
• They were always getting in [=into] trouble.
• The vase broke in [=into] pieces.
• They divided the money in [=into] thirds.
7
- used to indicate how people or things are arranged
• They stood in a circle.
• The chairs were placed in a row.
8
- used to indicate the conditions that are around someone or something
• I found her sitting in the dark. = I found her sitting in darkness.
• Don't just stand there in the rain!
9 : while or as a result of (doing something)
• In trying to please everyone, I ended up pleasing no one.
• Many mistakes were made in planning the project.
10
- used to indicate the manner or purpose of something
• “No way!” she said in reply.
• The remark was made in jest.
• They sure left in a hurry!
• We held a banquet in his honor. [=to honor him]
• They went in search of lost treasure. [=to search for lost treasure]
• She moved to the city in hopes of finding a better job. [=with the hope that she would find a better job]
• They increased the penalties in an attempt to discourage lawbreakers.
11
- used to make a statement or description more limited or specific in meaning
• They are slow in their movements. [=their movements are slow]
• The two are alike in some ways/respects. [=they have some similarities]
• It measures two feet in length. [=it is two feet long]
• The idea works in theory, but not in practice.
• In a way, it makes sense. [=it makes sense if you consider a particular fact, idea, etc.]
12
- used to indicate the person who is being described
• We've lost a valuable employee in Mike.
• In her, you have a true friend.
13
- used to indicate the object of a belief, opinion, or feeling
• Have a little faith in them!
• Do you believe in ghosts? [=do you think ghosts are real?]
• I really don't know what she sees in him. [=I don't know why she likes/loves him]
• I have no interest in sports. [=sports do not interest me]
14
- used to indicate a job or area of activity
• She has a job in marketing.
• I hear he's in advertising. [=he has a job that involves advertising]
• She's struggling in math.
15
- used to indicate the existence of something as a part of someone's character
• He has no pity in him.
• I tried to be tough with them, but I just didn't have it in me. [=I wasn't able to be tough with them]
16 : wearing (something) as clothes
• He showed up in his best suit.
• the boy in the red jacket
• a lady in black [=a lady wearing black clothes]
17
- used to describe how common something is by comparing a smaller number to a larger number
• This condition affects one in five [=1 in 5; one out of every five] Americans.

front

front [adjective]

In or at the front of something

/frʌnt/

جلویی

مثال:

One of his front teeth is missing.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

>> front adjective:
the front door
the front seat of a car

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. front² S1 W2 BrE AmE adjective [only before noun]
1. at, on, or in the front of something OPP back:
Two of his front teeth had been knocked out.
the front cover of ‘Hello!’ magazine
the front wheel of his bicycle
the dog’s front legs
front door/garden/porch etc (=at the front of a house)
We walked up the front steps and into the reception area.
front seat/row
We got there an hour early in order to get seats in the front row.
2. a front organization is a legal one that is run in order to hide a secret or illegal activity:
a front organization for importing heroin ⇨ ↑front man(1)
3. technical a front vowel sound is made by raising your tongue at the front of your mouth, such as the vowel sound in ‘see’ ⇨ back

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

adjective only before noun
1. on or at the front of sth
• front teeth
• the front wheels of the car
• We had seats in the front row.
• an animal's front legs
• Let's go through to the front room (= the main room in a house where people sit and entertain guests).
• a front-seat passenger

compare back, hind _adj.

2. (phonetics) (of a vowel) produced with the front of the tongue in a higher position than the back, for example /[iː] / in English
compare back, central
Word Origin:

Middle English (denoting the forehead): from Old French front (noun), fronter (verb), from Latin frons, front- ‘forehead, front’.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

front / frʌnt / adjective [ before noun ]

B1 in or at the front of something:

One of his front teeth is missing.

I'd like seats on the front row of the stalls.

a dog's front paws

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

front

/frʌnt/
(fronts, fronting, fronted)

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

1.
The front of something is the part of it that faces you, or that faces forward, or that you normally see or use.
One man sat in an armchair, and the other sat on the front of the desk...
Stand at the front of the line...
Her cotton dress had ripped down the front.
≠ back
N-COUNT: usu sing, oft the N of n

2.
The front of a building is the side or part of it that faces the street.
Attached to the front of the house, there was a large veranda.
N-COUNT: usu sing, oft the N of n

3.
A person’s or animal’s front is the part of their body between their head and their legs that is on the opposite side to their back.
If you lie your baby on his front, he’ll lift his head and chest up.
≠ back
N-SING: poss N

4.
Front is used to refer to the side or part of something that is towards the front or nearest to the front.
I went out there on the front porch...
She was only six and still missing her front teeth...
Children may be tempted to climb into the front seat while the car is in motion.
≠ back
ADJ: ADJ n

5.
The front page of a newspaper is the outside of the first page, where the main news stories are printed.
The Guardian’s front page carries a photograph of the two foreign ministers...
The violence in the Gaza Strip makes the front page of most of the newspapers.
ADJ: ADJ n
see also front-page

6.
The front is a road next to the sea in a seaside town. (BRIT)
Amy went out for a last walk along the sea front.
= promenade
N-SING: the N

7.
In a war, the front is a line where two opposing armies are facing each other.
Sonja’s husband is fighting at the front.
N-COUNT: usu the N in sing
see also front line

8.
If you say that something is happening on a particular front, you mean that it is happening with regard to a particular situation or field of activity.
We’re moving forward on a variety of fronts.
N-COUNT

9.
If someone puts on a particular kind of front, they pretend to have a particular quality.
Michael kept up a brave front both to the world and in his home...
N-COUNT: usu adj N

10.
An organization or activity that is a front for one that is illegal or secret is used to hide it.
...a firm later identified by the police as a front for crime syndicates...
= cover
N-COUNT: usu N for n

11.
In relation to the weather, a front is a line where a mass of cold air meets a mass of warm air.
A very active cold front brought dramatic weather changes to Kansas on Wednesday.
N-COUNT

12.
A building or an area of land that fronts a particular place or fronts onto it is next to it and faces it.
...real estate, which includes undeveloped land fronting the city convention center...
There are some delightful Victorian houses fronting onto the pavement.
...quaint cottages fronted by lawns and flowerbeds.
= face
VERB: V n, V onto n, V-ed

13.
The person who fronts an organization is the most senior person in it. (BRIT; in AM, use head)
He fronted a formidable band of fighters...
The commission, fronted by Sir Isaac Hayatali, was set up in June 1992.
= head
VERB: V n, V-ed

14.
If a person or thing is in front, they are ahead of others in a moving group, or further forward than someone or something else.
Officers will crack down on lunatic motorists who speed or drive too close to the car in front...
‘What’s with this guy?’ demanded an American voice in the row in front.
PHRASE

15.
Someone who is in front in a competition or contest at a particular point is winning at that point.
Richard Dunwoody is in front in the jockeys’ title race...
Some preliminary polls show him out in front.
= leading
PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link PHR

16.
If someone or something is in front of a particular thing, they are facing it, ahead of it, or close to the front part of it.
She sat down in front of her dressing-table mirror to look at herself...
Something darted out in front of my car, and my car hit it...
A police car was parked in front of the house.
PREP-PHRASE

17.
If you do or say something in front of someone else, you do or say it when they are present.
They never argued in front of their children...
He has been brought up not to swear in front of women.
PREP-PHRASE

18.
On the home front or on the domestic front means with regard to your own country rather than foreign countries. (JOURNALISM)
Its present economic ills on the home front are largely the result of overspending...
On the domestic front, the president got his way with his budget proposals.
PHRASE: PHR with cl

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

²front adj always used before a noun
1 : of or relating to the front : located at the front
• There's a small statue on the front lawn.
• He keeps his wallet in his front pocket.
• the front entrance/hall
• She likes to sit in the front [=first] row. = She likes front-row seats.
• the front door [=the door in the front of a building that is usually the main entrance]
• The story appeared on the front page [=the first page] of the newspaper.
• We checked into the hotel at the front desk. [=the desk in a building where visitors are greeted]
• There is a dent in the car's front end. [=the part of a vehicle that faces forward]
2 golf
- used to refer to the first 9 holes of an 18-hole golf course
• He was two over par on the front nine.
front and center US : in the most important position or area
• These issues are front and center in voters' minds.

