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urge

urge [noun]

a strong wish, especially one that is difficult or impossible to control

US

/ɝːdʒ/

UK

/ɜːdʒ/

تمایل شدید، اشتیاق

مثال:

The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

urge

noun
a strong feeling that you want to do something:
I had a sudden urge to laugh.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. urge² BrE AmE noun [countable]
a strong wish or need SYN desire
urge to do something
He could no longer resist the urge to go and see Amanda.
Suddenly she had an overwhelming urge to be with her son.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adjectives
▪ strong/powerful The urge was too strong to resist.
▪ an irresistible/uncontrollable/overwhelming urge (=very strong) I was overcome by an irresistible urge to laugh.
▪ a sudden urge She fought back the sudden urge to beg his forgiveness.
▪ a sexual/biological urge Most of us feel the biological urge to reproduce.
▪ a primal/instinctive/basic/natural urge (=a natural urge that all people have) Every animal has an instinctive urge to survive.
■ verbs
▪ feel/have an urge I still sometimes feel an urge to have a cigarette.
▪ resist/fight/suppress an urge She had to resist a constant urge to look back over her shoulder.
▪ satisfy an urge (=do want you feel you want to do) He satisfied his urge to travel by going to India.
▪ give in to an urge (=do what you feel you want to do, when this is wrong) I try not to give in to the urge to gossip.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

noun
a strong desire to do sth
• sexual urges
• ~ to do sth I had a sudden urge to hit him.
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent.: from Latin urgere ‘press, drive’.
Example Bank:
• I felt a sudden urge to smash the teapot against the wall.
• I suppressed a strong urge to yawn.
• Leaving him off the guest list satisfied her urge for revenge.
• She resisted the urge to kiss him.
• an instinctive urge to tap your feet to the beat of the music
• the human urge to control the environment
• the primal urge to reproduce
• Freud claimed that this behaviour was caused by the repression of sexual urges.
• She felt a violent urge to laugh, but suppressed it, with difficulty.
• a/an biological/instinctive/primitive need/urge

• sexual needs/urges

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

urge / ɜːdʒ / / ɝːdʒ / noun [ C ]

C2 a strong wish, especially one that is difficult or impossible to control:

The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges.

[ + to infinitive ] The urge to steal is very strong in many of the young men we look after here.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

urge

[ɜ͟ː(r)ʤ]
♦♦
urges, urging, urged
1) VERB If you urge someone to do something, you try hard to persuade them to do it.
  [V n to-inf] They urged parliament to approve plans for their reform programme...
  [V n to-inf] He urged employers and trade unions to adapt their pay settlements to the economic circumstances.
2) VERB If you urge someone somewhere, you make them go there by touching them or talking to them.
  [V n prep/adv] He slipped his arm around her waist and urged her away from the window...
  [V n] `Come on, Grace,' he was urging her, `don't wait, hurry up.'
3) VERB If you urge a course of action, you strongly advise that it should be taken.
  [V n on n] He urged restraint on the security forces...
  [V n] We urge vigorous action to be taken immediately.
4) N-COUNT: oft N to-inf If you have an urge to do or have something, you have a strong wish to do or have it.
  He had an urge to open a shop of his own...
  I have often talked about why we want to be mothers, but none of us can describe the urge exactly.
  Phrasal Verbs:
  - urge on

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

urge

²urge noun, pl urges [count] : a strong need or desire to have or do something
• the urge for something sweet
• He fought the urge to cry/laugh.
• creative/sexual urges

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break fresh/new ground

break fresh/new ground [idiom]

to do or discover something new

مثال:

I believe Stanley Kubrick with his unique avant-gardism broke new ground in the realm of cinematography.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

break fresh/new ground

C2 to do or discover something new:

This recovery technique breaks new ground.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

to break new ground

phrase

If you break new ground, you do something completely different or you do something in a completely different way.

[approval]

Gellhorn may have broken new ground when she filed her first report on the Spanish Civil War.

