C1 (پیشرفته)

loneliness

See main entry: lonely
 

lonely

lone‧ly S3 /ˈləʊnli $ ˈloʊn-/ BrE AmE adjective (comparative lonelier, superlative loneliest)
1. unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to talk to SYN lonesome American English:
a lonely old man
Don’t you get lonely being on your own all day?
► Do not use lonely to mean ‘without anyone else’. Use alone: She is afraid to travel alone (NOT travel lonely).
2. a lonely experience or situation makes you unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to talk to:
a lonely journey
lonely life/existence
He led a lonely life with few friends.
3. the lonely [plural] people who are lonely
4. a lonely place is a long way from where people live and very few people go there SYN lonesome American English, remote, desolate
lonely place/road/spot etc
—loneliness noun [uncountable]
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ lonely (also lonesome American English) unhappy because you are alone or do not have any friends: Tammy felt very lonely when she first arrived in New York. | Our neighbor George is a very lonely man. | I get so lonesome here with no one to talk to.
▪ isolated lonely because your situation makes it difficult for you to meet people: People caring for sick relatives often feel very isolated. | Children of very rich parents can grow up isolated from the rest of society.
▪ alienated feeling that you do not belong in a particular place or group: She felt very alienated as the only woman in the company. | In high school she felt somehow different and alienated from other students.
▪ homesick unhappy because you are a long way from your home and the people who live there: When I first went to Germany, I was very homesick.
▪ miss somebody used when saying that you feel unhappy because someone is not there with you: I miss you. | She misses her friends.
 

progressive

I. pro‧gres‧sive¹ /prəˈɡresɪv/ BrE AmE adjective
[Word Family: noun: ↑progress, ↑progression, ↑progressive; verb: ↑progress; adverb: ↑progressively; adjective: ↑progressive]
1. supporting new or modern ideas and methods, especially in politics and education:
a progressive administration
progressive and forward-looking policies
2. happening or developing gradually over a period of time
progressive decline/reduction/increase etc
the progressive increase in population
Britain’s progressive decline as a world power
3. technical the progressive form of a verb is used to show that an action or activity is continuing to happen. In English, it consists of the verb ‘be’ followed by the ↑present participle, as in ‘I was waiting for the bus’. SYN continuous

II. desire² BrE AmE verb [transitive not in progressive]
[Word Family: noun: ↑desirability, ↑desire; adjective: ↑desirable ≠ ↑undesirable, ↑desired ≠ UNDESIRED; verb: ↑desire; adverb: ↑desirably]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: desirer, from Latin desiderare, from sidus 'star' (perhaps from the idea of 'wishing on a star')]
1. formal to want something very much:
The hotel has everything you could possibly desire.
desire to do something
He desired to return to Mexico.
Add lemon juice if desired.
REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say want rather than desire, although the meaning of desire is stronger than want:
▪ You can have anything you want.
▪ I wanted to meet her.
2. literary to want to have sex with someone
—desired adjective:
His remarks had the desired effect.

II. exhibit² AC BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Word Family: noun: ↑exhibition, ↑exhibitor, ↑exhibit; verb: ↑exhibit]
1. something, for example a painting, that is put in a public place so that people can go to see it:
The exhibits date from the 17th century.
2. an object that is shown in court to prove whether someone is guilty or not:
Exhibit A is the hammer found next to the victim.
3. American English an exhibition:
a big exhibit in Milan

metamorphosis

met‧a‧mor‧pho‧sis /ˌmetəˈmɔːfəsəs, ˌmetəˈmɔːfəsɪs $ -ˈmɔːr-/ BrE AmE noun (plural metamorphoses /-siːz/) [uncountable and countable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek, from meta- ( ⇨ ↑meta-) + morphe 'shape']
1. formal a process in which something changes completely into something very different SYN transformation:
It took me some time to undergo the metamorphosis from teacher to lecturer.
the metamorphosis of China under Deng’s economic reforms
2. a process in which a young insect, ↑frog etc changes into another stage in its development:
Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis in their life cycle.

