British English

tourist

tourist [noun]

Someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday

US /ˈtʊr.ɪst/ 
UK /ˈtʊə.rɪst/ 

جهانگرد، توریست

Example: 

Tourist agency

آژانس‌ جهانگردى

Oxford Essential Dictionary

tourist

 noun
a person who visits a place on holiday

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

tourist

tourist W3 /ˈtʊərəst, ˈtʊərɪst $ ˈtʊr-/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
someone who is visiting a place for pleasure on holiday:
Cambridge is always full of tourists in the summer.
The Statue of Liberty is a major tourist attraction.
What effect will this have on the local tourist industry?
tourist centre/destination/resort etc
Durham, with its cathedral and castle, is a popular tourist centre.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adjectives
foreign tourists Millions of foreign tourists visit the capital every year.
an American/Japanese etc tourist She saw a crowd of Japanese tourists, cameras at the ready, wandering down the path.
■ verbs
tourists visit a place About six million tourists visit the country each year.
tourists flock to a place (=visit it in large numbers) Tourists have flocked to the area ever since the TV series was filmed there.
attract/draw tourists They hope to change the image of the city and attract more tourists.
■ tourist + NOUN
a tourist attraction (=an interesting place for tourists to see or an enjoyable activity for them to do) Yellowstone National Park is a major tourist attraction.
a tourist destination/centre/spot Egypt became a popular tourist destination in the nineteenth century.
the tourist industry The tourist industry is booming, with more visitors this year than ever before.
the tourist season (=the period in a year when large numbers of tourists visit a place) Even in the tourist season the beaches don’t get packed.
■ phrases
a group/party of tourists The guide was talking to a party of tourists.
• • •
THESAURUS
tourist someone who is visiting a place for pleasure on holiday: The hotel is very popular with tourists. | a major tourist destination
traveller British English, traveler American English someone who travels somewhere: a weary traveller returning home after a long journey | The building’s luxurious interior will appeal to business travellers. | The strike will affect air travellers. | Paul Theroux, the American traveller, once went from London to India by train.
visitor someone who comes to visit a particular country, area, museum etc: Times Square attracts more than 30 million visitors annually.
holiday-maker British English, vacationer American English someone who is on holiday somewhere: The beach was packed with holiday-makers. | 75 percent of Alamo's rentals are to vacationers.
sightseer a tourist who is visiting a famous or interesting place: Crowds of sightseers come to London every year.
backpacker someone who is travelling for pleasure, staying in cheap accommodation and carrying a ↑backpack: a cheap hotel which is used mainly by backpackers

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

tourist

tour·ist [tourist tourists]   [ˈtʊərɪst]    [ˈtɔːrɪst]    [ˈtʊrɪst]  noun
1. a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure
busloads of foreign tourists
a popular tourist attraction/destination/resort
the tourist industry/sector

Further information is available from the local tourist office.

2. (BrE) a member of a sports team that is playing a series of official games in a foreign country 
Collocations:
Travel and tourism
Holidays/vacations
have/take (BrE) a holiday/(NAmE) a vacation/a break/a day off/(BrE) a gap year
go on/be on holiday/vacation/leave/honeymoon/safari/a trip/a tour/a cruise/a pilgrimage
go backpacking/camping/hitchhiking/sightseeing
plan a trip/a holiday/a vacation/your itinerary
book accommodation/a hotel room/a flight/tickets
have/make/cancel a reservation/(especially BrE) booking
rent a villa/(both BrE) a holiday home/a holiday cottage
(especially BrE) hire/ (especially NAmE) rent a car/bicycle/moped
stay in a hotel/a bed and breakfast/a youth hostel/a villa/(both BrE) a holiday home/a caravan
cost/charge $100 a/per night for a single/double/twin/standard/(BrE) en suite room
check into/out of a hotel/a motel/your room
pack/unpack your suitcase/bags
call/order room service
cancel/cut short a trip/holiday/vacation
Foreign travel
apply for/get/renew a/your passport
take out/buy/get travel insurance
catch/miss your plane/train/ferry/connecting flight
fly (in)/travel in business/economy class
make/have a brief/two-day/twelve-hour stopover/(NAmE also) layover in Hong Kong
experience/cause/lead to delays
check (in)/collect/get/lose (your) (especially BrE) luggage/(especially NAmE) baggage
be charged for/pay excess baggage
board/get on/leave/get off the aircraft/plane/ship/ferry
taxi down/leave/approach/hit/overshoot the runway
experience/hit/encounter severe turbulence
suffer from/recover from/get over your jet lag/travel sickness
The tourist industry
attract/draw/bring tourists/visitors
encourage/promote/hurt tourism
promote/develop ecotourism
build/develop/visit a tourist/holiday/(especially BrE) seaside/beach/ski resort
work for/be operated by a major hotel chain
be served by/compete with low-cost/(especially NAmE) low-fare/budget airlines
book sth through/make a booking through/use a travel agent
contact/check with your travel agent/tour operator
book/be on/go on a package deal/holiday/tour
buy/bring back (tacky/overpriced) souvenirs 
Example Bank:
I bought a tourist guide to Paris.
Pompeii is one of Italy's prime tourist attractions.
Recently Edinburgh has become a popular tourist centre.
She works as a tourist guide.
The Story of the Loch Ness Monster has attracted many tourists to the area.
The city has unrealized tourist potential.
The festival is accompanied by a huge influx of tourists.
The high level of crime is frightening away tourists.
The theme park is the region's most popular tourist facility.
The town is off the usual tourist route.
Their economy is dependent on tourist dollars.
the exploitation of women by sex tourists
the local tourist information office
the part of town most frequented by tourists
the reduction in tourist traffic due to the violence
A busload of tourists arrived at the village.
A tourist bus crashed on a remote mountain road last night.
He entered the country on a tourist visa.
It was the beginning of the tourist season.
Local people rely on the tourist industry for employment.
Local roads cannot cope with the increase in tourist traffic.
She was guiding a group of tourists around the castle.
The Taj Mahal is one of the most important tourist sights in India.
The coastline of Vietnam has massive tourist potential.
The number of tourists visiting London is rising again.
The temple is a major tourist attraction.
The town is a popular tourist destination.
There is a tourist information centre by the car park.
There is little accommodation available for tourists.
Tourists flock to the ruins, causing further erosion.
We have a large influx of tourists in the summer.
We travelled on minor roads and tracks, away from the tourist trail.
We visited all the usual tourist spots.