American English

British English

general location and orientation

B1 (متوسط)

adjective

next [adjective]

Being the first one after the present one or after the one just mentioned

/nekst/

بعدی

مثال:

Take the next turning on the right.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

adjective

1 coming after this one:
I'm going on holiday next week.
Take the next road on the right.

2 nearest to this one:
I live in the next village.

next to somebody or something at the side of somebody or something same meaning beside:
The bank is next to the post office.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

I. next¹ S1 W1 /nekst/ BrE AmE determiner, adjective
1. the next event, day, time etc is the one that happens after the present one, or the previous one:
I just missed my flight to Chicago. When’s the next one?
We’ll look at the proposals at the next meeting.
Over the next couple of months, try to relax more and get more exercise.
next week/year/Monday etc
We’re hoping to open the factory some time next year.
the next day/week etc (=on or during the following day, week etc)
She called me and we arranged to meet the next day.
(the) next time
Next time I go skiing, I’ll wear warmer clothes.
2. the next house, room, place etc is the one that is nearest to where you are now:
Turn left at the next corner.
We could hear them arguing in the next room. ⇨ ↑next to
3. the next person or thing in a list, series etc comes after the one that you are dealing with now:
Read the next two chapters before Friday.
Do they have the next size up (=a slightly bigger size)?
4. next biggest/most common etc almost as big, more common etc than the one you are talking about:
Cancer-related diseases are the next biggest killers.
5. the next best thing the thing or situation that is almost as good as the one you really want:
If I can’t be home for Christmas, phoning you on the day is the next best thing.
6. the next thing I/she etc knew informal used when something surprising happens very suddenly:
The next thing I knew, I was lying face down on the pavement.
7. as the next man/person as any other man or person:
I am as keen to do well as the next man.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ next happening or coming immediately after another one: When does the next train to London leave? | I’ll see you next Saturday.
▪ following happening or coming immediately after something – used about periods of time, or parts of a piece of writing: We met the following day. | The following weeks passed quickly. | the following pages of the book
▪ subsequent formal happening or coming at some time after something else: the subsequent success of the film | This will be explained in more detail in subsequent chapters. | This figure is expected to rise steeply in subsequent years.
▪ succeeding coming after someone or something else – used about a series of groups of people, periods of time, or parts of a book: succeeding generations | Succeeding governments have made the same mistake. | During the succeeding weeks he wrote several more letters.
▪ coming happening soon: The information will be mailed to members during the coming weeks. | The villagers are storing up wood for the coming winter.
II. next² S1 W1 BrE AmE adverb
1. immediately afterwards:
With John here, you never know what will happen next.
Next, put it in the oven for 20 minutes.
2. the next time:
When I next saw her she completely ignored me.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

next adjective, adverb, noun [nekst] [nekst]

adjective only before noun
1. (usually with the) coming straight after sb/sth in time, order or space
• The next train to Baltimore is at ten.
• The next six months will be the hardest.
• the next chapter
• Who's next?
• the woman in the next room
• I fainted and the next thing I knew I was in the hospital.

• (informal) Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you're married with three kids.

2. (used without the) ~ Monday, week, summer, year, etc. the Monday, week, etc. immediately following
• Next Thursday is 12 April.
• Next time I'll bring a book.
more at from one day to the next at day, better luck next time at luck _n.
Word Origin:
Old English nēhsta ‘nearest’, superlative of nēah ‘nigh’; compare with Dutch naast and German nächste.
Thesaurus:
next adj. only before noun
• The next train to Baltimore will be at 12.20.
the following • • coming • • future • • later • |especially AmE upcoming • |formal subsequent • • forthcoming • • prospective •
Opp: last, Opp: past
the next/following month/decade/generation
the next event /future/later/upcoming/subsequent/forthcoming events
sb's next/future/later/upcoming/subsequent/forthcoming book/marriage
Which Word?:
next / nearest
(The) next means ‘after this/that one’ in time or in a series of events, places or people: ▪ When is your next appointment? ◊ ▪ Turn left at the next traffic lights. ◊ ▪ Who’s next? (The) nearest means ‘closest’ in space: ▪ Where’s the nearest supermarket?
Notice the difference between the prepositions nearest to and next to: ▪ Janet’s sitting nearest to the window ▪ (= of all the people in the room) ▪. ◊ ▪ Sarah’s sitting next to the window ▪ (= right beside it). In informal BrE nearest can be used instead of nearest to: ▪ Who’s sitting nearest the door?
Example Bank:
• I'm going away next month.
• Next time I'll bring a book.
• Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you're married with three kids.
• The next chapter deals with the post-war situation.
• The woman in the next room was talking in a very loud voice.
• Who's next?

Idiom: next man/woman/person

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

next / nekst / adjective , pronoun

A1 being the first one after the present one or after the one just mentioned:

Who works in the office next to yours?

Take the next turning on the right.

Who do you think will be the next president?

Nothing really changes around here. One day is pretty much like the next.

(The) next time you want to borrow something, please ask me first.

I'm so busy it's hard to remember what I'm supposed to be doing from one moment to the next.

She's on holiday for the next few days.

You'll have to wait until your next birthday for a new bike.

Can we arrange a meeting for the week after next?

What do you think you'll be doing this time next year?

We had a dreadful argument, but he phoned me the next day (= the day after) to apologize.

