C1 (پیشرفته)

draft

draft AW [draft drafts drafted drafting] noun, adjective, verb   [drɑːft]    [dræft] 

noun
1. countable a rough written version of sth that is not yet in its final form
• I've made a rough draft of the letter.
• This is only the first draft of my speech.
• the final draft (= the final version)
• The legislation is still in draft form.

• a draft constitution/treaty/agreement

2. countable (finance) a written order to a bank to pay money to sb

• Payment must be made by bank draft drawn on a UK bank.

3. the draft singular (especially US) =  conscription

4. singular (NAmE) a system in which professional teams in some sports choose players each year from among college students

• He was the fourth player chosen in the 2007 draft, but the first of his class to reach the major leagues.

5. countable (NAmE) =  draught
• Can you shut the door? There's a draft in here.  
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent.: phonetic spelling of draught.  
Culture:
In the US the draft refers to the US government’s Selective Service system, in which young people were required by law to serve in the armed forces. It was replaced in 1973 by a system in which people may join the forces only if they wish to. However, young men must still add their names to the draft list when they are 18, in case of a future military emergency. People who tried to avoid the draft, especially during the Vietnam War, were known as draft dodgers.
note at  national service
. 
Thesaurus:
draft noun C
• This is only the first draft of my speech.
plan • • design • • blueprint •
a rough draft/plan
the orginal/first/final draft/plan/design/blueprint
draw up/produce a draft/plan/design 
Example Bank:
• I finished the first draft in late August 2007.
• I sent an early draft to an agent.
• She produced an initial draft of her plans.
• The document is still in draft form.
• The preliminary draft of the agreement has been approved.
• The students were invited to submit drafts for feedback.
• These details were not included in the preliminary draft.
• Is this the final draft?
• The original drafts for the new building are with the architects.

• There is a rough draft of how the park should be laid out.

draught

draught [draught draughts draughted draughting]   [drɑːft]    [drɑːft]  (BrE) (NAmE draft) noun, adjective, verb

noun
1. countable a flow of cool air in a room or other confined space
• There's a draught in here.
• A cold draught of air blew in from the open window.
• I was sitting in a draught.

• She shivered in the icy draught.

2. countable (formal) one continuous action of swallowing liquid; the amount swallowed

• He took a deep draught of his beer.

3. countable (old use or literary) medicine in a liquid form

• a sleeping draught (= one that makes you sleep)

4. draughts (BrE) (NAmE check·ers) uncountable a game for two players using 24 round pieces on a board marked with black and white squares

5. countable (BrE) (NAmE check·er) one of the round pieces used in a game of draughts  
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the sense ‘drawing, pulling’; also ‘something drawn, a load’): from Old Norse dráttr, of Germanic origin; related to German Tracht, also to draw. Compare with draft.  
Example Bank:
• Fit draught excluders to the bottoms of doors.
• a draught coming under the door
• the draught from the window
• I was sitting in a draught.
• There's a draught in here.

Idiom: on draught 

chilly

chilly [chilly chillier chilliest]   [ˈtʃɪli]    [ˈtʃɪli]  adjective (chill·ier, chilli·est)
1. (especially of the weather or a place, but also of people) too cold to be comfortable
• It's chilly today.