Western tourists rarely visit the area.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

tourist / ˈtʊə.rɪst / / ˈtɔː- /   / ˈtʊr.ɪst / noun [ C ]

A2 someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday:

Millions of tourists visit Rome every year.

Hordes (= very large groups) of tourists flock to the Mediterranean each year.

Disneyworld is one of Florida's major tourist attractions .

The island is very busy during the tourist season .

UK a member of a sports team who is travelling from place to place in a foreign country, playing games:

The West Indies easily defeated the tourists.

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

tourist

/tʊərɪst/
(tourists)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

A tourist is a person who is visiting a place for pleasure and interest, especially when they are on holiday.
...foreign tourists...
Blackpool is the top tourist attraction in England.

N-COUNT: oft N n

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

tourist

tour·ist /ˈturɪst/ noun, pl -ists [count]
1 : a person who travels to a place for pleasure
• The museums attract a lot of tourists.
• In the summer the town is filled with tourists.
2 Brit : a member of a sports team that is playing a series of official games in a foreign country
• The tourists defeated the home side.
- tourist adj always used before a noun
• The museum is a big tourist attraction/destination.
• She has a job in the tourist industry.

welcome

welcome [verb] (ENCOURAGE)

If someone is welcome, you are pleased when they visit you

US /ˈwel.kəm/ 
UK /ˈwel.kəm/ 

خوشامد

Example: 

Welcome to the hotel california.

به هتل کالیفرنیا خوش آمدید.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

welcome

 adjective

1 If somebody or something is welcome, you are happy to see them or it:
The cool drinks were welcome on such a hot day.
Welcome to Oxford!

2 (informal) used to say that you are happy for somebody to do something if they want to:
If you come to England again, you're welcome to stay with us.

make somebody welcome to show a visitor that you are happy to see them

you're welcome polite words that you say when somebody has said 'thank you':
'Thank you.' 'You're welcome.'

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

II. welcome2 S2 W3 BrE AmE adjective
[Word Family: adjective: ↑welcome ≠ ↑unwelcome, ↑welcoming; verb: ↑welcome; noun: ↑welcome]
1. if someone is welcome in a place, other people are glad that they are there:
I had the feeling I wasn’t really welcome.
I didn’t feel welcome in the club.
Mary made us very welcome.
We try to make the new students feel welcome.
2. if something is welcome, you enjoy it because you feel that you need it:
The weekend was a welcome break from the pressures of work.
Six months in Scotland would make a welcome change from London.
A cup of tea would be very welcome.
3. if something is welcome, you are glad that it has happened:
The increase in interest rates is welcome news for investors.
This new funding will come as a welcome boost for the industry.
4. be welcome to something spoken used to say that someone can have something if they want it, because you certainly do not want it:
If you want to take the job you’re welcome to it!
5. be welcome to do something spoken used to invite someone to do something if they would like to:
You’re welcome to stay for lunch.
6. you’re welcome! spoken a polite way of replying to someone who has just thanked you for something:
‘Thanks for the coffee.’ ‘You’re welcome.’

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

adjective
1. that you are pleased to have, receive, etc
a welcome sight
Your letter was very welcome.

The fine weather made a welcome change.

2. (of people) accepted or wanted somewhere
Children are always welcome at the hotel.
Our neighbours made us welcome as soon as we arrived.
I had the feeling we were not welcome at the meeting.

a welcome guest

3. ~ to do sth (informal) used to say that you are happy for sb to do sth if they want to
They're welcome to stay here as long as they like.

You're welcome to use the pool.

4. ~ to sth (informal) used to say that you are very happy for sb to have sth because you definitely do not want it
It's an awful job. If you want it, you're welcome to it!  
Word Origin:
Old English wilcuma ‘a person whose coming is pleasing’, wilcumian (verb), from wil- ‘desire, pleasure’ + cuman ‘come’. The first element was later changed to wel- ‘well’, influenced by Old French bien venu or Old Norse velkominn.  
Example Bank:
He made it plain that Holman's interest in his business affairs was not entirely welcome.
New members are welcome to the club.
The 1% rate cut is extremely welcome.
They made us very welcome in their home.
Visitors are always welcome.
You are perfectly welcome to stay here, if you don't mind the mess.
You are perfectly welcome to stay here: I can't offer five-star accommodation, that's all.

You would be a most welcome guest.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

welcome / ˈwel.kəm / adjective (MEETING)

B1 If someone is welcome, you are pleased when they visit you:

Come and see us whenever you're in town - you're always welcome/you'll always be welcome.

Out in the desert the traveller is a welcome guest .

make sb welcome B1 to show someone that you are pleased that they are with you:

The restaurant made the children very welcome.