Excuse me, it's my turn to be served - I was next.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

/nekst/

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

1.
The next period of time, event, person, or thing is the one that comes immediately after the present one or after the previous one.
I got up early the next morning.
...the next available flight...
Who will be the next prime minister?...
I want my next child born at home...
Many senior citizens have very few visitors from one week to the next...
ORD

2.
You use next in expressions such as next Friday, next day and next year to refer, for example, to the first Friday, day, or year that comes after the present or previous one.
Let’s plan a big night next week...
He retires next January...
Next day the EU summit strengthened their ultimatum.
DET
•
Next is also an adjective.
I shall be 26 years old on Friday next.
ADJ: n ADJ
•
Next is also a pronoun.
He predicted that the region’s economy would grow by about six per cent both this year and next.
PRON

3.
The next place or person is the one that is nearest to you or that is the first one that you come to.
Grace sighed so heavily that Trish could hear it in the next room...
The man in the next chair was asleep...
Stop at the next corner. I’m getting out.
ADJ: det ADJ

4.
The thing that happens next is the thing that happens immediately after something else.
Next, close your eyes then screw them up tight...
I don’t know what to do next...
The news is next.
ADV: ADV with cl, ADV after v, be ADV

5.
When you next do something, you do it for the first time since you last did it.
I next saw him at his house in Berkshire...
When we next met, he was much more jovial.
ADV: ADV before v

6.
You use next to say that something has more of a particular quality than all other things except one. For example, the thing that is next best is the one that is the best except for one other thing.
The one thing he didn’t have was a son. I think he’s felt that a grandson is the next best thing...
At least three times more daffodils are grown than in Holland, the next largest grower.
= second
ADV: ADV adj-superl

7.
You use after next in expressions such as the week after next to refer to a period of time after the next one. For example, when it is May, the month after next is July.
...the party’s annual conference, to be held in Bournemouth the week after next.
PHRASE: n PHR

8.
If you say that you do something or experience something as much as the next person, you mean that you are no different from anyone else in the respect mentioned.
I’m as ambitious as the next man. I’d like to manage at the very highest level.
PHRASE: as group PHR [emphasis]

9.
If one thing is next to another thing, it is at the other side of it.
She sat down next to him on the sofa.
...at the southern end of the Gaza Strip next to the Egyptian border...
The car was parked in the small weedy lot next to the hotel.
= beside
PREP-PHRASE

10.
You use next to in order to give the most important aspect of something when comparing it with another aspect.
Her children were the number two priority in her life next to her career...
= after
PREP-PHRASE

11.
You use next to before a negative, or a word that suggests something negative, to mean almost, but not completely.
Johnson still knew next to nothing about tobacco...
Most pre-prepared weight loss products are next to useless.
= virtually
PHRASE: PHR after v, v-link PHR, PHR nothing/adj

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹next /ˈnɛkst/ adj
1 : coming after this one : coming after the one that just came, happened, etc.
• the next day [=the day that comes after this day]
• Please turn to the next [=following] page.
• I'll see you next Monday.
• Are you coming this Thursday or next Thursday? [=are you coming on Thursday of this week or Thursday of next week?]
• Next year's party will be even better.
• For the next two years [=two years after this point], she did nothing but eat, sleep, and study.
• the very next thing that happened
• Can I help the next person in line? Who's next?
• We could hear people talking in the next room.
• At the next set of lights, turn left.
• Next stop, Los Angeles.
• I need the next size up.
• The next time we will see each other will be on our wedding day.
• Next time, please remember to bring your books to class.
• in the next life [=in the afterlife; in the life that we may have after death]
• I slipped, and the next thing I knew [=right after that happened], I was lying face up on the ground.
2 : any other
• He said he's as willing to do it as the next man. [=he's as willing as anyone else would be]
• She knew the answer as well as the next person.
next to : almost but not quite
• It's next to [=nearly, practically] impossible to drive in this snow.
• You ate next to nothing at dinner. Aren't you hungry?
• We were next to last in line. [=there was one person or group behind us]
• He finished next to last in the race.
• the next to last day of our vacation [=the day immediately before the last day of our vacation]

under

under [preposition] (LOWER POSITION)

In or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other

/ˈʌn.dɚ/

/ˈʌn.dər/

زیر، پایین

مثال:

He hid under the bed.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

under

preposition, adverb

1 in or to a place that is lower than or below something:
The cat is under the table.
We sailed under the bridge.
The boat filled with water, then went under.

2 less than something:
If you are under 17 you are not allowed to drive a car.

3 covered by something same meaning underneath:
I'm wearing a vest under my shirt.

4 controlled by somebody or something:
The team are playing well under their new captain.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

under

un‧der S1 W1 /ˈʌndə $ -ər/ BrE AmE preposition, adverb
[Language: Old English]
1. BELOW below or at a lower level than something, or covered by something OPP over:
Wendy had hidden the box under her bed.
We sailed under the Golden Gate Bridge.
Write your name under your picture.
I could see something glittering under the water.
He was wearing a jacket under his coat.
Under her arm, she carried a large portfolio.
In summer, we often slept under the stars.
I’d scare my mom by diving in and staying under (=staying under the water) for as long as I could.
The bench collapsed under the weight of (=unable to support the weight of) so many people.
2. LESS THAN less than a particular number, amount, age, or price OPP over:
These toys are not suitable for children under five.
Most of the events listed cost under £60.
I spend just under four hours a day seeing customers.
and/or under
Children aged 12 or under must be accompanied by an adult.
be under age (=be too young to legally drink, have sex etc)
3. HAVING SOMETHING DONE TO IT used to say what is being done to something or how it is being dealt with
under discussion/consideration/review etc
The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion (=being discussed, considered etc).
All categories of expenditure are under review.
Four new power stations are currently under construction.
The port was coming under attack from enemy warships.
4. AFFECTED BY SOMETHING affected by a particular condition, influence, or situation:
She’s been under a lot of pressure at work.
under the influence of alcohol/drink/drugs etc
He was accused of driving while under the influence of alcohol.
The operation was carried out while she was under general anaesthetic.
I’m glad to see that you have everything under control.
Two of our national parks are currently under threat from road schemes.
The doctor injected something into my arm and I immediately felt myself going under (=becoming unconscious).
5. under ... conditions/circumstances if something happens under particular conditions, it happens when those conditions exist:
I wish I’d met him under different circumstances.
The system operates well under normal conditions.
6. LAW/AGREEMENT according to a particular agreement, law etc:
the question of whether the trade is illegal under international law
Under the terms of the agreement, the debt will be repaid over a 20-year period.
7. IN POWER if something happens under a particular leader, government etc, it happens when they are in power:
a program initiated under President Clinton and continued under President Bush
Under her leadership, the magazine’s circulation doubled in less than a year.
Would it have been different under a Labour government?
8. POSITION AT WORK if you work under someone, they have a higher position in the company, organization etc than you, and they help to direct your work:
She had a total staff of ten working under her.
From 1847 to 1851 he served under Captain John Randolph Stokes.
At Cambridge he studied under (=was a student of) F. R. Leavis.
9. WHERE INFORMATION IS used to say in which part of a book, list, or system particular information can be found
be/be filed/be listed etc under
The baby’s records are filed under the mother’s last name.
10. DIFFERENT NAME if you write or do something under a particular name, you do it using that name instead of your real name:
He made a few records under the name of Joe Ritchie.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ under something that is under something else has that thing directly above it or covering it: The pen was under the desk. | She had a T-shirt on under her sweater.
▪ below in a lower position than something else, though not always directly under it: From the cliffs we could barely see the people on the beach below us. | His apartment is below ours on the left.
▪ underneath under – used especially to emphasize that something covers, touches, or hides something: The girls wear shorts underneath their cheerleading skirts. | I found the book underneath the sofa.
▪ beneath formal under or at a lower level: They strolled hand in hand beneath the summer moon. | The water lies just beneath the surface of the earth.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

under

under preposition, adverb, adjective [ˈʌndə(r)] [ˈʌndər]

preposition
1. in, to or through a position that is below sth
• Have you looked under the bed?
• She placed the ladder under (= just lower than) the window.

• The dog squeezed under the gate and ran into the road.

2. below the surface of sth; covered by sth

• The boat lay under several feet of water.

3. less than; younger than
• an annual income of under £10 000
• It took us under an hour.

• Nobody under 18 is allowed to buy alcohol.