American English

British English

finding and discovering

C2

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in a rut

in a rut [idiom]

too fixed in one particular type of job, activity, method, etc., and needing to change

مثال:

No matter how hard we tried to improve the situation, it was as if we were badly stuck in a rut.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

in a rut

living or working in a situation that never changes, so that you feel bored

I was stuck in a rut and decided to look for a new job.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

(stuck) in a rut

C2 too fixed in one particular type of job, activity, method, etc., and needing tochange:

I need to change jobs - after 15 years here I feel I'm (stuck) in a rut.

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amendment

amendment [noun]

a change or changes made to the words of a text

US

/əˈmend.mənt/

UK

/əˈmend.mənt/

بهبودى، بهسازى

مثال:

In that session, almost all of the faculty members passed an amendment to the dean, requesting some special facilities.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

amendment

a‧mend‧ment AC /əˈmendmənt/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: verb: ↑amend; noun: ↑amendment]
[uncountable and countable] a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this:
constitutional amendments
amendment to
an amendment to the resolution

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

amendment

amend·ment AW [amendment amendments] [əˈmendmənt] [əˈmendmənt] noun
1. countable, uncountable a small change or improvement that is made to a law or a document; the process of changing a law or a document
• to introduce/propose/table an amendment (= to suggest it)
• Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.

• ~ to sth She made several minor amendments to her essay.

2. Amendment countable a statement of a change to the Constitution of the US
• The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the sense ‘improvement, correction’): from Old French amendement, from amender, based on Latin emendare, from e- (variant of ex-) ‘out of’ + menda ‘a fault’.
Culture:
In the US the first ten amendments to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights. Each amendment to the US Constitution needs a two-thirds majority in each House and must be approved by 75% of the states.
Example Bank:
• He is simply exercising his First-Amendment rights.
• He moved an amendment limiting capital punishment to certain very serious crimes.
• In total 217 MPs backed the rebel amendment opposing the government.
• On a free vote, the amendment was carried by 292 votes to 246.
• Parliament accepted the amendment and the bill was passed.
• She withdrew her amendment and left the meeting.
• The Senate added numerous amendments to the bill.
• The amendment passed in 2001.
• The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments.
• The new clause was accepted without amendment.
• The programme is subject to amendment.
• They have proposed an amendment to the federal constitution.
• a call to repeal the 22nd amendment to the Constitution
• a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage

• an amendment to the Clean Water Act

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

amendment / əˈmend.mənt / noun

C2 [ U or C ] a change or changes made to the words of a text:

He insisted that the book did not need amendment.

I've made a few last-minute amendments to the article.

Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991.

[ C ] a change to a law that is not yet in operation and is still being discussed:

An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

amendment

/əmendmənt/
(amendments)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

1.
An amendment is a section that is added to a law or rule in order to change it.
...an amendment to the defense bill.
N-VAR

2.
An amendment is a change that is made to a piece of writing.
= alteration
N-COUNT

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

amendment

amend·ment /əˈmɛndmənt/ noun, pl -ments
1 [count] : a change in the words or meaning of a law or document (such as a constitution)
• constitutional amendments
- often + to
• They proposed an amendment to the law. [=they officially suggested that a change be made to the law]
• an amendment to section 37(a) of the tax code
✦The names of the amendments that have been made to the U.S. Constitution are usually capitalized.
• The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States are called the Bill of Rights.
• Our right to free speech is protected by the First Amendment (of the U.S. Constitution).
2 [noncount] : the act or process of changing the words or meaning of a law or document : the act or process of amending something
• rights that were granted by amendment of the Constitution

American English

British English

legislation and law-making

C2

noun

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superficial

superficial [adjective] (NOT SERIOUS)

(of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important

US

/ˌsuː.pɚˈfɪʃ.əl/

UK

/ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ.əl/

سطحی

مثال:

He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

superficial

su‧per‧fi‧cial /ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃəl◂ $ -pər-/ BrE AmE adjective
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: superficialis, from Latin superficies 'surface', from facies 'face']
1. NOT LOOKING/STUDYING CAREFULLY not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things
superficial examination/study etc
Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.
Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.
2. APPEARANCE seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real
superficial resemblance/similarity
Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different.
Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous.
at/on a superficial level
At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same.
3. WOUND/DAMAGE affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious:
She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.
superficial damage
4. PERSON someone who is superficial does not think about things that are serious or important – used to show disapproval SYN shallow:
All the other girls seemed silly and superficial to Darlene.
5. NOT IMPORTANT superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect SYN minor:
superficial changes in government policies
6. TOP LAYER existing in or relating to the top layer of something, especially soil, rock etc

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

superficial

super·fi·cial [ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃl] [ˌsjuːpəˈfɪʃl] [ˌsuːpərˈfɪʃl] adjective
1. (often disapproving) not studying or looking at sth thoroughly; seeing only what is obvious
• a superficial analysis

• The book shows only a superficial understanding of the historical context.

2. appearing to be true, real or important until you look at it more carefully
• superficial differences/similarities

• When you first meet her, she gives a superficial impression of warmth and friendliness.

3. (of a wound or damage) only affecting the surface and therefore not serious
• a superficial injury

• superficial burns

4. (disapproving) not concerned with anything serious or important and lacking any depth of understanding or feeling
Syn: shallow
• a superficial friendship
• The guests engaged in superficial chatter.

• She's so superficial!

5. (technical) of or on the surface of sth
• superficial veins
• a superficial deposit of acidic soils
Derived Words: superficiality ▪ superficially
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from late Latin superficialis, from Latin superficies, from super- ‘above’ + facies ‘face’.
Example Bank:
• The movie bears a fairly superficial resemblance to the original novel.

• Superficial similarities can be deceptive.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective disapproving (NOT SERIOUS)

C2 (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important:

He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective usually disapproving (NOT COMPLETE)

C2 not complete and involving only the most obvious things:

I thought that article was written at a very superficial level.

The documentary's treatment/analysis of the issues was very superficial.

I only have a superficial (= slight) knowledge of French.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective (FALSE APPEARANCE)

appearing to be real or important when this is not true or correct:

There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they're quite different in terms of performance.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective (ONLY ON SURFACE)

only on the surface of something:

superficial damage

The driver only received superficial injuries/cuts/wounds.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

superficial

[su͟ːpə(r)fɪ̱ʃ(ə)l]
1) ADJ-GRADED (disapproval) If you describe someone as superficial, you disapprove of them because they do not think deeply, and have little understanding of anything serious or important.
  This guy is a superficial yuppie with no intellect whatsoever...
  The tone of his book is consistently negative, occasionally arrogant, and often superficial.
  Derived words:
  superficiality [su͟ːpə(r)fɪʃiæ̱lɪti] N-UNCOUNT oft N of n He hated the superficiality, the neon glamour and the cheap prettiness of life in L.A.
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV after v Hill cannot write badly or superficially; his characters and plotting are, as usual, admirable.
2) ADJ-GRADED If you describe something such as an action, feeling, or relationship as superficial, you mean that it includes only the simplest and most obvious aspects of that thing, and not those aspects which require more effort to deal with or understand.
  Their arguments do not withstand the most superficial scrutiny...
  His roommate had been pleasant on a superficial level...
  Father had no more than a superficial knowledge of music.
  Derived words:
  superficiality N-UNCOUNT oft N of n His assessment only serves to demonstrate the superficiality of the judgements we make when we first meet people.
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV with v The film touches on these difficult questions, but only superficially.
3) ADJ-GRADED Superficial is used to describe the appearance of something or the impression that it gives, especially if its real nature is very different.
  Despite these superficial resemblances, this is a darker work than her earlier novels...
  Spain may well look different but the changes are superficial.
  Derived words:
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV with cl/group, ADV with v Many of these killers are frequently glib and superficially charming... Superficially there have been many changes in Britain in recent years.
4) ADJ-GRADED Superficial injuries are not very serious, and affect only the surface of the body. You can also describe damage to an object as superficial.
  The 69-year-old clergyman escaped with superficial wounds...
  The explosion caused superficial damage to the fortified house.
  Syn:
  slight
5) ADJ: ADJ n The superficial layers of the skin are the ones nearest the surface. [MEDICAL]
  ...superficial blood vessels in the forearm.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