 

welcome / ˈwel.kəm / adjective (PLEASED)

B2 If something is welcome, you are pleased to have or do it:

The holiday was a welcome change/break/relief .

She offered him the welcome chance/opportunity to do something different.

A nice cup of tea would be very welcome.

be welcome to do sth B1 used to tell someone that they can certainly do something:

Anyone who is interested is welcome to come along.

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

welcome

/welkəm/
(welcomes, welcoming, welcomed)

Frequency: The word is one of the 1500 most common words in English.

1.
If you welcome someone, you greet them in a friendly way when they arrive somewhere.
Several people came by to welcome me...
She was there to welcome him home from war...
The delegates received a welcoming speech by the President.
VERB: V n, V n adv/prep, V-ing

Welcome is also a noun.
There would be a fantastic welcome awaiting him back here.
N-COUNT: usu sing

2.
You use welcome in expressions such as welcome home, welcome to London, and welcome back when you are greeting someone who has just arrived somewhere.
Welcome to Washington...
Welcome back, Deborah–It’s good to have you here.
CONVENTION [formulae]

3.
If you welcome an action, decision, or situation, you approve of it and are pleased that it has occurred.
She welcomed this move but said that overall the changes didn’t go far enough...
VERB: V n

Welcome is also a noun.
Environmental groups have given a guarded welcome to the Prime Minister’s proposal.
N-COUNT: usu sing

4.
If you describe something as welcome, you mean that people wanted it and are happy that it has occurred.
This was certainly a welcome change of fortune...
ADJ

5.
If you say that you welcome certain people or actions, you are inviting and encouraging people to do something, for example to come to a particular place.
We would welcome your views about the survey.
VERB: V n

6.
If you say that someone is welcome in a particular place, you are encouraging them to go there by telling them that they will be liked and accepted.
New members are always welcome...
I told him he wasn’t welcome in my home.
ADJ: usu v-link ADJ

7.
If you tell someone that they are welcome to do something, you are encouraging them to do it by telling them that they are allowed to do it.
You are welcome to visit the hospital at any time.
ADJ: v-link ADJ, usu ADJ to-inf

8.
If you say that someone is welcome to something, you mean that you do not want it yourself because you do not like it and you are very willing for them to have it.
If women want to take on the business world they are welcome to it as far as I’m concerned.
ADJ: v-link ADJ to n

9.
see also welcoming

10.
If you make someone welcome or make them feel welcome, you make them feel happy and accepted in a new place.
PHRASE: make inflects

11.
If you say that someone outstays their welcome or overstays their welcome, you mean that they stay somewhere longer than they are wanted or expected to.
After the kindness that had been shown to him, he didn’t want to outstay his welcome.
PHRASE: V inflects

12.
You say ‘You’re welcome’ to someone who has thanked you for something in order to acknowledge their thanks in a polite way.
‘Thank you for the information.’—‘You’re welcome.’
CONVENTION [formulae]

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

2welcome adj [more ~; most ~]
1 : giving someone happiness or pleasure
• That is welcome news.
• That will be a welcome change.
• He was a welcome sight.
2
- used to say that you are happy to have someone come to and stay in a place (such as your home)
• You're always welcome in our home. [=we are always glad to have you as a guest in our home]
• They always made us feel very welcome when we visited them.
3 a
- used to say that someone can have or take something because you do not want it yourself; + to
• If you want that last cookie, you're welcome to it—I can't eat another bite.
• If she really wants this old computer, she's welcome to it.
b
- used to say that someone can certainly do or use something if he or she wants to; followed by to + verb
• Anyone is welcome to use the pool. [=anyone can use the pool]
• You are welcome to sleep here if you want.
you're welcome
- used as a response to someone who has thanked you
• “Thanks for the ride.” “You're welcome.”

middle-aged

middle-aged [adjective]

In middle age

US /ˌmɪd.əlˈeɪdʒd/ 
UK /ˌmɪd.əlˈeɪdʒd/ 

میان سال

Example: 

Once you reach middle age, you have to be sensible with your health.

زمانی که به سن میان سالی رسیدی ، باید نسبت به سلامتی خودت عاقلانه و فهمیده باشی.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

middle-aged

 adjective
not old and not young; between the ages of about 40 and 60:
a middle-aged man

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

middle-aged

ˌmiddle-ˈaged BrE AmE adjective
1. between the ages of about 40 and 60:
a middle-aged businessman
2. someone who seems middle-aged seems rather dull and does not do exciting or dangerous things:
Living with Henry had made her feel middle-aged.
3. middle-aged spread fat that many people develop around their waist as they grow older

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

middle-aged

ˌmiddle-ˈaged [middle-aged]      adjective

1. (of a person) neither young nor old

2. the middle aged noun plural people who are middle-aged

3. (disapproving) (of a person's attitudes or behaviour) rather boring and old-fashioned

He has a very middle-aged attitude to life.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

ˌ middle- ˈ aged / ˌmɪd.l̩ˈeɪdʒd / adjective

B1 in middle age:

They're a middle-aged couple, with grown-up children.

disapproving too careful and not showing the enthusiasm, energy, or style of someone young:

What a conventional, middle-aged attitude he has to life!