4. used to say who or what controls, governs or manages sb/sth
• The country is now under martial law.
• The coinage was reformed under Elizabeth I (= when she was queen).
• She has a staff of 19 working under her.

• Under its new conductor, the orchestra has established an international reputation.

5. according to an agreement, a law or a system
• Six suspects are being held under the Prevention of Terrorism Act.
• Under the terms of the lease you had no right to sublet the property.

• Is the television still under guarantee?

6. experiencing a particular process
• The hotel is still under construction.

• The matter is under investigation.

7. affected by sth
• The wall collapsed under the strain.
• I've been feeling under stress lately.
• I'm under no illusions about what hard work this will be.

• You'll be under anaesthetic, so you won't feel a thing.

8. using a particular name

• She also writes under the pseudonym of Barbara Vine.

9. found in a particular part of a book, list, etc
• If it's not under ‘sports’, try looking under ‘games’.
Word Origin:

Old English, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch onder and German unter.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

under / ˈʌn.də r / / -dɚ / preposition (LOWER POSITION)

A1 in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other:

He hid under the bed.

In AD 79 the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven metres deep.

She put the thermometer under my tongue.

She was holding a file under her arm (= between her upper arm and the side of her chest) .

They stood under a tree (= below its branches) to avoid getting wet.

specialized If a piece of land is under a particular type of plant, that plant is growing on the whole of that area:

The main fields are under wheat.

If a book, article, or piece of information is under a particular title, you can find it below or following that title in a list, book, library, etc.:

Books on Cecil Beaton will probably be under Art or Photography rather than Drama.

Trifle? That comes under Puddings and Desserts.

under / ˈʌn.də r / / -dɚ / preposition (LESS THAN)

A2 less than:

All items cost/are under a pound.

The discount applies only to children under (the age of) ten (= younger than ten) .

If you get under 50 percent, you've failed the exam.

→ Opposite over

under / ˈʌn.də r / / -dɚ / preposition (EXPERIENCING)

B2 happening during, as a result of, or according to a particular situation, event, rule, etc.:

The work was completed under very difficult conditions.

Now that the deadline is approaching we all feel under pressure.

The chair broke under his weight (= because he was too heavy for it) .

Under the present rules, you can buy ten litres of wine.

under attack, consideration, discussion, etc. B2 in the process of being attacked, considered, discussed, etc.:

The town is under fire (= is being attacked) from the air.

The proposals are now under consideration by the Board of Governors.

The situation is still not under control .

under sedation, anaesthetic, etc. UK treated in the way mentioned:

The patient is being kept under heavy sedation.

She'll have to go under anaesthetic for the operation.

old-fashioned She's been under the doctor for a viral infection.

be under an impression/belief B2 to believe something, often wrongly:

He was under the mistaken belief that I was in charge.

under / ˈʌn.də r / / -dɚ / preposition (CONTROL)

controlled or governed by a particular person, organization, or force:

He's a Colonel, with hundreds of soldiers under him (= obeying his orders) .

I wonder what Britain was like under the Romans (= during the time when the Romans controlled Britain) .

People born under (= during the period of) the star sign Pisces are supposed to be dreamy and artistic.

be under orders to have been ordered to do something:

They're under strict orders not to discuss the situation.

He's under doctor's orders (= has been told by a doctor) to cut down on fatty food and to drink no alcohol for at least six months.

under / ˈʌn.də r / / -dɚ / preposition (NAME)

using a particular name, especially one that is not your real name:

He writes under the name (of) John le Carré.

For his own safety, he has to operate under a false name/an alias.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

under

/ʌndə(r)/

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'under' is also used in phrasal verbs such as ‘go under’ and ‘knuckle under’.

1.
If a person or thing is under something, they are at a lower level than that thing, and may be covered or hidden by it.
...swimming in the pool or lying under an umbrella...
Under a wide shelf that holds coffee jars stands a pile of magazines...
She buried her head under the covers, pretending to be asleep...
A path runs under the trees.
PREP

2.
In a place such as a sea, river, or swimming pool, if someone or something is under the water, they are fully in the water and covered by it.
They said he’d been held under the water and drowned...
Goldfish were swimming lazily in a group just under the surface.
PREP
•
Under is also an adverb.
When the water was up to his neck, a hand came from behind and pushed his head under.
ADV: ADV after v

3.
If you go under something, you move from one side to the other of something that is at a higher level than you.
He went under a brick arch...
A river boat passed under the bridge.
PREP

4.
Something that is under a layer of something, especially clothing, is covered by that layer.
I was wearing two sweaters under the green army jacket...
It was hard to see the colours under the layer of dust.
PREP

5.
You can use under before a noun to indicate that a person or thing is being affected by something or is going through a particular process.
...fishermen whose livelihoods are under threat...
I’m rarely under pressure and my co-workers are always nice to me...
Firemen said they had the blaze under control...
He was rushed to court yesterday under armed guard.
PREP

6.
If something happens under particular circumstances or conditions, it happens when those circumstances or conditions exist.
His best friend was killed by police under extremely questionable circumstances...
Under normal conditions, only about 20 to 40 per cent of vitamin E is absorbed...
PREP

7.
If something happens under a law, agreement, or system, it happens because that law, agreement, or system says that it should happen.
Under law, your employer has the right to hire a temporary worker to replace you...
Under the Constitution, you cannot be tried twice for the same crime.
PREP

8.
If something happens under a particular person or government, it happens when that person or government is in power.
There would be no new taxes under his leadership.
...the realities of life under a brutal dictatorship...
PREP

9.
If you study or work under a particular person, that person teaches you or tells you what to do.
Kiefer was just one of the artists who had studied under Beuys in the early Sixties...
I am the new manager and you will be working under me.
PREP

10.
If you do something under a particular name, you use that name instead of your real name.
Were any of your books published under the name Amanda Fairchild?...
The patient was registered under a false name.
PREP

11.
You use under to say which section of a list, book, or system something is in.
This study is described under ‘General Diseases of the Eye’...
‘Where would it be?’—‘Filed under C, second drawer down.’
PREP

12.
If something or someone is under a particular age or amount, they are less than that age or amount.
...jobs for those under 65...
Expenditure this year should be just under 15 billion pounds.
≠ over
PREP: PREP amount
•
Under is also an adverb.
...free childminding service for 5’s and under.
ADV: amount and ADV

