noun

scientist

sci·en·tist [scientist scientists]   [ˈsaɪəntɪst]    [ˈsaɪəntɪst]  noun

a person who studies one or more of the natural sciences (= for example, physics, chemistry and biology)

• a research scientist

• nuclear scientists

• scientists and engineers

• the cartoon figure of the mad scientist working in his laboratory

see also  computer scientist, political scientist, social scientist 

Example Bank:

• Scientists have developed an injection that doesn't use a needle.

• Scientists warned of even greater eruptions to come.

• She gave a lecture to 2 000 fellow scientists in Kyoto.

• She had an image of a mad scientist working in his laboratory.

• The scientists estimate that nearly two thirds of the continent has become drier over the past 60 years.

• You don't have to be a rocket scientist to do this job.

• a contest for young scientists

• a mystery that has baffled scientists for many years

• scientists interested in Antarctic research

photographer

pho·tog·raph·er [photographer photographers]   [fəˈtɒɡrəfə(r)]    [fəˈtɑːɡrəfər]  noun

a person who takes photographs, especially as a job

• a wildlife/fashion/portrait photographer

Example Bank:

• Photographer Darren Kidd captured the unique atmosphere of the event.

• She didn't think much of the photographers snapping away at her.

• The photographer shot the usual roll of pictures.

• They had hired another photographer for the wedding.

• a staff photographer at the ‘New York Times’

manager

man·ager [manager managers]   [ˈmænɪdʒə(r)]    [ˈmænɪdʒər]  noun

1. a person who is in charge of running a business, a shop/store or a similar organization or part of one

• a bank/hotel manager

• the sales/marketing/personnel manager

• a meeting of area managers

see also  middle manager

2. a person who deals with the business affairs of an actor, a musician, etc.

3. a person who trains and organizes a sports team

• the new manager of Italy

Thesaurus:

manager noun C

• a bank/hotel manager

director • • employer • • supervisor • • superintendent • • foreman • |especially BrE governor • |informal boss •

work for a/an manager/director/employer/boss

work under a/an manager/supervisor/superintendent/foreman

have a/an manager/director/employer/supervisor/foreman/governor/boss

Manager or director? Both manager and director can be used to talk about a person who is in charge of an activity or department within a company: a sales manager/director. However, in a large company, a director is often in charge of several managers.

Example Bank:

• A product manager is responsible for product profitability.

• Companies replace managers who underperform relative to their rivals.

• Each programme is discussed with the responsible manager.

• He has been promoted to business development manager.

• He will be the club's caretaker manager until a new manager is appointed.

• It helps to have a sympathetic manager.

• Last month he was named manager of the new unit.

• They hired a new campaign manager.

• Your job will be to assist the production manager.

• another disappointing day for the beleaguered England manager

• the marketing manager for a large company

• I'll ask my manager if I can leave early.

• Sales manager Chris Jones says, ‘We're thrilled with the results’.

• There's a meeting of area managers next Tuesday.

• a bank/hotel manager

engineer

en·gin·eer [engineer engineers engineered engineering] noun, verb   [ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)]    [ˌendʒɪˈnɪr]

noun

1. a person whose job involves designing and building engines, machines, roads, bridges, etc.

see also  chemical engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer, lighting engineer, mechanical engineer, software engineer, sound engineer

2. a person who is trained to repair machines and electrical equipment

• They're sending an engineer to fix the phone.

3. a person whose job is to control and repair engines, especially on a ship or an aircraft

• a flight engineer

• the chief engineer on a cruise liner

4. (NAmE) (BrE ˈengine driver) a person whose job is driving a railway/railroad engine

5. a soldier trained to design and build military structures

Word Origin:

Middle English (denoting a designer and constructor of fortifications and weapons; formerly also as ingineer): in early use from Old French engigneor, from medieval Latin ingeniator, from ingeniare ‘contrive, devise’, from Latin ingenium ‘talent, device’, from in- ‘in’ + gignere ‘beget’; in later use from French ingénieur or Italian ingegnere, also based on Latin ingenium, with the ending influenced by -eer.

Example Bank:

• We were on the phone with a technical support engineer.

• You need the advice of a qualified engineer.

• engineers who designed and built advanced military aircraft

• a chemical/civil/electrical/mechanical engineer

banker

bank·er [banker bankers]   [ˈbæŋkə(r)]    [ˈbæŋkər]  noun

1. a person who owns a bank or has an important job at a bank

• a merchant banker

2. a person who is in charge of the money in particular games

Word Origin:

mid 16th cent.: from French banquier, from banque or Italian banca, from medieval Latin banca, bancus, of Germanic origin.

Example Bank:

• He's an investment banker in New York..

Mr

Mr [Mr Messrs] (BrE) (also Mr. NAmE, BrE)  [ˈmɪstə(r)]    [ˈmɪstər]  abbreviation
1. a title that comes before a man's family name, or before his first and family names together
• Mr Brown
• Mr John Brown

• Mr and Mrs Brown

2. a title used to address a man in some official positions
• Thank you, Mr Chairman.
• Mr. President
see also  mister 
Idioms: Mr Nice Guy ▪ Mr Right  
Word Origin:

late Middle English: originally an abbreviation of master; compare with mister.