superficial

su·per·fi·cial /ˌsuːpɚˈfɪʃəl/ adj [more ~; most ~]
1 : concerned only with what is obvious or apparent : not thorough or complete
• a superficial analysis of the results/data
• They had a superficial knowledge/understanding of the topic.
• These superficial changes/solutions don't address the underlying problem.
2 a : affecting only the outer part or surface of something : not deep or serious
• superficial wounds/cuts
• The storm only caused superficial damage to the building.
b : lying close to the surface
• superficial veins
3
- used to describe a quality, characteristic, etc., that can be seen in the outward appearance or manner of something or someone but that is not deep or genuine
• Despite a superficial resemblance, the paintings are by two different artists.
• These similarities/differences are only superficial.
• Don't be deceived by his superficial charm.
• On a superficial level, his theory works, but the facts don't support it.
4 disapproving : not caring about or involving important matters or deep emotions
• He thinks she's vain and superficial. [=shallow]
• I'm not interested in superficial relationships.
- su·per·fi·ci·al·i·ty /ˌsuːpɚˌfɪʃiˈæləti/ noun [noncount]
• the superficiality of pop culture
- su·per·fi·cial·ly /ˌsuːpɚˈfɪʃəli/ adv
• Superficially, at least, the two paintings are similar.

American English

British English

not showing careful thought

C2

adjective

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superficial

superficial [adjective] (NOT IMPORTANT)

NOT IMPORTANT superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect SYN minor

US

/ˌsuː.pɚˈfɪʃ.əl/

UK

/ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ.əl/

جزئی، سطحی، کم اهمیت

مثال:

How many perfectly fine women are you gonna reject over the most superficial insignificant things?

چندتا خانم خیلی خوب و خوشگل را میخوای به خاطر مسائل سطحی و کم‌اهمیت رد کنی؟

media:

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

superficial

su‧per‧fi‧cial /ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃəl◂ $ -pər-/ BrE AmE adjective
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: superficialis, from Latin superficies 'surface', from facies 'face']
1. NOT LOOKING/STUDYING CAREFULLY not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things
superficial examination/study etc
Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.
Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.
2. APPEARANCE seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real
superficial resemblance/similarity
Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are, in fact, very different.
Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous.
at/on a superficial level
At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same.
3. WOUND/DAMAGE affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious:
She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.
superficial damage
4. PERSON someone who is superficial does not think about things that are serious or important – used to show disapproval SYN shallow:
All the other girls seemed silly and superficial to Darlene.
5. NOT IMPORTANT superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect SYN minor:
superficial changes in government policies
6. TOP LAYER existing in or relating to the top layer of something, especially soil, rock etc
—superficially adverb
—superficiality /ˌsuːpəfɪʃiˈæləti, ˌsuːpəfɪʃiˈælɪti $ -pər-/ noun [uncountable]

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

superficial

super·fi·cial [ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃl] [ˌsjuːpəˈfɪʃl] [ˌsuːpərˈfɪʃl] adjective
1. (often disapproving) not studying or looking at sth thoroughly; seeing only what is obvious
• a superficial analysis

• The book shows only a superficial understanding of the historical context.

2. appearing to be true, real or important until you look at it more carefully
• superficial differences/similarities

• When you first meet her, she gives a superficial impression of warmth and friendliness.

3. (of a wound or damage) only affecting the surface and therefore not serious
• a superficial injury

• superficial burns

4. (disapproving) not concerned with anything serious or important and lacking any depth of understanding or feeling
Syn: shallow
• a superficial friendship
• The guests engaged in superficial chatter.

• She's so superficial!