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹un·der /ˈʌndɚ/ prep
1 : in or to a lower place than (something) : below or beneath (something) : underneath
• They couldn't climb over the wall, so they dug a hole under it.
• Draw a line under each word you don't know.
• We sat under a tree and rested a while.
• I'm wearing a sweater under my jacket.
• The ball rolled under the car.
• He had a mechanic check under the hood (of the car).
• How long can you hold your breath under water?
• There were 12 of us living under one roof. [=in one place]
2 : guided or managed by (a person or group)
• The cafe is under new management.
• The army captured three forts while under the general's command.
• She has 12 employees (working) under her.
3 : controlled or affected by (something)
• He has been under a lot of pressure/stress at work lately.
• The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow. [=the weight of the snow on the roof caused it to collapse]
• The work was done under the direction/guidance/supervision of an architect. [=an architect directed/guided/supervised the work]
• She was not under a doctor's care [=she did not have a doctor] at the time of the accident.
• Driving while under the influence of alcohol [=driving while drunk] is dangerous and illegal.
• You will be under anesthesia during the operation.
• I can't work under these conditions!
• I would never, under any circumstances, agree to do such a thing.
• The company was under no obligation [=was not obligated/required] to release the information.
• I was under the impression [=I thought] that admission was free.
4 : in a particular state or condition : affected by a particular process
• The police put her under arrest. [=the police arrested her]
• The house is under construction. [=is now being built]
• The incident is currently under investigation. [=is being investigated]
• His suggestion is still under discussion/consideration/review [=is still being discussed/considered/reviewed] by the committee.
5 : according to (something)
• Under the terms of the lease, rent will be due on the first of each month.
• They have fulfilled all their obligations under the treaty.
6 : within the group that has (a particular title or label)
• The purchase is listed under “debits.”
• Many of these foods would come under the heading (of) “delicacies” in certain parts of the world.
7
- used to say that a particular name is used to indicate something
• The table is reserved under my last name.
8 : less or lower than (a certain age, amount of money, etc.)
• All the children in the class are under the age of 14.
• We arrived in under an hour.
• You get all three items for under $10.
9 : hidden below (an outward appearance)
• Under that rough exterior, he is a kind and gentle man.

between

between [preposition, adverb]

In or into the space that separates two places, people, or objects

/bɪˈtwiːn/

میان، بین

مثال:

The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

between

preposition, adverb

1 in the space in the middle of two things or people:
The letter B comes between A and C.
I sat between Sylvie and Bruno.
I see her most weekends but not very often in between.
Look at the note at among.

2 to and from two places:
The boat sails between Dover and Calais.

3 more than one thing but less than another thing:
The meal will cost between £20 and £25.

4 after one time and before the next time:
I'll meet you between 4 and 4.30.

5 for or by two or more people or things:
We shared the cake between us (= each of us had some cake).

6 a word that you use when you compare two people or things:
What is the difference between 'some' and 'any'?

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

between

be‧tween S1 W1 /bɪˈtwiːn/ BrE AmE adverb, preposition
[Language: Old English; Origin: betweonum]
1. (also in between) in or through the space that separates two things, people, or places:
I sat down between Sue and Jane.
a house and stables, with a yard in between
The ball rolled between his feet.
2. (also in between) in the time that separates two times or events:
Are there any public holidays between Christmas and Easter?
You shouldn’t eat between meals.
The team have a lot of work to do between now and Sunday.
A lot of students spend a year abroad in between school and university.
I’ve had a few jobs, with long periods of unemployment in between.
3. within a range of amounts, numbers, distances etc:
The project will cost between eight and ten million dollars.
Most of the victims were young men between the ages of 16 and 21.
4. used to say which two places are joined or connected by something:
They’re building a new road between Manchester and Sheffield.
5. used to say which people or things are involved in something together or are connected:
the long-standing friendship between Bob and Bryan
co-operation between the two countries
She had overheard a private conversation between two MPs.
the link between serious sunburn and deadly skin cancer
6. used to say which people or things get, have, or are involved in something that is shared:
Tom divided his money between his children.
Between the four of them they managed to lift her into the ambulance.
We collected £17 between us.
7. used to say which two things or people you are comparing:
the contrast between town and country life
In her book she makes a comparison between Russian and British ballet.
the difference between good music and really great music
8. between you and me (also between ourselves) spoken used before telling someone something that you do not want them to tell anyone else:
Between you and me, I think Schmidt’s about to resign.
9. come between somebody if something comes between two people, it causes an argument or problems between them:
I let my stupid pride come between us.
10. used when it is difficult to give an exact description of something and you therefore have to compare it to two things that are similar to it:
He uttered a sound that was something between a sigh and a groan.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

between

be·tween preposition, adverb [bɪˈtwiːn] [bɪˈtwiːn]

preposition
1. in or into the space separating two or more points, objects, people, etc
• Q comes between P and R in the English alphabet.
• I sat down between Jo and Diana.
• Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.
• The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall.

• (figurative) My job is somewhere between a secretary and a personal assistant.

2. in the period of time that separates two days, years, events, etc
• It's cheaper between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m.
• Don't eat between meals.
• Children must attend school between the ages of 5 and 16.

• Many changes took place between the two world wars.

3. at some point along a scale from one amount, weight, distance, etc. to another
• It weighed between nine and ten kilos.

• The temperature remained between 25 ° C and 30 ° C all week.

4. (of a line) separating one place from another

• the border between Sweden and Norway

5. from one place to another

• We fly between Rome and Paris twice daily.

6. used to show a connection or relationship
• a difference/distinction/contrast between two things
• a link between unemployment and crime
• There's a lot of bad feeling between them.

• I had to choose between the two jobs.

7. shared by two or more people or things
• We ate a pizza between us.

• This is just between you and me / between ourselves (= it is a secret).

8. by putting together the efforts or actions of two or more people or groups
• We ought to be able to manage it between us.

• China and India between them account for a third of the world's population.

9. ~ doing sth used to show that several activities are involved
• Between working full-time and taking care of the kids, he didn't have much time for hobbies.
Word Origin:

Old English betwēonum, from be ‘by’ + a Germanic word related to two.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition , adverb (SPACE)

A1 in or into the space that separates two places, people, or objects:

The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence.

Standing between the two adults was a small child.

She squeezed between the parked cars and ran out into the road.

There were two houses with a narrow path in between.

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition , adverb (AMOUNT)

A2 If something is between two amounts, it is greater than the first amount but smaller than the second:

She weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms.

The competition is open to children between six and twelve years of age.

The room was either extremely cold or hot, never anything in between (= in the middle) .

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition , adverb ( also in between ) (TIME)

A1 in the period of time that separates two different times or events:

You shouldn't eat between meals.

There is a break of ten minutes between classes.

The shop is closed for lunch between 12.30 and 1.30.

In between sobs, he managed to tell them what had happened.

He visits his parents every month and sometimes in between.

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition (SHARED)

B1 among two or more people or things:

The money was divided equally between several worthy causes.

We drank two bottles of wine between four of us.

Trade between the two countries (= their trade with each other) has increased sharply in the past year.

There is a great deal of similarity between Caroline and her mother (= they are very similar) .

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition (OPPOSING)

A1 A discussion, argument, or game between two or more people or groups of people involves both people or groups:

The negotiations between the union and management have broken down.

There has always been a fierce rivalry between the two clubs.

Tonight's game is between the New Orleans Saints and the Los Angeles Rams.

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition (CHOICE)

If you choose between two things, you choose one thing or the other:

You'll have to choose between a holiday or a new washing machine.

She was torn between loyalty to her father and love for her husband (= she could not decide which one to support) .

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition (CONNECTING)

A2 connecting two or more places, things, or people:

There is a regular train service between Glasgow and Edinburgh.

The survey shows a link between asthma and air pollution.

from one place to another:

He commutes daily between Leeds and Manchester.

between / bɪˈtwiːn / preposition (SEPARATING)

A2 separating two places or things:

The wall between East and West Berlin came down in 1989.

The report states that the gap between the rich and the poor has increased dramatically over the past decade.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

between

/bɪtwi:n/

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'between' is used in a few phrasal verbs, such as ‘come between’.