transformation

trans‧for‧ma‧tion AC /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən $ -fər-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable and countable]
[Word Family: noun: ↑form, ↑formation, ↑transformation, ↑reformer, ↑reform, ↑reformation, ↑reformist, ↑transformer, ↑formlessness; verb: ↑form, ↑reform, ↑transform; adjective: reformed, ↑reformist, ↑formless; adverb: ↑formlessly]
[Word Family: verb: ↑transform; noun: ↑transformation]
a complete change in someone or something:
In recent years, the movie industry has undergone a dramatic transformation.
transformation from something to/into something
the gradual transformation from woodland to farmland
transformation of
What leads to the transformation of one economic system to another?
• • •
THESAURUS
■ a great change
▪ transformation noun [uncountable and countable] a change in which something or someone becomes completely different: There has been a complete transformation in his attitude since he became a father. | her transformation from shy local girl to famous movie actress
▪ revolution noun [countable] a complete change in ways of thinking or working: The 1970s saw the beginnings of a new technological revolution. | Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity started a revolution in scientific thinking.
▪ shake-up noun [countable] a situation in which a lot of changes are very quickly made in a system or organization in order to make it more effective: The department has not performed well and is badly in need of a shake-up. | The Administration is planning a thorough shake-up of the welfare system.
▪ U-turn noun [countable] a complete change in the plans of a government or political party so that it decides to do the opposite of what it originally said it would do: The government was forced to do a U-turn after angry protests about their taxation policy.
 

modification

mod‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion AC /ˌmɒdəfəˈkeɪʃən, ˌmɒdɪfəˈkeɪʃən $ ˌmɑː-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: verb: ↑modify; noun: ↑modification; adjective: modified ≠ UNMODIFIED]
1. [countable] a small change made in something such as a design, plan, or system SYN alteration
modification to
We’ve made one or two modifications to the original design.
They have used the same process for almost 50 years with only minor modifications.
2. [uncountable and countable] the act of modifying something, or the process of being modified SYN alteration
modification of
The review resulted in the modification of our security procedures.
modification in
Knowledge of the ill effects of tobacco has led to a modification in smoking behaviour.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meanings 1 & 2)
■ verbs
▪ make a modification I made some modifications to the filing system.
▪ need modification (also require modification formal) Some of the older power stations urgently needed modification.
▪ undergo modification (=be changed) The policy has undergone considerable modification since it was first introduced.
▪ incorporate a modification (=include a modification in something) I've incorporated a few modifications into the program.
■ ADJECTIVES/NOUN + modification
▪ a minor/slight modification (=a small modification) The document needed a few slight modifications.
▪ a major modification They made major modifications to the house to allow him to use his wheelchair.
▪ extensive modifications (=a lot of changes) They had made extensive modifications to the script.
▪ considerable/substantial modification (=when something is changed a lot) The existing system needed substantial modification.
▪ genetic modification (=when the DNA of a living thing is changed) the genetic modification of plants and animals
▪ behaviour modification (=when someone changes their behaviour) A star chart, in which you give a star to a child as a reward, is a simple behaviour modification technique.
▪ lifestyle modification (=when someone changes the way they live) Lifestyle modification is the best way of dealing with moderately high blood pressure.