MS

MS [MS] (NAmE also M.S.)  [ˌem ˈes]    [ˌem ˈes]  abbreviation

1. multiple sclerosis

2. manuscript

3. =  MSc

Ms

Ms (BrE) (also Ms. NAmE, BrE)  [mɪz]    [mɪz]    [məz]    [məz]  abbreviation
a title that comes before a woman's family name or before her first and family names together, and that can be used when you do not want to state whether she is married or not
• Ms Murphy
• Ms Jean Murphy
compare Miss, Mrs  
Word Origin:

[Ms] 1950s: combination of Mrs  and Miss (see miss).

Mrs

Mrs [Mrs Mesdames] (BrE) (also Mrs. NAmE, BrE)  [ˈmɪsɪz]    [ˈmɪsɪz]  abbreviation
a title that comes before a married woman's family name or before her first and family names together
• Mrs Hill
• Mrs Susan Hill
• Mr and Mrs Hill
compare Miss, Ms  
Word Origin:

early 17th cent.: abbreviation of mistress; compare with missus.

noun  

TITLE/FORM OF ADDRESS
1. Miss used before the family name, or the first and family name, of a woman who is not married, in order to speak or write to her politely
• That's all, thank you, Miss Lipman.

compare  Mrs, Ms

2. Miss a title given to the winner of a beauty contest in a particular country, town, etc.
• Miss Brighton

• the Miss World contest

3. Miss (informal) used especially by men to address a young woman when they do not know her name

• Will that be all, Miss?

4. Miss (BrE, informal) used as a form of address by children in some schools to a woman teacher, whether she is married or not
• Good morning, Miss!

compare  sir

5. (old-fashioned) a girl or young woman  

NOT HIT, CATCH, ETC.
6. a failure to hit, catch or reach sth
• He scored two goals and had another two near misses.  
Word Origin:

v. and n. sense 6 Old English missan Germanic Dutch German missen
n. senses 1 to 5 mid 17th cent. mistress

family name

ˈfamily name       noun
the part of your name that shows which family you belong to
compare  surname  
Culture:
surnames [family name surnames]
In Britain and the US surnames, also called last names or family names, pass from fathers or, in some cases, mothers to their children. Traditionally, women change their surname when they marry, replacing their maiden name, the surname they had from birth, with the surname of their husband. In the US especially, some women keep their maiden name as a middle name. Others choose to keep their maiden name as their surname after they are married. A few create a double-barrelled name (AmE hyphenated name) from the two surnames, such as Johnson-Brown. In a few cases the husband and children may also take this name. In Britain a double-barrelled surname used to suggest an upper-class background, but this is no longer always so.
In the US, laws about changing a last name, whether after marriage or for some other reason, vary from state to state, but it is usually a simple process and in some states people can just begin to use a new name if they want to. In Britain a woman can change her surname automatically after marriage. If people wish to change their name for any other reason they can do so by deed poll, a simple legal procedure.
In fact people rarely change their surname except after marriage, and many people are able to research their family history over many centuries. Most families were known by surnames by 1300 and many of the old names are still common. Sometimes the names reflected the place where the family lived, such as the name of their village or a reference to a feature of the local countryside, e.g. Ford, Hill or Wood. Other surnames refer to the original occupation or trade of the family, e.g. Baker, Miller, Shepherd and Smith. Sometimes the surname began as a nickname. For instance, someone with dark hair or dark skin might be called Black, Blake or Brown. Some surnames were taken from personal names, as in Andrews, Martin and Roberts. Others were based on French names that came to Britain during the Norman Conquest, e.g. Sinclair from the French ‘Saint-Clair’.
Many surnames occur throughout Britain, but others suggest a particular regional origin. Many Scottish names begin with Mc- or Mac-, meaning ‚son of’, e.g. McDonald and MacGregor. Members of a clan added this prefix to their father’s name. Irish surnames often begin with O’, meaning ‚descended from’, e.g. O’Brien. Many Irish surnames are derived from ancient Celtic names. Common Welsh surnames include Evans, Morgan, Price, Rees and Williams. The most common surname in England and Scotland is Smith, closely followed by Jones, a name also widely found in Wales. Other surnames were brought to Britain by families from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China. These include Ahmed, Hussain, Khan, Patel, Singh and Tsang.
All the surnames found in Britain are also found in the US, together with many others from all over the world. Some people wanted to sound more American when they arrived in the US and so took English last names. Sometimes government officials could not understand the names of new arrivals and wrote similar English names on their documents. Many Americans of German origin changed their names during the two world wars. African Americans whose ancestors were slaves do not know what last names their families originally had. Many have English or Irish names, because slaves had to take the names of their owners.
When British and American people introduce themselves they give their first name and then their surname, e.g. Michael Johnson, Linda Johnson. The opposite order ‚Johnson, Michael’ is used only in alphabetical lists. In informal situations people often give only their first name. When people are addressed formally a title is put before their last name, usually Mr for men and Mrs, Miss or Ms for women. Married women used always to be called Mrs Johnson, etc. Unmarried women were known as Miss Johnson, etc. Many women now prefer the title Ms because, like Mr, it does not give any information about whether the person is married. Other titles include Dr for medical doctors and people with a doctorateand General, Colonel, etc. for people holding military ranks. People can be addressed as Dr Jones, Professor Roberts etc. or simply as Doctor (for a medical doctor) and Professor. Men especially may be referred to simply by their last name, e.g. the previous president was Clinton, but addressing somebody in this way can seem old-fashioned or may cause offence. 
Example Bank:
• ‘Smith’ is the most common family name in Britain.

• He wanted a son to carry on the family name.