1.
If something is between two things or is in between them, it has one of the things on one side of it and the other thing on the other side.
She left the table to stand between the two men...
Charlie crossed between the traffic to the far side of the street.
PREP: usu PREP pl-n

2.
If people or things travel between two places, they travel regularly from one place to the other and back again.
I spent a lot of time in the early Eighties travelling between London and Bradford.
PREP: PREP pl-n

3.
A relationship, discussion, or difference between two people, groups, or things is one that involves them both or relates to them both.
I think the relationship between patients and doctors has got a lot less personal...
There has always been a difference between community radio and commercial radio.
PREP: PREP pl-n

4.
If something stands between you and what you want, it prevents you from having it.
His sense of duty often stood between him and the enjoyment of life.
PREP: PREP n and n

5.
If something is between two amounts or ages, it is greater or older than the first one and smaller or younger than the second one.
Amsterdam is fun–a third of its population is aged between 18 and 30.
PREP: PREP num and num

6.
If something happens between or in between two times or events, it happens after the first time or event and before the second one.
The canal was built between 1793 and 1797...
PREP: PREP pl-n, PREP num and num
•
Between is also an adverb.
...a journey by jetfoil, coach and two aircraft, with a four-hour wait in Bangkok in between.
ADV: ADV with cl/group

7.
If you must choose between two or more things, you must choose just one of them.
Students will be able to choose between English, French and Russian as their first foreign language.
PREP: PREP pl-n

8.
If people or places have a particular amount of something between them, this is the total amount that they have.
The three sites employ 12,500 people between them...
PREP: PREP pron

9.
When something is divided or shared between people, they each have a share of it.
There is only one bathroom shared between eight bedrooms.
= amongst
PREP: PREP pl-n

10.
When you introduce a statement by saying ‘between you and me’ or ‘between ourselves’, you are indicating that you do not want anyone else to know what you are saying.
Between you and me, though, it’s been awful for business...
Between ourselves, I know he wants to marry her.
PHRASE: PHR with cl

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹be·tween /bɪˈtwiːn/ prep
1 : in the space that separates (two things or people)
• The ball rolled between the desk and the wall.
• He stood between his mother and his father.
• The office has two desks with a table between them.
• They put up a fence between their house and their neighbor's house.
• There are fences between all the houses.
- often used figuratively
• a book that blurs the line/boundary between fact and fiction
- often used in the phrase in between
• There are fences in between all the houses.
2 : in the time that separates (two actions, events, etc.)
• If you want to lose weight, you shouldn't eat between meals.
• Between bites of food, they talked to their teacher.
• The two days between Monday and Thursday are Tuesday and Wednesday.
• We should arrive between 9 and 10 o'clock.
- often used in the phrase in between
• You shouldn't eat in between meals.
3
- used to indicate the beginning and ending points of a group of numbers, a range of measurement, etc.
• a number between 1 and 20
• The package weighs somewhere between a pound and a pound and a half.
- sometimes used in the phrase in between
• a number in between 1 and 20
4 : in shares to each of (two or more people)
• The property was divided equally between the son and the daughter. [=the son and the daughter received an equal share of the property]
• His estate was divided between [=among] his four grandchildren.
5
- used to indicate two or more people or things that together produce a result or have an effect
• She ate two hot dogs, and he ate three hot dogs, so between them they ate five hot dogs.
• Between work and family life, she has no time for hobbies. [=because of all the time she spends on her work and family life, she has no time for hobbies]
6
- used to indicate two people or teams that are involved in a game, activity, etc.
• There's a game tonight between the Red Sox and the Yankees. [=the Red Sox are playing a game against the Yankees tonight]
7
- used to indicate two or more people or things that are joined, related, or connected in some way
• There are many relations/connections between linguistics, philosophy, and psychology.
• There is a passageway between the two rooms.
• the bond between friends
• We used to love each other, but there's nothing between us now. [=we don't love each other now]
8
- used to indicate two or more people or things that are being considered, compared, etc.
• They compared the cars but found few differences between them.
• We were allowed to choose between two/several options.
• There's not much to choose between the two cars. [=the two cars are very similar]
• There is very little difference between the two cars.
9
- used to indicate movement from one place to another place
• He flies between Miami and Chicago twice a week.
• The airline provides service between New York and Paris.
10 : known only by (two people)
• They shared a secret between them.
• (Just) Between you and me, I think he's wrong. [=I'm telling you that I think he's wrong, but you should not tell anyone else what I've told you]
• What I'm going to tell you should remain a secret (just) between us/ourselves.

across

across [preposition]

On the opposite side of

/əˈkrɑːs/

/əˈkrɒs/

در آن‌ سوى، در آن‌ طرف‌

مثال:

The library is just across the road.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

across

adverb, preposition

1 from one side to the other side of something:
We walked across the field.
A smile spread across her face.
The river was about twenty metres across.

2 on the other side of something:
There is a bank just across the road.

which word?
Across or over? We can use across or over to mean 'on or to the other side': I ran across the road. • I ran over the road. We usually use over to talk about crossing something high: Adam climbed over the wall. With 'room' we usually use across: I walked across the room.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

across

a‧cross S1 W1 /əˈkrɒs $ əˈkrɒːs/ BrE AmE adverb, preposition
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: an crois 'in cross']
1. from one side of something to the other:
the first flight across the Atlantic
They ran straight across the road (=without stopping).
We’ll have to swim across.
We’d got halfway across before Philip realized he’d left his money at home.
We gazed across the valley.
2. towards someone or something on the other side of an area:
There’s Brendan. Why don’t you go across and say hello?
across to/at
The referee looked across at his linesman before awarding the penalty.
He walked across to where I was sitting.
3. used to say that something exists or reaches from one side of an area to the other:
a deep crack across the ceiling
the only bridge across the river
Do you think this shirt is too tight across the shoulders?
Someone’s parked right across the entrance to the driveway.
4. on the opposite side of something:
My best friend lives across the road.
He knew that just across the border lay freedom.
across (something) from somebody/something
Across the street from where we’re standing, you can see the old churchyard.
the woman sitting across from me (=opposite me) on the train
5. in every part of a country, organization etc:
a TV series that became popular across five continents
Teachers are expected to teach a range of subjects right across the curriculum.
6. used to show how wide something is
ten feet/five metres etc across
The river is 2 kilometres across.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

preposition
1. from one side to the other side of sth
• He walked across the field.
• I drew a line across the page.
• A grin spread across her face.

• Where's the nearest bridge across the river?

2. on the other side of sth

• There's a bank right across the street.

3. on or over a part of the body
• He hit him across the face.

• It's too tight across the back.

4. in every part of a place, group of people, etc.
Syn: throughout
• Her family is scattered across the country.
• This view is common across all sections of the community.
Word Origin:

[across] Middle English (as an adverb meaning ‘in the form of a cross’): from Old French a croix, en croix ‘in or on a cross’, later regarded as being from a- ‘to, towards’ + cross.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

across / əˈkrɒs / / -ˈkrɑːs / preposition

A2 on the opposite side of:

The library is just across the road.

in every part of a particular place or country:

Voting took place peacefully across most of the country.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

across

/əkrɒs, AM əkrɔ:s/

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

Note: In addition to the uses shown below, 'across' is used in phrasal verbs such as ‘come across’, ‘get across’, and ‘put across’.