5. (technical) of or on the surface of sth
• superficial veins
• a superficial deposit of acidic soils
Derived Words: superficiality ▪ superficially
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from late Latin superficialis, from Latin superficies, from super- ‘above’ + facies ‘face’.
Example Bank:
• The movie bears a fairly superficial resemblance to the original novel.

• Superficial similarities can be deceptive.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective disapproving (NOT SERIOUS)

C2 (of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important:

He's fun to be with, but he's very superficial.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective usually disapproving (NOT COMPLETE)

C2 not complete and involving only the most obvious things:

I thought that article was written at a very superficial level.

The documentary's treatment/analysis of the issues was very superficial.

I only have a superficial (= slight) knowledge of French.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective (FALSE APPEARANCE)

appearing to be real or important when this is not true or correct:

There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they're quite different in terms of performance.

superficiality / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ɪ.ti / / -ˌfɪʃ.iˈæl.ə.t̬i / noun [ U ]

superficially / -i / adverb

C2

The job I've been offered is superficially (= seems to be) attractive/appealing, but I think I might find it boring after a while.

Religious education is poorly and superficially taught in most schools.

superficial / ˌsuː.pəˈfɪʃ. ə l / / -pɚ- / adjective (ONLY ON SURFACE)

only on the surface of something:

superficial damage

The driver only received superficial injuries/cuts/wounds.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

superficial

[su͟ːpə(r)fɪ̱ʃ(ə)l]
1) ADJ-GRADED (disapproval) If you describe someone as superficial, you disapprove of them because they do not think deeply, and have little understanding of anything serious or important.
  This guy is a superficial yuppie with no intellect whatsoever...
  The tone of his book is consistently negative, occasionally arrogant, and often superficial.
  Derived words:
  superficiality [su͟ːpə(r)fɪʃiæ̱lɪti] N-UNCOUNT oft N of n He hated the superficiality, the neon glamour and the cheap prettiness of life in L.A.
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV after v Hill cannot write badly or superficially; his characters and plotting are, as usual, admirable.
2) ADJ-GRADED If you describe something such as an action, feeling, or relationship as superficial, you mean that it includes only the simplest and most obvious aspects of that thing, and not those aspects which require more effort to deal with or understand.
  Their arguments do not withstand the most superficial scrutiny...
  His roommate had been pleasant on a superficial level...
  Father had no more than a superficial knowledge of music.
  Derived words:
  superficiality N-UNCOUNT oft N of n His assessment only serves to demonstrate the superficiality of the judgements we make when we first meet people.
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV with v The film touches on these difficult questions, but only superficially.
3) ADJ-GRADED Superficial is used to describe the appearance of something or the impression that it gives, especially if its real nature is very different.
  Despite these superficial resemblances, this is a darker work than her earlier novels...
  Spain may well look different but the changes are superficial.
  Derived words:
  superficially ADV-GRADED ADV with cl/group, ADV with v Many of these killers are frequently glib and superficially charming... Superficially there have been many changes in Britain in recent years.
4) ADJ-GRADED Superficial injuries are not very serious, and affect only the surface of the body. You can also describe damage to an object as superficial.
  The 69-year-old clergyman escaped with superficial wounds...
  The explosion caused superficial damage to the fortified house.
  Syn:
  slight
5) ADJ: ADJ n The superficial layers of the skin are the ones nearest the surface. [MEDICAL]
  ...superficial blood vessels in the forearm.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