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

middle-aged
1.
If you describe someone as middle-aged, you mean that they are neither young nor old. People between the ages of 40 and 60 are usually considered to be middle-aged.
...middle-aged, married businessmen.
ADJ

2.
If you describe someone’s activities or interests as middle-aged, you are critical of them because you think they are typical of a middle-aged person, for example by being conventional or old-fashioned.
Her novels are middle-aged and boring.
ADJ [disapproval]

American

American [adjective]

Of or relating to the US

US /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/ 
UK /əˈmer.ɪ.kən/ 

 

آمريكايى‌

Example: 

American culture

فرهنگ آمریکایی

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

American

I. American1 /əˈmerəkən, əˈmerɪkən/ BrE AmE adjective
1. relating to the US or its people:
Her mother is American.
a famous American writer
2. something is as American as apple pie used to say that something is very typically American

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

adjective
of or connected with N or S America, especially the US
I'm American.
American culture/tourists  
Word Origin:
from modern Latin Americanus, from America, which dates from the early 16th cent. and is believed to derive from the Latin form (Americus) of the name of Amerigo Vespucci, who sailed along the west coast of South America in 1501.  
Culture:
America
The United States of America is called by several different names, both by the people who live there and by people in other countries. These names include the USA, the United States, the US, the States and America. The official name, the United States of America, first appears in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, when the country was called ‚the thirteen united States of America’. America is widely used as a name for the US, though this seems unfair on all the other nations in the Americas (= the continents of North and South America). Songs like America and America the Beautiful are about the US. Americans also use informal names like the US of A and Stateside, especially when they are out of the country. Other names, e.g. ‚the land of the free’, ‚the land of liberty’, ‚God’s country’, ‚the melting pot ’ and ‚the greatest nation on earth’, show their pride in their country. People in Britain and America sometimes refer humorously to each other’s countries as ‚the other side of the pond’, i.e. the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
North America refers to a continent and region, and includes Canada and Mexico as well as the US. Between the US and South America is the region of Central America. Sometimes the countries of Central and South America are together referred to as Latin America.
America and the Americas are said to have been named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorerwho sailed to South America in 1499, visiting the area that later became known as Brazil, and also the Bahamas. Vespucci believed that the land he had discovered was a new continent, not part of Asia as Columbus had thought. By 1538, the famous map-maker Gerhardus Mercator was using the name ‚America’, the Latin form of Vespucci’s name, for the New World (= North and South America, as opposed to Europe).
People from the US are called Americans, though British people may, rather rudely, call them ‚Yanks’. People from other countries in the Americas are called by national names derived from the name of their country, e.g. Canadians. The adjective used to describe things from the US is American. The US is always referred to in organizations such as the American Legion and in expressions like ‚the American dream ’. US is also used as an adjective, as in the US Olympic team. Official names of government organizations may use United States, e.g. the United States Military Academy. 
More About:
America
The continent of America is divided into North America and South America. The narrow region joining North and South America is Central America.
North America, which is a geographical term, consists of the United States of America, Canada and Mexico. Latin America, a cultural term, refers to the non-English speaking countries of Central and South America, where mainly Portuguese and Spanish are spoken. Mexico is part of Latin America.
The United States of America is usually shortened to the USA, the US, the States or simply America: the US President Have you ever been to the States? She emigrated to America in 1995. Many people from other parts of the continent dislike this use of America to mean just the US, but it is very common.

American is usually used to talk about somebody or something from the United States of America: Do you have an American passport? American football I’m not American, I’m Canadian. Latin American and South American are used to refer to other parts of the continent: Latin American dance music Quite a lot of South Americans study here.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

American / əˈmer.ɪ.kən / adjective

of or relating to the US:

They drive a big American car.

of or relating to North or South America

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

American

/əmerɪkən/
(Americans)

An American person or thing belongs to or comes from the United States of America.
...the American Ambassador at the United Nations.
...the influence of American television and movies.

ADJ

see also Latin American

An American is someone who is American.
The 1990 Nobel Prize for medicine was won by two Americans.

N-COUNT

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

American

2American adj
1 : of or relating to the U.S. or its citizens
American culture/government/history
• the American people
• their American friends
2 : of or relating to North America, South America, or the people who live there
• the American continents
• a tropical American tree
(as) American as apple pie
- see apple pie

Italian

Italian [adjective]

From, belonging to, or relating to Italy

US /ɪˈtæl.jən/ 
UK /ɪˈtæl.jən/ 

ایتالیایی

Example: 

Italian food

غذای ایتالیایی

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Italian

I. Italian1 /ɪˈtæliən/ BrE AmE adjective
relating to Italy, its people, or its language

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Italian

Italian [Italian]   [ɪˈtæliən]    [ɪˈtæliən]  noun, adjective

(a person) from Italy

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

Italian / ɪˈtæl.jən / / -i.ən / adjective

from, belonging to, or relating to Italy:

Italian food/art/wine

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

- Italian adj
Italian food/politics
 

twice

twice [adverb,predeterminer]

Two times

US /twaɪs/ 
UK /twaɪs/ 

 

دو بار، دو دفعه

Example: 

I have been to Japan twice.

من دوبار به ژاپن رفته ام.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

twice

 adverb
two times:
I have been to Japan twice.
He ate twice as much as I did.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

twice

twice S2 W2 /twaɪs/ BrE AmE adverb, predeterminer
[Language: Old English; Origin: twiga]
1. two times:
He was questioned by police twice yesterday.
twice a day/week/year etc (=two times in the same day, week etc)
Letters were delivered twice a week only.
None of our dinner menus are exactly the same twice over.
2. two times more, bigger, better etc than something else
twice as many/much (as something)
They employ 90 people, twice as many as last year.
twice as high/big/large etc (as something)
Interest rates are twice as high as those of our competitors.
twice the size/number/rate/amount etc
an area twice the size of Britain
once bitten, twice shy at ↑once1(19), ⇨ once or twice at ↑once1(12), ⇨ think twice at ↑think1(8)
• • •
THESAURUS
pair two things of the same type that you use together. Also used about two people who do something together or who you often see together: a pair of shoes | a pair of socks | Winners will receive a pair of tickets for the show. | The pair were arrested six days after the killing. | They're a funny pair! | The British pair will be playing in the final on Saturday.
a couple (of something) two things of the same type, or a very small number of things: There were a couple of empty seats at the table. | Do you have any stamps? I just need a couple.
couple noun [countable] two people who are married or having a sexual relationship: a married couple | The couple met at university.
twins noun [plural] two children who were born on the same day to the same mother: The twins look very alike. | identical twins
duo noun [countable] two people who perform together or who are often seen together: a comedy duo
duet noun [countable] a piece of music written for two people to play: They played a duet by Brahms.
twice two times adverb: The group meets twice a week. | She sneezed twice.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