1.
If someone or something goes across a place or a boundary, they go from one side of it to the other.
She walked across the floor and lay down on the bed...
He watched Karl run across the street to Tommy.
...an expedition across Africa.
PREP
•
Across is also an adverb.
Richard stood up and walked across to the window.
ADV: ADV after v

2.
If something is situated or stretched across something else, it is situated or stretched from one side of it to the other.
...the floating bridge across Lake Washington in Seattle...
He scrawled his name across the bill...
PREP
•
Across is also an adverb.
Trim toenails straight across using nail clippers.
ADV: ADV after v

3.
If something is lying across an object or place, it is resting on it and partly covering it.
She found her clothes lying across the chair...
The wind pushed his hair across his face.
= over
PREP

4.
Something that is across something such as a street, river, or area is on the other side of it.
Anyone from the houses across the road could see him...
When I saw you across the room I knew I’d met you before.
PREP
•
Across is also an adverb.
They parked across from the Castro Theatre...
ADV: ADV after v, usu ADV from n

5.
If you look across at a place, person, or thing, you look towards them.
He glanced across at his sleeping wife...
...breathtaking views across to the hills.
ADV: ADV after v, oft ADV prep

6.
You use across to say that a particular expression is shown on someone’s face.
An enormous grin spread across his face...
= over
PREP

7.
If someone hits you across the face or head, they hit you on that part.
Graham hit him across the face with the gun.
PREP

8.
When something happens across a place or organization, it happens equally everywhere within it.
The film ‘Hook’ opens across America on December 11...
PREP

9.
When something happens across a political, religious, or social barrier, it involves people in different groups.
...parties competing across the political spectrum...
across the board: see board
PREP

10.
Across is used in measurements to show the width of something.
This hand-decorated plate measures 30cm across...
ADV: amount ADV

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹across /əˈkrɑːs/ prep
1 a : from one side to the other side of (something)
• We took a ferry across the river.
• We saw them walking across the street.
• She reached across the table to shake his hand.
• They traveled back and forth across the border.
• Airplanes flew across the sky above us.
• She slapped him right across the face. [=she slapped his face]
b : on the other side of (something)
• He was seated across the table from me.
• Our grandparents live across the street (from us).
• The accident happened just across the state line.
2 : so as to reach or spread over or throughout (something)
• A smile spread across her face.
• Looking out across the ocean, he saw land.
• The sun's light spread across the mountains.
• The disease spread quickly across the country.
3 : in every part of (a country, region, etc.)
• The movie is now showing in theaters across [=throughout] America.
• Newspapers (all) across the world reported the story.
• We could hear the bells all across town.

American English

British English

through - across - opposite and against

A2 (مبتدی)

preposition

brainteaser

brainteaser [noun]

A problem for which it is hard to find the answer, especially one which people enjoy trying to solve as a game

/ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zɚ/

/ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zər/

مثال:

The paper publishes two brainteasers every Saturday.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

brain teaser

ˈbrain ˌteaser BrE AmE noun [countable]
a difficult problem that is fun trying to solve

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

brain-teaser

ˈbrain-teaser [brain-teaser brain-teasers] noun
a problem that is difficult but fun to solve

• There were some real brain-teasers in the quiz.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

brainteaser / ˈbreɪnˌtiː.zə r / / -zɚ / noun [ C ] ( also teaser )

a problem for which it is hard to find the answer, especially one which people enjoy trying to solve as a game:

The paper publishes two brainteasers every Saturday.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

brain teaser

also brain-teaser
(brain teasers)

A brain teaser is a question, problem, or puzzle that is difficult to answer or solve, but is not serious or important.

= puzzle

N-COUNT

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

brainteaser

brain·teas·er /ˈbreɪnˌtiːzɚ/ noun, pl -ers [count] : a puzzle that is difficult to figure out or solve

American English

British English

difficult things and people

noun

wave

wave [verb] (MOVE HAND)

To raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, telling them to do something or adding emphasis to an expression

/weɪv/

دست تکان دادن

Oxford Essential Dictionary

wave

verb (waves, waving, waved )

1 to move your hand from side to side in the air to say hello or goodbye, or to make a sign to somebody:
She waved to me as the train left the station.
Who are you waving at?

2 to move something quickly from side to side in the air:
The children waved flags as the President's car drove past.

3 to move up and down or from side to side:
The flags were waving in the wind.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. wave² S3 W3 BrE AmE verb
[Language: Old English; Origin: wafian 'to wave with the hands']
1. HAND [intransitive and transitive] to raise your arm and move your hand from side to side in order to make someone notice you
wave to/at
She turned to wave to the approaching soldiers.
Enid waved at us and we waved back.
wave (somebody) goodbye (=say goodbye to someone by waving to them)
The nurses came out to wave Grandad goodbye.
2. MOVE [intransitive and transitive] if you wave something, or if it waves, it moves from side to side:
The starter waved a green flag to indicate that the race would begin.
a tree waving in the breeze
He waved a hand in the air to attract her attention.
wave something under/at etc somebody/something
Trudie waved a $50 bill under his nose.
wave something around/about
The stranger spoke rapidly, waving his arms around.
3. SIGNAL [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to show someone which way to go by waving your hand in that direction
wave somebody through/on/away etc
The border guards waved us through.
Peter waved them back to their seats.
4. wave something goodbye/wave goodbye to something informal to be forced to accept that something you want will not happen:
If you’re not careful, you can wave goodbye to any pay rise this year.
5. wave a magic wand to make a bad situation better, even though this is impossible:
I can’t wave a magic wand and change what happened.
6. HAIR [intransitive and transitive] if hair waves, or if it is waved, it forms loose curls
wave something ↔ aside phrasal verb
to ignore someone’s opinion or ideas because you do not think they are important:
He waved her protests aside.
wave somebody/something ↔ down phrasal verb
to signal to the driver of a car to stop by waving at them:
People in passing cars tried waving him down.
wave somebody off phrasal verb
to wave goodbye to someone as they leave:
Are you coming to the station to wave me off?

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

verb

MOVE HAND/ARM
1. intransitive, transitive to move your hand or arm from side to side in the air in order to attract attention, say hello, etc
• The people on the bus waved and we waved back.
• ~ at/to sb Why did you wave at him?
• ~ sth (about/around) A man in the water was shouting and waving his arms around frantically.
• ~ sth at sb She waved her hand dismissively at the housekeeper.
• ~ sb sth My mother was crying as I waved her goodbye.

• ~ sth to sb My mother was crying as I waved goodbye to her.

2. intransitive, transitive to show where sth is, show sb where to go, etc. by moving your hand in a particular direction
• + adv./prep. She waved vaguely in the direction of the house.
• ~ sth/sb + adv./prep. ‘He's over there,’ said Ali, waving a hand towards some trees.
• I showed my pass to the security guard and he waved me through.

• She waved me away impatiently.

3. transitive to hold sth in your hand and move it from side to side
• ~ sth Crowds lined the route, waving flags and cheering.

• ~ sth + adv./prep. ‘I'm rich!’ she exclaimed, waving the money under his nose.

MOVE FREELY

4. intransitive to move freely and gently, for example in the wind, while one end or side is held in position

• The flag waved in the breeze.

HAIR

5. intransitive to curl slightly

• His hair waves naturally.

6. transitive ~ sth to make sb's hair curl slightly
• She's had her hair waved.
more at fly/show/wave the flag at flag _n.

