B2 (Upper-intermediate)

chest S2 W3 /tʃest/ noun [countable]
[Language: Old English; Origin: cest, from Latin cista 'box, basket', from Greek kiste 'basket']
1. the front part of your body between your neck and your stomach ⇨ breast:
   • Her heart was pounding in her chest.
   • a hairy chest
  chest pain/infection/injury
   • He collapsed with severe chest pains. ⇨ flat-chested
2. a large strong box that you use to store things in or to move your personal possessions from one place to another:
   • a large wooden chest ⇨ chest of drawers, tea chest, war chest
3. get something off your chest to tell someone about something that has been worrying or annoying you for a long time, so that you feel better afterwards
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS■ adjectives

   ▪ broad • a tall man with a broad chest and shoulders
   ▪ powerful • His arms were folded across his powerful chest.
   ▪ muscular (=with big muscles) • His chest was tanned and muscular.
   ▪ hairy • His shirt was unbuttoned, revealing a hairy chest.
   ▪ bare (=not covered by clothes) • The workmen all had bare chests.
   ▪ bad (=one that is making you cough or giving you pain) • I'm not going running today - my chest is bad.
   ▪ weak (=one that often gets infections) • As a child her chest was weak.

■ chest + NOUN

   ▪ a chest pain • There are a number of causes of chest pain.
   ▪ a chest infection • Every time I get a cold I get a chest infection too.
   ▪ a chest complaint/problem (=something wrong with your chest and causing you pain) • Older people often suffer from chest complaints.
   ▪ a chest injury/wound • He suffered serious chest injuries in the accident.
   ▪ a chest X-ray (=a photograph of the inside of your chest, to see if it is healthy) • A chest X-ray showed that there was damage to his lungs.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

chest

chest [chest chests] [tʃest] [tʃest] noun

1. the top part of the front of the body, between the neck and the stomach

• The bullet hit him in the chest.

• She gasped for breath, her chest heaving.

• a chest infection

• chest pains

• a hairy chest

2. -chested (in adjectives) having the type of chest mentioned

• flat-chested

• broad-chested

3. a large strong box, usually made of wood, used for storing things in and/or moving them from one place to another

• a medicine chest

• a treasure chest

see also hope chest, tea chest, war chest

more at hold/keep/play your cards close to your chest at card n.

Idiom: get something off your chest

Word Origin:

Old English cest, cyst, related to Dutch kist and German Kiste, based on Greek kistē ‘box’.

Collocations:

Physical appearance

A person may be described as having:

Eyes

(bright) blue/green/(dark/light) brown/hazel eyes

deep-set/sunken/bulging/protruding eyes

small/beady/sparkling/twinkling/(informal) shifty eyes

piercing/penetrating/steely eyes

bloodshot/watery/puffy eyes

bushy/thick/dark/raised/arched eyebrows

long/dark/thick/curly/false eyelashes/lashes

Face

a flat/bulbous/pointed/sharp/snub nose

a straight/a hooked/a Roman/(formal) an aquiline nose

full/thick/thin/pouty lips

dry/chapped/cracked lips

flushed/rosy/red/ruddy/pale cheeks

soft/chubby/sunken cheeks

white/perfect/crooked/protruding teeth

a large/high/broad/wide/sloping forehead

a strong/weak/pointed/double chin

a long/full/bushy/wispy/goatee beard

a long/thin/bushy/droopy/handlebar/pencil moustache/ (especially US) mustache

Hair and skin

pale/fair/olive/dark/tanned skin

dry/oily/smooth/rough/leathery/wrinkled skin

a dark/pale/light/sallow/ruddy/olive/swarthy/clear complexion

deep/fine/little/facial wrinkles

blonde/blond/fair/(light/dark) brown/(jet-)black/auburn/red/(BrE) ginger/grey hair