• I was feeling chilly.
2. not friendly
• The visitors got a chilly reception.
Derived Word: chilliness  
Synonyms:
cold
cool • freezing • chilly • lukewarm • tepid
These words all describe sb/sth that has a low temperature.
cold • having a temperature that is lower than usual or lower than the human body; (of food or drink) not heated; cooled after being cooked: ▪ I'm cold. Turn the heating up. ◊ ▪ Outside it was bitterly cold. ◊ ▪ a cold wind ◊ ▪ hot and cold water ◊ ▪ It's cold chicken for lunch.
cool • (often approving) fairly cold, especially in a pleasant way: ▪ a long cool drink ◊ ▪ We found a cool place to sit.
freezing • extremely cold; having a temperature below 0° Celsius: ▪ It's absolutely freezing outside. ◊ ▪ I'm freezing!
chilly • (rather informal) too cold to be comfortable: ▪ Bring a coat. It might turn chilly later.
lukewarm • (often disapproving) slightly warm, sometimes in an unpleasant way: ▪ Her coffee was now lukewarm.
tepid • (often disapproving) slightly warm, sometimes in an unpleasant way: ▪ a jug of tepid water
lukewarm or tepid?
There is really no difference in meaning or use between these words.
to feel/get cold/cool/chilly
cold/cool/freezing/chilly air/weather
a cold/cool/freezing/chilly wind
cold/cool/freezing/lukewarm/tepid water
a cold/cool/lukewarm/tepid shower/bath
cold/lukewarm/tepid tea/coffee/food
a cold/cool drink
It's cold/chilly/freezing outside. 
Example Bank:
• She was beginning to feel chilly.
• We were starting to get a bit chilly.
• "I'm sorry," said her sister in a chilly voice.
• Bring a coat. It might turn chilly later.
• She was made to wait in the chilly corridor.
• The room was uncomfortably chilly.

• They met with a chilly reception from my mother.

talkative

talka·tive [talkative]   [ˈtɔːkətɪv]    [ˈtɔːkətɪv]  adjective
liking to talk a lot
• He's not very talkative, is he?
• She was in a talkative mood.  
Example Bank:
• She got more talkative as the evening wore on.
• The wine had made her talkative.

• He's not very talkative, except on the subject of his plants.

usually singular ~ of sth the place where sth important began

• Greece, the cradle of Western civilization

outgoing

out·going [outgoing outgoings]   [ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ]    [ˈaʊtɡoʊɪŋ]  adjective

1. liking to meet other people, enjoying their company and being friendly towards them

Syn:  sociable

• an outgoing personality

• She was always cheerful and outgoing.

2. only before noun leaving the position of responsibility mentioned

• the outgoing president/government

Opp:  incoming

3. only before noun going away from a particular place rather than arriving in it

• This telephone should be used for outgoing calls.

• outgoing flights/passengers

• the outgoing tide

Opp:  incoming 

Example Bank:

• I've become more confident and outgoing.

innovation

in·nov·ation AW [innovation innovations]   [ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn]    [ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn]  noun

1. uncountable ~ (in sth) the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing sth

• an age of technological innovation

• The company is very interested in product design and innovation.

2. countable ~ (in sth) a new idea, way of doing sth, etc. that has been introduced or discovered

• recent innovations in steel-making technology

Word Origin:

late Middle English: from Latin innovatio(n-), from the verb innovare, from in- ‘into’ + novare ‘make new’ (from novus ‘new’).

Example Bank:

• Many innovations were introduced by the 1919 Act.

• Mathematical astronomy was the great innovation by the Greeks of the 5th century BC.

• She believed she had come up with one of the greatest innovations of modern times.

• Technical innovation may occur directly in the factory.

• Too strict a regulatory system will stifle innovation.

• industries where constant product innovation is a criterion for survival

• innovation in engineering

• innovations in machinery and instruments

• technological innovations designed to save energy

imaginative

im·agina·tive   [ɪˈmædʒɪnətɪv]    [ɪˈmædʒɪnətɪv]  adjective

having or showing new and exciting ideas

Syn:  inventive

• an imaginative approach/idea/child

• recipes that make imaginative use of seasonal vegetables

• You'll need to be a little more imaginative if you want to hold their attention.

Opp:  unimaginative

Derived Word: imaginatively 

Word Origin:

[imaginative imaginatively] late Middle English: from Old French imaginatif, -ive, from medieval Latin imaginativus, from Latin imaginat- ‘represented as an image’, from imago, imagin- ‘image’.

Example Bank:

• You'll need to be a little more imaginative if you want to hold their attention.

• an imaginative child