Word Origin:
Old English wafian (verb), from the Germanic base of waver; the noun by alteration (influenced by the verb) of Middle English wawe ‘(sea) wave’.
Example Bank:
• He turned to wave to his mother.
• He waved a hand at her to shut her up.
• He waved a hand vaguely in the air.
• She waved cheerfully and he waved back.
• She smiled and waved slightly.
• She waved him to a seat.
• The guards waved us on.
• They stood by the side of the road and waved frantically.
• They waved to us as we passed.
• We waved at the people on the shore.
• people waving goodbye to their friends and relatives
• reeds waving gently in the breeze
• ‘He's over there’ said Ali, waving a hand towards some trees.
• Clean white sheets waved and billowed on the line.
• He was waving at us from the other platform.
• I tried to approach, but he waved me away.
• My mother was crying as I waved her goodbye.
• She waved cheerfully as she set off.
• The man in the water was waving his arms around frantically.
• The referee waved play on.

• Wave goodbye to Daddy.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

wave / weɪv / verb [ I or T ] (MOVE HAND)

B1 to raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, telling them to do something or adding emphasis to an expression:

I waved to/at him from the window but he didn't see me.

I was waving my hand madly but he never once looked in my direction.

She was so annoyed she wouldn't even wave us goodbye /wave goodbye to us.

She waves her hands about/around a lot when she's talking.

wave sb away, on, etc. to make a movement with your hand that tells someone to move in a particular direction:

You'll have to wait till the policeman waves this line of traffic on.

You can't just wave me away as if I were a child!

wave / weɪv / verb [ I or T ] (MOVE REPEATEDLY)

C1 to move from side to side, or to make something move like this while holding it in the hand:

The corn waved gently in the summer breeze.

A crowd of football fans ran down the street waving banners.

He seems to think I can wave a magic wand and everything will be all right.

wave / weɪv / verb [ I or T ] (CURL HAIR)

If hair waves, it curls slightly:

If she leaves her hair to dry on its own, it just waves naturally.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

wave

/weɪv/
(waves, waving, waved)

Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.

1.
If you wave or wave your hand, you move your hand from side to side in the air, usually in order to say hello or goodbye to someone.
He waved at the waiter, who rushed to the table...
He grinned, waved, and said, ‘Hi!’...
Elaine turned and waved her hand lazily and left.
VERB: V to/at n, V, V n, also V n prep
•
Wave is also a noun.
Steve stopped him with a wave of the hand...
Paddy spotted Mary Ann and gave her a cheery wave.
N-COUNT: usu with supp

2.
If you wave someone away or wave them on, you make a movement with your hand to indicate that they should move in a particular direction.
Leshka waved him away with a show of irritation...
VERB: V n adv/prep

3.
If you wave something, you hold it up and move it rapidly from side to side.
Hospital staff were outside to welcome him, waving flags and applauding...
She was apt to raise her voice and wave her hands about.
VERB: V n, V n adv/prep
• -waving
Hundreds of banner-waving demonstrators took to the streets.
...a flag-waving crowd.
COMB in ADJ
• -waving
There will be marching bands and plenty of flag-waving.
COMB in N-UNCOUNT

4.
If something waves, it moves gently from side to side or up and down.
...grass and flowers waving in the wind.
= sway
VERB: V

5.
A wave is a raised mass of water on the surface of water, especially the sea, which is caused by the wind or by tides making the surface of the water rise and fall.
...the sound of the waves breaking on the shore.
N-COUNT

6.
If someone’s hair has waves, it curves slightly instead of being straight.
N-COUNT

7.
A wave is a sudden increase in heat or energy that spreads out from an earthquake or explosion.
The shock waves of the earthquake were felt in Teheran...
N-COUNT: with supp

8.
Waves are the form in which things such as sound, light, and radio signals travel.
Sound waves, light waves, and radio waves have a certain frequency, or number of waves per second.
N-COUNT: usu pl, oft supp N

9.
If you refer to a wave of a particular feeling, you mean that it increases quickly and becomes very intense, and then often decreases again.
She felt a wave of panic, but forced herself to leave the room calmly...
N-COUNT: usu N of n

10.
A wave is a sudden increase in a particular activity or type of behaviour, especially an undesirable or unpleasant one.
...the current wave of violence.
...an even newer crime wave.
N-COUNT: usu N of n

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹wave /ˈweɪv/ verb waves; waved; wav·ing
1 : to move your hand or something held in your hand usually in a repeated motion in order to signal or greet someone

[no obj]
• We waved to our friends through the window.
• They waved at us.
• She was waving in the direction of the bridge.

[+ obj]
• We waved goodbye [=waved as a way of saying goodbye] to them and drove away.
• The traffic cop waved cars through. [=waved in a way that told drivers to continue driving through a particular area]
• We offered to help but he waved us off. [=he waved as a way of telling us that he did not want help]
• We tried to wave down a taxi. [=to get a taxi to stop for us by waving at its driver]
2 [no obj] : to float, shake, or move back and forth because of wind
• Flags were waving in the breeze.
• fields of waving grain
3 [+ obj] : to move (something) back and forth
• The magician waved his magic wand.
• The leader of the parade waved a flag.
• It was so hot that we were all waving our hands in front of our faces to cool off.
4 [+ obj] : to hold up and show (something) in a threatening way
• The robber waved a pistol at the clerk.
• a maniac waving [=brandishing] a knife
5 a [+ obj] : to make (someone's hair) curl slightly - usually used as (be/get) waved
• She got her hair waved.
b [no obj] of hair : to curl slightly
• His hair waves naturally.
wave aside [phrasal verb] wave (something) aside or wave aside (something) : to refuse to consider or respond to (something)
• The officer waved aside my questions.
wave the flag

American English

British English

welcoming - greeting and greetings

B1 (متوسط)

verb

abduction

abduction [noun]

Different from what is typical or usual, especially in an unacceptable way

/æbˈdʌk.ʃən/

آدم ربایی

مثال:

Child abduction

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

—abduction /əbˈdʌkʃən, æb-/ noun [uncountable and countable]:
child abduction

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

abduction

ab·duc·tion [abduction abductions] [æbˈdʌkʃn] ; [æbˈdʌkʃn] noun uncountable, countable

• child abduction

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

aberrant / əˈber. ə nt / / ˈæb.ə.r ə nt / adjective formal

different from what is typical or usual, especially in an unacceptable way:

aberrant behaviour/sexuality

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

• ab‧duc‧tion (abductions)
...the abduction of four youths.

N-VAR

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

abduct

ab·duct /æbˈdʌkt/ verb -ducts; -duct·ed; -duct·ing [+ obj] : to take (someone) away from a place by force
• He was abducted [=kidnapped] from his home.
• She claims that she was abducted by aliens. [=that she was carried away in a spaceship by creatures from another world]
- ab·duct·ee /ˌæbˌdʌkˈtiː/ noun, pl -tees [count]
• alien abductees [=people who say they were abducted by creatures from another world]
- ab·duc·tion /æbˈdʌkʃən/ noun, pl -tions

[count]

• abductions of children

[noncount]

• an increase in the incidence of child abduction
- ab·duc·tor /æbˈdʌktɚ/ noun, pl -tors [count]
• She managed to escape from her abductors.

American English

British English

physical and sexual assault and abduction

noun

فرم جستجو

British English

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