superficial

su·per·fi·cial /ˌsuːpɚˈfɪʃəl/ adj [more ~; most ~]
1 : concerned only with what is obvious or apparent : not thorough or complete
• a superficial analysis of the results/data
• They had a superficial knowledge/understanding of the topic.
• These superficial changes/solutions don't address the underlying problem.
2 a : affecting only the outer part or surface of something : not deep or serious
• superficial wounds/cuts
• The storm only caused superficial damage to the building.
b : lying close to the surface
• superficial veins
3
- used to describe a quality, characteristic, etc., that can be seen in the outward appearance or manner of something or someone but that is not deep or genuine
• Despite a superficial resemblance, the paintings are by two different artists.
• These similarities/differences are only superficial.
• Don't be deceived by his superficial charm.
• On a superficial level, his theory works, but the facts don't support it.
4 disapproving : not caring about or involving important matters or deep emotions
• He thinks she's vain and superficial. [=shallow]
• I'm not interested in superficial relationships.
- su·per·fi·ci·al·i·ty /ˌsuːpɚˌfɪʃiˈæləti/ noun [noncount]
• the superficiality of pop culture
- su·per·fi·cial·ly /ˌsuːpɚˈfɪʃəli/ adv
• Superficially, at least, the two paintings are similar.

American English

British English

not showing careful thought

faking and pretending

C2

adjective

0

exquisite

exquisite [adjective] (BEAUTIFUL)

very beautiful and delicate

US

/ɪkˈskwɪz.ɪt/

UK

/ɪkˈskwɪz.ɪt/

ظریف، زیبا، قشنگ

مثال:

Look at this exquisite painting

Oxford Essential Dictionary

exquisite

adjective
extremely beautiful:
She has an exquisite face.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

exquisite

ex‧qui‧site /ɪkˈskwɪzət, ɪkˈskwɪzɪt, ˈekskwɪ-/ BrE AmE adjective
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: exquisitus, past participle of exquirere 'to search out', from quaerere 'to look for']
1. extremely beautiful and very delicately made:
the most exquisite craftsmanship
2. very sensitive and delicate in the way you behave or do things:
She has exquisite taste in art.
3. literary exquisite pain or pleasure is felt very strongly
—exquisitely adverb
—exquisiteness noun [uncountable]
• • •
THESAURUS
■ place/thing etc
▪ beautiful used to describe something that looks, feels, sounds etc so good that it gives you a lot of pleasure: a beautiful tropical beach | a beautiful song | The weather was beautiful.
▪ lovely especially British English spoken used when saying that something looks, feels, or sounds very nice: What a lovely day! | a lovely voice | a lovely perfume
▪ pretty pleasant to look at – often used about things that are not big or impressive: a pretty little pink dress | a pretty village
▪ attractive pleasant to look at. Attractive sounds more formal than pretty: an attractive white-painted cottage with green shutters | an attractive city
▪ magnificent very big, beautiful, and impressive – used about buildings, objects, and views: The Taj Mahal always looks magnificent. | a magnificent Persian carpet | There were magnificent views over the old city.
▪ picturesque written pleasant to look at – used in written descriptions of towns, buildings, and places: the picturesque harbour town of Castleton | Regensburg Cathedral occupies a picturesque position on the River Danube in Bavaria.
▪ stunning/breathtaking extremely beautiful and impressive – used especially about views: All around is a stunning view of Cape Town. | The landscape is breathtaking.
▪ exquisite /ɪkˈskwɪzət, ɪkˈskwɪzɪt, ˈekskwɪ-/ used to describe things that have very beautiful small details, especially things that have been made with a lot of skill: an exquisite piece of jewellery | an exquisite flower | an exquisite picture of a bird of paradise
▪ elegant designed in a way that looks very attractive and has a lot of style: an elegant Neo-Classical building | a long and elegant staircase

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

exquisite

ex·quis·ite [ɪkˈskwɪzɪt] [ɪkˈskwɪzɪt] [ˈekskwɪzɪt] [ˈekskwɪzɪt] adjective
1. extremely beautiful or carefully made
• exquisite craftsmanship

• Her wedding dress was absolutely exquisite.