twice

twice   [twaɪs]    [twaɪs]  adverb
1. two times; on two occasions
I don't know him well; I've only met him twice.
They go there twice a week/month/year.

• a twice-monthly/yearly newsletter

2. double in quantity, rate, etc
an area twice the size of Wales
Cats sleep twice as much as people.
At 56 he's twice her age.
Charges have risen at twice the rate of inflation.
more at lightning never strikes (in the same place) twice at  lightning  n., once bitten, twice shyonce or twice at  once  adv., think twice about sth at  think  v.
Idiom: twice over  
Word Origin:

[twice] late Old English twiges, from the base of two  + -s (later respelled -ce to denote the unvoiced sound); compare with once.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

twice / twaɪs / predeterminer , adverb

A2 two times:

I've already asked him twice.

The post comes twice daily (= two times every day) .

There are twice as many houses in this area as there used to be.

The state is at least twice as big as England.

He's twice her size (= much bigger than she is) .

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

twice

/twaɪs/

Frequency: The word is one of the 700 most common words in English.

1.
If something happens twice, there are two actions or events of the same kind.
He visited me twice that fall and called me on the telephone often...
Thoroughly brush teeth and gums twice daily...
ADV: ADV with v, ADV adv, ADV n

2.
You use twice in expressions such as twice a day and twice a week to indicate that two events or actions of the same kind happen in each day or week.
I phoned twice a day, leaving messages with his wife...
ADV: ADV a n

3.
If one thing is, for example, twice as big or old as another, the first thing is two times as big or old as the second. People sometimes say that one thing is twice as good or hard as another when they want to emphasize that the first thing is much better or harder than the second.
The figure of seventy-million pounds was twice as big as expected.
ADV: ADV as adj/adv

Twice is also a predeterminer.
Unemployment in Northern Ireland is twice the national average...
PREDET: PREDET the n

4.
If you think twice about doing something, you consider it again and decide not to do it, or decide to do it differently.
She’d better shut her mouth and from now on think twice before saying stupid things.
PHRASE: V inflects

5.
once or twice: see once
twice over: see over

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

twice

twice /ˈtwaɪs/ adv
1 : two times : on two occasions
• I only wore it twice.
• I called you twice.
• He has rehearsals twice a month.
• He twice lost to younger opponents.
• We visited them twice in 10 years.
• The dictionary has been twice updated since 1993.
• I've been there at least twice.
• We've eaten at that restaurant once or twice. [=one or two times]
• We go to Europe twice a year. [=two times every year]
• The mail is delivered twice a day. [=two times every day]
2 : doubled in amount or degree
• The new house is twice [=two times] as large as our old one.
• He must be twice her age.
• The population is twice that of Canada.
• The new one costs about twice as much.
• He could earn twice his present salary at the new job.
Twice two is four. [=two times two is/equals four]
think twice
- see 1think

the internet

the internet [noun]

The large system of connected computers around the world that allows people to share information and communicate with each other

US /ˈɪn.t̬ɚ.net/ 
UK /ˈɪn.tə.net/ 

اينترنت‌

Example: 

I ​learned about it on the Internet.

من در مورد آن در اینترنت یاد گرفتم.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

Internet

 noun the Internet (also informal) the Net) (no plural)
(computing) the international system of computers that makes it possible for you to see information from all around the world on your computer and to send information to other computers:
You can find out almost anything on the Internet.
Do you have Internet access?

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Internet

Internet S2 W2 BrE AmE, internet /ˈɪntənet $ -tər-/ noun
the Internet a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information:
Do you have access to the Internet?
on the Internet
You can find all kinds of information on the internet.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ verbs
use the Internet More and more companies are using the Internet to conduct their business.
go on the Internet I went on the Internet to find some information for my assignment.
access the Internet/connect to the Internet You can access the Internet from your mobile phone.
surf the Internet (=look at different websites) She spends hours surfing the Internet every evening.
download something from the Internet I downloaded the file from the Internet.
buy something on the Internet He bought the chairs on the Internet.
■ Internet + NOUN
an Internet connection a high-speed Internet connection
Internet access Not everyone has Internet access at home.
an Internet address (=the address of a website) The company charges $100 to register a new internet address.
an Internet service provider (=a company that allows you to connect to the Internet) Your Internet service provider should be able to solve the problem.
Internet shopping/banking The new regulations will increase customer confidence in Internet shopping. | Internet banking saves customers a lot of time.
an Internet user The number of Internet users is doubling every six months.
Internet use The software allows parents to control children’s Internet use.
Internet traffic (=the number of people using the Internet) An estimated 40% of the nation’s Internet traffic begins or ends in California.
Internet dating (=using the Internet to meet people for a romantic relationship) Internet dating websites are becoming increasingly popular.
an Internet café (=a café with computers, where people can pay to use the Internet) The message had been sent from an Internet café in Leeds.
• • •
THESAURUS
■ things you do when using the Internet
surf the net verb to look quickly through information on the Internet, looking for anything that interests you: He spends his evenings surfing the net.
search to look for a specific piece of information on the Internet, for example by entering text into a box: Try searching for his name on Google.
shop/book online to buy things or reserve tickets using the Internet: More and more people are preferring to shop online. | It’s easier to book online.
visit a website to look at a particular Internet site: You can check to see how many people visit your website.
download to get files, programs, music, films etc from the Internet and put them on your own computer: I downloaded the software for free from the Internet.
chat to communicate with several people in a ↑chat room on the Internet: Using the Internet, you can chat to people from around the world.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Internet