straight/curly/wavy/frizzy/spiky hair

thick/thin/fine/bushy/thinning hair

dyed/bleached/soft/silky/dry/greasy/shiny hair

long/short/shoulder-length/cropped hair

a bald/balding/shaved head

a receding hairline

a bald patch/spot

a side/centre/(US) center (BrE) parting/ (NAmE) part

Body

a long/short/thick/slender/(disapproving) scrawny neck

broad/narrow/sloping/rounded/hunched shoulders

a bare/broad/muscular/small/large chest

a flat/swollen/bulging stomach

a small/tiny/narrow/slim/slender/28-inch waist

big/wide/narrow/slim hips

a straight/bent/arched/broad/hairy back

thin/slender/muscular arms

big/large/small/manicured/calloused/gloved hands

long/short/fat/slender/delicate/bony fingers

long/muscular/hairy/shapely/(both informal, often disapproving) skinny/spindly legs

muscular/chubby/(informal, disapproving) flabby thighs

big/little/small/dainty/wide/narrow/bare feet

a good/a slim/a slender/an hourglass figure

be of slim/medium/average/large/athletic/stocky build

Example Bank:

• ‘You've got to have courage,’ he said, thumping his chest.

• Clutching his chest in agony, he fell to the ground.

• He puffed out his chest proudly.

• He suffered burns to the chest and neck.

• Her chest tightened with fear.

• His chest puffed out with indignation at the suggestion.

• His chest swelled with pride as he accepted the award.

• She clutched her baby tightly to her chest.

• She ran until her chest ached.

• She was hit in the chest by two of the bullets.

• She wears loose clothes to hide her flat chest.

• the hairs on his chest

• The documents were kept in an ancient oak chest with a brass lock.

• We packed all the china in tea chests.

• a pirate's treasure chest

war chest

ˈwar chest [war chest] noun

an amount of money that a government or an organization has available to spend on a particular plan, project, etc.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

chest

chest (BOX) /tʃest/
noun [C]
a large strong box, usually made of wood, which is used for storing valuable goods or possessions or for moving possessions from one place to another:
Her books and clothes were packed into chests and shipped across to Canada.

chest (BODY PART) /tʃest/
noun [C]
the upper front part of the body of humans and some animals, between the stomach and the neck, enclosing the heart and lungs:
He was shot in the chest at point blank range.
He folded his arms across his chest.
His shirt was open to the waist revealing a very hairy chest.
She went to the doctor complaining of chest pains.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

chest

/tʃest/
(chests)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

1.
Your chest is the top part of the front of your body where your ribs, lungs, and heart are.
He crossed his arms over his chest...
He was shot in the chest...
He complained of chest pain.
N-COUNT: oft poss N

2.
A chest is a large, heavy box used for storing things.
At the very bottom of the chest were his carving tools.
...a treasure chest.
...a medicine chest.
= trunk
N-COUNT

3.
If you get something off your chest, you talk about something that has been worrying you.
I feel it’s done me good to get it off my chest.
≠ bottle up
PHRASE: V inflects

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

chest

chest /ˈʧɛst/ noun, pl chests [count]
1 : a container (such as a box or case) for holding things or moving them from place to place
• a linen chest
• a tool chest
• a treasure chest
• a medicine chest [=a cabinet on a bathroom wall that is used for storing medicine and small items]
- see also chest of drawers, hope chest, war chest
2 : the front part of the body between the neck and the stomach
• He has a broad chest.
• The pain is in my upper chest.
- often used before another noun
• the chest cavity
• a chest X-ray
• She's been complaining of chest pains.
- see picture at human
close to your chest
- see ²close
get (something) off your chest : to tell someone about something that has been making you upset or unhappy
• You've been a little cold to me lately. Is there something you'd like to get off your chest?
- chest·ed /ˈʧɛstəd/ adj
- used in combination
• flat-chested
• bare-chested

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

chest

noun

eyelash

eyelash [noun]

/ˈaɪ.læʃ/

Example:

Her long, black eyelashes

Any of the short hairs that grow along the edges of the eye

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Example:

Her long, black eyelashes

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

the eye and surrounding area

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

eyelash

(also lash) noun (plural eyelashes)
one of the hairs that grow in a line on your eyelid:
She's got beautiful long eyelashes.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

eyelash

eye‧lash /ˈaɪlæʃ/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
1. one of the small hairs that grow along the edge of your ↑eyelids
2. flutter your eyelashes if a woman flutters her eyelashes, she moves them up and down very quickly, in order to look sexually attractive

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

eyelash

eye·lash [eyelash eyelashes] [ˈaɪlæʃ] [ˈaɪlæʃ] (also lash) noun usually plural

one of the hairs growing on the edge of the eyelids

• false eyelashes

• She just flutters her eyelashes and the men come running!

see bat your eyes/eyelashes at bat v.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

eyelash / ˈaɪ.læʃ / noun [ C ]

B2 any of the short hairs that grow along the edges of the eye:

long eyelashes

false eyelashes

See picture head

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

eyelash

/aɪlæʃ/
(eyelashes)

Your eyelashes are the hairs which grow on the edges of your eyelids.

N-COUNT: usu pl

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

eyelash

eye·lash /ˈaɪˌlæʃ/ noun, pl -lash·es [count] : any one of the hairs that grow along the top of the eyelid
• She has beautiful dark eyelashes. [=lashes]
• false eyelashes
- see picture at eye
not bat an eyelash

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

eyelashes

noun

eyebrow

eyebrow [noun]

/ˈaɪ.braʊ/

Example:

Arched eyebrows

The line of hair above an eye

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Example:

Arched eyebrows

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

the eye and surrounding area

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

eyebrow

noun
one of the two lines of hair above your eyes

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

eyebrow

eye‧brow /ˈaɪbraʊ/ noun [countable]
1. the line of hair above your eye:
   • thick bushy eyebrows
2. raise your eyebrows to move your eyebrows upwards in order to show surprise or disapproval:
   • ‘Really?’ she said, raising her eyebrows.
   • This decision caused a few raised eyebrows (=surprised some people).
3. be up to your eyebrows in something spoken to have more of something than you can deal with:
   • I’m absolutely up to my eyebrows in work.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

eyebrow

eye·brow [eyebrow eyebrows] [ˈaɪbraʊ] [ˈaɪbraʊ] (also brow) noun usually plural

the line of hair above the eye

more at raise your eyebrows at raise v.

Idiom: up to your eyebrows in something

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

eyebrow

eyebrow /ˈaɪ.braʊ/
noun [C]
the line of short hairs above each eye in humans:
Do you pluck your eyebrows (= remove some of the hairs to change their shape)?
He's got really bushy (= thick) eyebrows.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

eyebrow

/aɪbraʊ/
(eyebrows)

1.
Your eyebrows are the lines of hair which grow above your eyes.
N-COUNT: usu pl, oft poss N

2.
If something causes you to raise an eyebrow or to raise your eyebrows, it causes you to feel surprised or disapproving.
An intriguing item on the news pages caused me to raise an eyebrow over my morning coffee...
PHRASE: V inflects

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

eyebrow

eye·brow /ˈaɪˌbraʊ/ noun, pl -brows [count] : the line of hair that grows over your eye - see picture at face
✦To raise an/your eyebrow is to move your eyebrow up in a way that shows surprise or mild disapproval. To raise eyebrows is to cause other people to react in this way. These phrases are often used figuratively.
• No one raised an eyebrow [=no one expressed surprise] when he announced that he was planning to run for governor.
• His recent public statements have raised (a few) eyebrows. [=people have reacted with surprise and disapproval to his recent public statements]

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

eyebrow

noun

lead

/liːd/

Example:

She led us through the hall and into the room.

to walk, drive, fly, sail etc in front of a group of people, vehicles, planes, ships etc

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Example:

She led us through the hall and into the room.

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

controlling and being in charge

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

verb (leads, leading, led /, has led)

pronunciation
The word lead usually sounds like feed or need. However, when it means a soft grey metal or the part inside a pencil, it sounds like red or said.