2. (formal) (of a feeling) strongly felt
Syn: acute

• exquisite pain/pleasure

3. (formal) delicate and sensitive
• The room was decorated in exquisite taste.
• an exquisite sense of timing
Derived Word: exquisitely
Word Origin:
[exquisite exquisitely] late Middle English (in the sense ‘precise’): from Latin exquisit- ‘sought out’, from the verb exquirere, from ex- ‘out’ + quaerere ‘seek’.
Example Bank:

• Look at the exquisite craftsmanship in this vase.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

exquisite / ɪkˈskwɪz.ɪt / adjective (BEAUTIFUL)

C2 very beautiful and delicate:

an exquisite piece of china

Look at this exquisite painting

She has exquisite taste.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

exquisite

[ɪkskwɪ̱zɪt, e̱kskwɪzɪt]
1) ADJ-GRADED Something that is exquisite is extremely beautiful or pleasant, especially in a delicate way.
  The Indians brought in exquisite beadwork to sell...
  Mr Zhang's photography is exquisite.
  ...her exquisite manners.
  Derived words:
  exquisitely ADV-GRADED usu ADV adj/-ed ...exquisitely crafted dolls' houses. ...an exquisitely beautiful young woman.
2) ADJ: ADJ n (emphasis) Exquisite is used to emphasize that a feeling or quality is very great or intense. [LITERARY]
  The words issuing from her lips gave exquisite pleasure as they flowed over him...
  She peeled it with exquisite care.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

exquisite

ex·quis·ite /ɛkˈskwɪzət, ˈɛkskwɪzət/ adj [more ~; most ~]
1 : finely done or made
• exquisite workmanship
• a move executed with exquisite precision : very beautiful or delicate
• exquisite flowers
• Her singing voice is truly exquisite.
2 : very sensitive or fine
• They have exquisite [=excellent] taste in furniture.
• The scenes are described in exquisite detail. [=with a lot of very fine details]
3 : extreme or intense
• exquisite pain/agony
• He chose his words with exquisite care.

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time flies

time flies [idiom]

used to mean that time passes surprisingly quickly

زمان به سرعت میگذرد

مثال:

Time flies when you’re with friends having great time.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

time flies

time ˈflies idiom
(saying) time seems to pass very quickly
• How time flies! I've got to go now.

• Time has flown since the holiday began. This phrase is a translation of the Latin ‘tempus fugit’.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

time flies saying

C2 used to mean that time passes surprisingly quickly:

Time flies when you're having fun.

American English

British English

spending time and time passing

C2

0

dive in

dive in [phrasal verb]

to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think

US

/daɪv/

UK

/daɪv/

به سرعت کاری را انجام دادن

مثال:

If neighbouring countries are having a war, you can't just dive in.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

dive in

dive in phrasal verb (see also ↑dive)
to start doing something eagerly:
Harvey dived in with several questions.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

dive in/dive into sth — phrasal verb with dive / daɪv / verb ( dived or US also dove , dive or US also dove )

C2 to start doing something suddenly and energetically, often without stopping to think:

If neighbouring countries are having a war, you can't just dive in.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

7 informal : to start doing something with enthusiasm - usually + into or in
• They dove into their work.
• I'm just not ready to dive (right) into another romantic relationship.
• They sat down at the dinner table and dove (right) in. [=started eating immediately]
• We have a lot of things to discuss, so let's dive right in. [=let's get started immediately]

American English

British English

starting and beginning

C2

verb

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Progress

Progress [verb]

to continue gradually

US

/prəˈɡres/

UK

/prəˈɡres/

(زمان‌) گذشتن

مثال:

As the war progressed more and more countries became involved.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

verb (progresses, progressing, progressed )

1 to improve or develop:
Students can progress at their own speed.

2 to move forwards; to continue:
She became more tired as the evening progressed.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. pro‧gress² /prəˈɡres/ BrE AmE verb
[Word Family: noun: ↑progress, ↑progression, ↑progressive; verb: ↑progress; adverb: ↑progressively; adjective: ↑progressive]
1. [intransitive] to improve, develop, or achieve things so that you are then at a more advanced stage OPP regress:
I asked the nurse how my son was progressing.
progress to
She started with a cleaning job, and progressed to running the company.
progress towards
We must progress towards full integration of Catholic and Protestant pupils in Ireland.
progress beyond
Last year the team didn’t progress beyond the opening round.
2. [intransitive and transitive] if an activity such as work or a project progresses, or you progress it, it continues:
Work on the ship progressed quickly.
We’re hoping to progress the Lane project more quickly next week.
3. [intransitive] if time or an event progresses, time passes:
As the meeting progressed, Nina grew more and more bored.
Time is progressing, so I’ll be brief.
4. [intransitive] to move forward:
Our taxi seemed to be progressing very slowly.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