Inter·net (also inter·net)  [ˈɪntənet]    [ˈɪntərnet]  noun (usually the Internet) (also informal the Net) singular
an international computer network connecting other networks and computers from companies, universities, etc
I looked it up on the Internet.
You can buy our goods over the Internet.
All the rooms have access to the Internet/Internet access.
an Internet service provider (= a company that provides you with an Internet connection and services such as email, etc.)
see also  intranet, WWW
See also: internet  
Word Origin:
[Internet] 1970s (denoting a computer network connecting two or more smaller networks): from inter-  ‘reciprocal, mutual’ + network.  
Collocations:
Email and the Internet
Email
receive/get/open an email
write/send/answer/forward/delete an email
check/read/access your email
block/filter (out) junk/spam/unsolicited email
exchange email addresses
open/check your inbox
junk mail fills/floods/clogs your inbox
have/set up an email account
open/send/contain an attachment
sign up for/receive email alerts
Connecting to the Internet
use/access/log onto the Internet/the Web
go online/on the Internet
have a high-speed/dial-up/broadband/wireless (Internet) connection
access/connect to/locate the server
use/open/close/launch a/your web browser
browse/surf/search/scour the Internet/the Web
send/contain/spread/detect a (computer/email) virus
update your anti-virus software
install/use/configure a firewall
accept/enable/block/delete cookies
Using the Internet
visit/check a website/an Internet site/sb's blog
create/design/launch a website/social networking site
start/write/post/read a blog
update your blog/a website
be in/meet sb in/go into/enter an Internet chat room
download/upload music/software/a song/a podcast/a file/a copy of sth
share information/data/files
post a comment/message on a website/an online message board/a web forum/an internet chat room
stream video/audio/music/content over the Internet
join/participate in/visit/provide a (web-based/web/online/Internet/discussion) forum
generate/increase/monitor Internet traffic 
Example Bank:
Attempts to regulate the Internet are usually doomed to failure.
He likes watching movies, reading, and surfing the Internet.
It is possible to earn a degree over the Internet.
Many of the sites launched at the peak of the Internet boom have now disappeared.
More and more people are shopping on the Internet.
Registering an Internet domain name is now an essential part of setting up a company.
She likes to go on the Internet in the evenings.
She often talks to fans via live Internet chats.
She went on the Internet to check air fares.
The auction was held in Paris with an Internet link to New York.
They began scouring the Internet for information about his condition.
Thousands logged on to view the live Internet broadcast of the concert.
Travellers can check their email at the Internet cafe in the square.
a broadband/high-speed Internet connection
issues facing the music industry in the Internet age
software for downloading Internet files
the bank's Internet arm
the challenges of providing Internet connectivity to rural communities
• the laying of fast networks to carry Internet traffic

• unlimited/unmetered Internet access

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

the internet / ˈɪn.tə.net /   / -t̬ɚ- / noun [ S ] ( informal the Net )

A1 the large system of connected computers around the world that allows people to share information and communicate with each other:

I found out about the bombings from/on the internet.

Word partners for the internet

browse / surf the internet • post sth on the internet • download sth from the internet • on the internet • internet access • an internet chatroom / site • an internet provider / service provider • an internet account / address

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

Internet

In·ter·net /ˈɪntɚˌnɛt/ noun
the Internet : a system that connects computers throughout the world
• She spent hours surfing the Internet.
- compare intranet, world wide web
- Internet adj always used before a noun
• an Internet connection
• an Internet site

effective

effective [adjective] (IN USE)

If a law or rule becomes effective, it starts to be used

US /əˈfek.tɪv/ 
UK /ɪˈfek.tɪv/ 
Example: 

The new laws will become effective next month.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

effective

effective S2 W1 /ɪˈfektɪv/ adjective
[Word Family: noun: effect, effectiveness ≠ ineffectiveness; adjective: effective ≠ ineffective, effectual ≠ ineffectual; verb: effect; adverb: effectively ≠ ineffectively]
1. successful, and working in the way that was intended OPP ineffective:
The cheaper drugs are just as effective in treating arthritis.
the painting’s highly effective use of colour
Training is often much less effective than expected.
the most effective ways of reducing inner city congestion
REGISTER
In everyday English, people usually say that something works (well), rather than say that it is effective:
▪ The cheaper drugs work just as well.
2. [no comparative, not before noun] if a law, agreement, or system becomes effective, it officially starts
effective from
The cut in interest rates is effective from Monday.
3. [no comparative, only before noun] real rather than what is officially intended or generally believed:
The rebels are in effective control of the city.
—effectiveness noun [uncountable]
• • •

COLLOCATIONS

 

adverbs

extremely/highly effective The company launched a highly effective advertising campaign.

nouns

an effective way What’s the most effective way to control crime?
an effective method Exams are not the most effective method of assessing students’ abilities.
an effective means Is reducing the speed limit an effective means of reducing accidents?
effective action The police must take effective action to protect the public.
an effective solution The most effective solution to traffic congestion is to build more roads.
an effective treatment Antibiotics are still the most effective treatment for this disease.
an effective system The country has a simple but effective welfare system.
• • •