odds

odds S3 AC /ɒdz $ ɑːdz/ BrE AmE noun [plural]
1. PROBABILITYthe odds how likely it is that something will or will not happen:
The odds are (=it is likely) that he will commit the same crime again.
the odds of
You can narrow the odds of a nasty accident happening in your home by being more safety-conscious.
the odds against
The odds against a plane crash are around a million to one.
I’m afraid that the odds are heavily against her winning (=it is not likely).
What are the odds (=how likely is it) that they will mess up?
a new company that has beaten the odds and succeeded (=it was not likely to succeed, but it did)
2. DIFFICULTIES difficulties which make a good result seem very unlikely:
The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The soldiers’ job was to hold on despite impossible odds.
3. be at odds
a) to disagree
be at odds with
Briggs found himself at odds with his colleagues.
be at odds over/on
The two politicians were at odds over what was the truth.
b) if two statements, descriptions, actions etc are at odds with each other, they are different although they should be the same
be at odds with
Mark’s account of what happened is at odds with Dan’s.
She gave him a sweet smile, totally at odds with the look of dislike in her eyes.
4. HORSE RACING ETC the numbers that show how much money you will win if you ↑bet on the winner of a horse race or other competition:
The odds are 6–1.
odds of
At odds of 10–1 he bet a hundred pounds.
(at) long/short odds (=high or low numbers, that show a high or low risk of losing)
Everyone was surprised when Desert Zone won the race, at very long odds.
lay/offer (somebody) odds British English:
They are laying odds of 8–1 that the Conservatives will win the next election.
5. it makes no odds British English spoken used to say that what someone does or what happens is not important:
Pay me now or later – it makes no odds.
6. pay over the odds British English informal to pay a higher price than is usual or reasonable:
Most residents live in tiny apartments and pay over the odds for them too.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS (for Meaning 2)
■ adjectives
▪ enormous/considerable/incredible odds He survived a night in the cold water against incredible odds.
▪ great odds (=a lot of difficulties) We must hope that, despite great odds, we can achieve a peaceful settlement.
▪ impossible/overwhelming odds (=making success seem extremely unlikely) They face impossible odds simply trying to get an education. | They face overwhelming odds in their struggle to preserve the park.
■ verbs
▪ beat/overcome/defy the odds (=succeed despite great difficulties) The baby, born sixteen weeks too early, defied the odds and is celebrating her first birthday.
▪ battle/struggle against the odds (=work hard despite great difficulties) The Coastguard was battling against the odds to keep the oil spill from reaching the shore.
■ phrases
▪ against all odds (=despite something seeming very unlikely) Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
▪ the odds are stacked against somebody (=there are a lot of difficulties that may prevent someone’s success) They may be able to build a life for themselves, but the odds are stacked against them.

accomplish

ac‧com‧plish /əˈkʌmplɪʃ $ əˈkɑːm-, əˈkʌm-/ BrE AmE verb [transitive]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: acomplir, from Vulgar Latin accomplere, from Latin ad- 'to' + complere ( ⇨ ↑complete¹)]
to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard SYN achieve:
We have accomplished all we set out to do.
Mission accomplished (=we have done what we intended to do).
• • •
THESAURUS
■ succeed in doing something
▪ succeed verb [intransitive] to do something you tried or wanted to do: Will they succeed in winning the election? | He wanted to make her jealous, and he succeeded.
▪ manage verb [intransitive] to succeed in doing something difficult, after trying hard. Manage to do something is very commonly used instead of succeed in doing something in everyday English: He finally managed to find an apartment near his office. | Don’t worry – I’m sure we’ll manage somehow.
▪ achieve verb [transitive] to succeed in doing something good or important: She’s achieved a lot in the short time she’s been with the company. | If we are to achieve our goals, we have to plan properly.
▪ accomplish verb [transitive] formal to achieve something: The government accomplished its objective of reducing violent crime. | What do you hope to accomplish this year?
▪ make it to be successful in your career, or to succeed in reaching a place or part of a competition: Only a few people make it to the top and become professional singers. | We finally made it to Chicago. | Which two teams will make it to the final?
▪ pull off phrasal verb to succeed in doing something, especially when you could easily have not succeeded. Pull off sounds rather informal: Italy pulled off a great victory over Germany. | I’d never performed on my own before, and wasn’t sure if I could pull it off.

round-the-clock

ˌround-the-ˈclock BrE AmE adjective [only before noun]
happening all the time, both day and night:
round-the-clock medical care