verb [prəˈɡres] ; [prəˈɡres]
1. intransitive to improve or develop over a period of time; to make progress
Syn: advance
• The course allows students to progress at their own speed.

• Work on the new road is progressing slowly.

2. intransitive + adv./prep. (formal) to move forward
• The line of traffic progressed slowly through the town.

• (figurative) Cases can take months to progress through the courts.

3. intransitive to go forward in time
Syn: go on
• The weather became colder as the day progressed.

Word Origin:
late Middle English (as a noun): from Latin progressus ‘an advance’, from the verb progredi, from pro- ‘forward’ + gradi ‘to walk’. The verb became obsolete in British English use at the end of the 17th cent. and was readopted from American English in the early 19th cent.
Thesaurus:
progress verb I
• Students progress at their own speed.
develop • • advance • • move • |informal come along/on • |especially journalism shape up •
progress/develop/move from/to sth
progress/develop/advance/move towards/beyond sth
a war/campaign progresses/develops
Example Bank:
• He felt he still needed to progress further in his learning.
• Samir failed to progress beyond this first step on the ladder.
• She soon progressed from the basics to more difficult work.
• Students progress through the stages of the course.
• The talks are progressing very well.
• The work is progressing quite slowly.
• They are anxious to progress with the plan.
• his ambition to progress up the career ladder
• progressing rapidly in his chosen career
• slowly progressing towards a new kind of art
• to progress rapidly in your career
• to progress towards/toward a new kind of art

• The visiting team's confidence increased as the game progressed.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

progress / prəˈɡres / verb [ I ]

B2 to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc.:

My Spanish never really progressed beyond the stage of being able to order drinks at the bar.

→ Compare regress

C2 to continue gradually:

As the war progressed more and more countries became involved.

We started off talking about the weather and gradually the conversation progressed to politics.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

progress

♦♦
progresses, progressing, progressed
(The noun is pronounced [pro͟ʊgres, AM prɑ͟ː-]u>. The verb is pronounced [prəgre̱s]u>.)
1) N-UNCOUNT Progress is the process of gradually improving or getting nearer to achieving or completing something.
  The medical community continues to make progress in the fight against cancer...
  The two sides made little if any progress towards agreement.
2) N-SING: the N, oft N of n The progress of a situation or action is the way in which it develops.
  The Chancellor is reported to have been delighted with the progress of the first day's talks...
  Ellen would keep me abreast of the progress by phone.
3) VERB To progress means to move over a period of time to a stronger, more advanced, or more desirable state.
  He will visit once a fortnight to see how his new staff are progressing...
  Were you surprised that his disease progressed so quickly?...
  [V to n] He started only five years ago, sketching first and then progressing to painting.
4) VERB If events progress, they continue to happen gradually over a period of time.
  As the evening progressed, sadness turned to rage...
  Life was hard, and it became harder as the war progressed.
5) PHRASE If something is in progress, it has started and is still continuing.
  The game was already in progress when we took our seats...
  The diaries are a mixture of confession, work in progress and observation.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

progress

²pro·gress /prəˈgrɛs/ verb -gress·es; -gressed; -gress·ing [no obj]
1 : to move forward in time
• It became colder as the day progressed. [=went on]
2 : to improve or develop over a period of time
• The project has been progressing slowly.
• The work is progressing and should be completed soon.
3 always followed by an adverb or preposition formal : to move forward or toward a place
• The caravan progressed slowly across the desert.

فرم جستجو

C2

to break new ground

(stuck) in a rut

صفحه‌ها