THESAURUS

successful achieving what you wanted, or having the effect or result you intended: He applied for a visa three times and in the end he was successful. | The treatment was successful. | It was a highly successful campaign.
effective having the effect or result that was wanted - used especially about treatments, drugs, or methods: The drug is effective against a range of diseases. | We still haven't found an effective way to solve the problem.
victorious successful as a result of winning in a game, election, war etc: the captain of the victorious team | She emerged victorious in the second round of voting.
promising likely to be very successful in the future, used especially about someone who is good at a job, sport, art etc: a promising young athlete | He gave up a promising career in banking.
thriving very successful – used about a company, industry, or organization that is doing well at a particular time: The area has a thriving tourist industry. | The school is thriving academically.
booming extremely successful – used about an economy, or when business or trade is increasing: the booming economy in China | Business is booming.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

effective

ef·fect·ive   [ɪˈfektɪv]    [ɪˈfektɪv]  adjective
1. producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result
Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders.
Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.
drugs that are effective against cancer
Some people believe that violence is an effective way of protesting.
I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.
Opp:  ineffective 

see also  cost-effective

2. only before noun in reality, although not officially intended
the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party
• In spite of what they are told, parents have no effective choice of schools.

• He has now taken effective control of the country.

3. (formal) (of laws and rules) coming into use
The new speed limit on this road becomes effective from 1 June.
Derived Word: effectiveness
See also: effectivity  
Word Origin:
late Middle English: from Latin effectivus, from efficere ‘accomplish’, from ex- ‘out, thoroughly’ + facere ‘do, make’.  
Thesaurus:
effective [effective effectiveness] adj.
a simple but highly effective treatment
successfulpowerful
Opp: ineffective
effective/successful/powerful in sth
effective/successful/powerful in doing sth
an effective/successful/powerful campaign/challenge  
Example Bank:
The drug is generally effective in reducing pain.
This method is effective enough with greenfly.
We find advertising on the radio very effective.
What makes a TV programme politically effective?
a highly effective technique
directly effective treaty provisions
effective at keeping out the wind
• effective in helping people to stop smoking

• He argued that long prison sentences could be a very effective deterrent for offenders.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

effective     / ɪfek.tɪv /   adjective   (IN USE) 
  
        If a law or rule becomes effective, it starts to be used:  
  The new laws will become effective next month. 
  
effectiveness     / -nəs /   noun   [ U ]   
      C1   
  There are doubts about the effectiveness of the new drug   (= how successful it is)  in treating the disease. 

 
© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

effective

[ɪfe̱ktɪv]
 ♦♦
 1) ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ in -ing, ADJ against n Something that is effective works well and produces the results that were intended.
  The project looks at how we could be more effective in encouraging students to enter teacher training...
  Simple antibiotics are effective against this organism...
  Such conditions would make an effective public transport system possible.
  Derived words:
  effectively ADV-GRADED usu ADV after v, also ADV -ed ...the team roles which you believe to be necessary for the team to function effectively... Services need to be more effectively organised than they are at present.
  effectiveness N-UNCOUNT oft N of n ...the effectiveness of computers as an educational tool.
 2) ADJ: ADJ n Effective means having a particular role or result in practice, though not officially or in theory.
  They have had effective control of the area since the security forces left.
  ...a restructuring that would have resulted in an effective increase on one of their most popular excursion fares.
  Syn:
  actual
 3) ADJ: v-link ADJ When something such as a law or an agreement becomes effective, it begins officially to apply or be valid.
  The new rules will become effective in the next few days.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

effective

 

ef·fec·tive /ɪˈfɛktɪv/ adj
1 [more ~; most ~] : producing a result that is wanted : having an intended effect
• drugs effective in the treatment of a disease = drugs effective in treating a disease = drugs effective against a disease
• It's a simple but effective technique.
• He gave an effective speech.
- opposite ineffective
2 of a law, rule, etc. : in use : active
• The law becomes effective [=the law takes effect; the law will start to be used] next year.
• the effective date of the law [=the day when the law starts to be used]
3 : starting at a particular time - used to introduce a clause
Effective [=starting, as of] tomorrow, the store will be open until 8:00 p.m. every day.
Effective next month, the landfill will no longer accept old televisions.
4 always used before a noun
- used to describe something that exists or has an effect but that is not officially stated or recognized
• the effective tax rate
• The army has taken effective control of the city.
- ef·fec·tive·ness noun [noncount]
• The effectiveness of the drug was questioned.

trait

trait [noun] )

a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour

US /treɪt/ 
UK /treɪt/ 

ويژگى‌، خصلت‌

Example: 

personality traits

ویژگی های شخصیتی

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

trait

trait /treɪ, treɪt $ treɪt/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: 'act of pulling, trait', from Latin tractus; ⇨ ↑tract]
formal a particular quality in someone’s character
personality/character traits
a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
genetic/inherited traits

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

trait

 

 

trait [trait traits]   [treɪt]    [treɪt]  noun
a particular quality in your personality
personality traits
Awareness of class is a typically British trait.  
Word Origin:
mid 16th cent.: from French, from Latin tractus ‘drawing, draught’, from trahere ‘draw, pull’. An early sense was ‘stroke of the pen or pencil in a picture’, giving rise to the sense ‘a particular feature of mind or character’ (mid 18th cent.).  
Example Bank:
She shares several character traits with her father.
We do not know which behavioural traits are inherited and which acquired.
a collection of traits associated with schizophrenia
• the composer's stylistic traits

• personality/character traits

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

trait / treɪt / noun [ C ]

C2 a particular characteristic that can produce a particular type of behaviour:

His sense of humour is one of his better traits.

Arrogance is a very unattractive personality/character trait.

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

trait

[tre͟ɪt, tre͟ɪ]
 traits
 N-COUNT: with supp
 A trait is a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.
  The study found that some alcoholics had clear personality traits showing up early in childhood...
  Creativity is a human trait.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

trait

 

trait /ˈtreɪt, Brit ˈtreɪ/ noun, pl traits [count] formal : a quality that makes one person or thing different from another
• Humility is an admirable trait. [=quality]
• This dog breed has a number of desirable traits.
• feminine/masculine traits
• inherited and acquired traits

 

optimism

optimism [noun]

the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen

US /ˈɑːp.tə.mɪ.zəm/ 
UK /ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.zəm/ 

خوشبينى

Example: 

I prefer optimism to pessimism.

من‌ خوشبينى‌ را به‌ بدبينى‌ ترجيح‌ مى‌دهم‌.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

optimism

 noun (no plural)
the feeling that good things will happen opposite pessimism

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

optimism

optimism /ˈɒptəmɪzəm, ˈɒptɪmɪzəm $ ˈɑːp-/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: optimisme, from Latin optimum; ⇨ ↑optimum]
a tendency to believe that good things will always happen OPP pessimism
grounds/cause/reason for optimism
Recent results must give some cause for optimism.
There are grounds for cautious optimism.
mood/sense of optimism
a new sense of optimism in the country
optimism (that)
There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.
optimism about
I don’t share his optimism about our chances of success.
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adverbs
great optimism The team was in a mood of great optimism.
considerable optimism These figures indicate that we can go into next year with considerable optimism.
cautious/guarded optimism (=the belief that a future situation will be good or better than before, although you cannot be not sure) The U.N. sees cause for cautious optimism in what has been achieved so far. | He expressed guarded optimism about the company's future.
false optimism (=optimism based on wrong ideas or information) In his speech he warned against false optimism about the immediate future.
initial/early optimism (=optimism that you feel at the start of a process, especially when it does not continue) There was initial optimism about a breakthrough in relations between the two countries.
new/renewed optimism (=optimism that you start to feel again, after you stopped feeling it) The new leadership has brought renewed optimism.
■ verbs
express optimism Diplomats expressed optimism about the progress of the talks.
share somebody's optimism (=feel the optimism that someone else feels) After so many problems, I found it hard to share his optimism.
optimism grows His optimism grew as the time came nearer for his release.
optimism prevails/reigns (=optimism is the strongest feeling) Despite the crisis, optimism prevailed.
■ phrases
be grounds/cause/reason for optimism The lower crime figures are certainly grounds for optimism.
a mood/sense of optimism A mood of optimism prevails in the White House.
a wave/surge of optimism (=a sudden strong feeling of optimism) The team are riding a wave of optimism after their recent victory.
be (little/no) room for optimism (=have a possibility that things might get better) There is little room for optimism in the current financial situation.
be full of optimism (=be feeling that good things will happen) The 1970s began full of optimism and confidence about world development .

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

optimism

 

 

op·ti·mism   [ˈɒptɪmɪzəm]    [ˈɑːptɪmɪzəm]  noun uncountable ~ (about/for sth)
a feeling that good things will happen and that sth will be successful; the tendency to have this feeling
optimism about/for the future
We may now look forward with optimism.
a mood of cautious optimism
There are very real grounds for optimism.
Both sides have expressed optimism about the chances of an early agreement.
Opp:  pessimism  
Word Origin:
[optimism] mid 18th cent.: from French optimisme, from Latin optimum ‘best thing’, neuter (used as a noun) of optimus ‘best’.  
Example Bank:
Despite the crisis a cautious optimism prevailed.
Her optimism turned out to be misplaced.
I find it hard to share his optimism.
The 1970s began still full of optimism.
The government expressed optimism about the success of the negotiations.
The news caused a wave of optimism.
There are now very real grounds for optimism.
There was a note of optimism in his voice.
We can look to the future with considerable optimism.
When the 1970s began, we were still full of optimism.
great optimism for the future
renewed optimism among mortgage lenders
• He returned with renewed optimism about the future.

• Some people talked of a mood of cautious optimism.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

optimism / ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪ.z ə m /   / ˈɑːp.tə- / noun [ U ]

C2 the quality of being full of hope and emphasizing the good parts of a situation, or a belief that something good will happen:

There was a note of optimism in his voice as he spoke about the company's future.

Judging from your exam results, I think you have cause/grounds/reason for cautious optimism about getting a university place.

→  Opposite pessimism

© Cambridge University Press 2013

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

optimism

[ɒ̱ptɪmɪzəm]
 N-UNCOUNT
 Optimism is the feeling of being hopeful about the future or about the success of something in particular.
  The Indian Prime Minister has expressed optimism about India's future relations with the USA.
  ...a mood of cautious optimism.
 Syn:
 confidence
 Ant:
 pessimism

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

optimism

 

op·ti·mism /ˈɑːptəˌmɪzəm/ noun [noncount] : a feeling or belief that good things will happen in the future : a feeling or belief that what you hope for will happen
• Both of them expressed optimism about the future of the town.
• The early sales reports are cause/reason/grounds for optimism.
• Most of us reacted to the news with cautious/guarded optimism. [=a feeling that something good may happen but will not definitely happen]
• There is growing optimism that the problem can be corrected.
• He maintains a sense of optimism, despite all that has happened.
- opposite pessimism

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