1 to take a person or an animal somewhere by going with them or in front of them:
He led me to the classroom.

2 to go to a place:
This path leads to the river.

3 to make something happen:
Smoking can lead to heart disease.

4 to have a particular type of life:
They lead a very busy life.

5 to be the first or the best, for example in a race or game:
Who's leading in the race?

6 to control a group of people:
The team was led by Gwen Hollis.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

lead

I. lead1 S1 W1 /liːd/ BrE AmE verb (past tense and past participle led /led/)
[Word Family: noun: lead, ↑leader, ↑leadership; adjective: lead, ↑leading; verb: ↑lead]
[Language: Old English; Origin: lædan]
1. TAKE SOMEBODY SOMEWHERE [intransitive and transitive] to take someone somewhere by going in front of them while they follow, or by pulling them gently
lead somebody to/into etc something
A nurse took her arm and led her to a chair.
The horses were led to safety.
lead somebody away/down etc
She was led away from the courtroom in tears.
The manager led the way through the office.
2. GO IN FRONT [intransitive and transitive] to go in front of a line of people or vehicles:
A firetruck was leading the parade.
3. BE IN CHARGE [intransitive and transitive] to be in charge of an organization, country, or team, or a group of people who are trying to do something:
He has led the party for over twenty years.
Some people say she is too old to lead the country (=be in charge of its government).
Beckham led his team to victory.
lead an investigation/inquiry/campaign
The investigation will be led by Inspector Scarfe.
They are leading a campaign to warn teenagers about the dangers of drug abuse.
lead a revolt/rebellion/coup etc
The rebellion was led by the King’s brother.
lead an attack/assault
Nelson preferred to lead the attack himself from the front.
a man who was born to lead
a communist-led strike
4. CAUSE SOMETHING TO HAPPEN [intransitive and transitive] to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something
lead to
the events that led to the start of the First World War
A degree in English could lead to a career in journalism.
lead somebody into something
Her trusting nature often led her into trouble.
lead somebody to do something
What led him to kill his wife?
lead to somebody doing something
His actions could lead to him losing his job.
5. CAUSE SOMEBODY TO BELIEVE SOMETHING [transitive] to make someone believe something, especially something that is not true
lead somebody to believe/expect/understand something
He had led everyone to believe that his family was very wealthy.
The hotel was terrible, and not at all what we had been led to expect.
Our research led us to the conclusion that the present system is unfair.
6. INFLUENCE [transitive] to influence someone to make them do something that is wrong
lead somebody into something
His brother led him into a life of crime.
He’s not a bad boy. He’s just easily led (=it is easy for other people to persuade him to do things that he should not do).
7. BE MORE SUCCESSFUL [transitive] to be more successful than other people, companies, or countries in a particular activity
lead the world/market/pack/field
US companies lead the world in biotechnology.
lead the way (=be the first to do something, and show other people how to do it)
The Swedes have led the way in data protection. ⇨ ↑leading1(1)
8. BE WINNING [intransitive and transitive] to be winning a game, competition etc OPP lose:
At half-time, Brazil led 1–0.
With 15 laps to go, Schumacher led the race.
The polls showed Clinton leading Bush 55 percent to 34 percent.
lead by ten points/two goals etc
Nadal was leading by two sets.
9. PATH/DOOR ETC [intransitive, transitive always + adverb/preposition] used to say where a path, wire etc goes or what place is on the other side of a door
lead to/towards
The path led down to a small lake.
lead from/out of
the major artery leading from the heart
lead into
the door leading into the hallway
lead somebody to/into something
The riverside path leads visitors to a small chapel.
10. LIFE [transitive] if you lead a particular kind of life, that is what your life is like
lead a normal/quiet/busy etc life
If the operation succeeds, Carly will be able to lead a normal life.
He has led a charmed life (=been very fortunate).
lead a life of luxury/poverty etc
lead the life of a ...
She now leads the life of a recluse.
lead a double life (=deceive people by keeping different parts of your life separate and not letting anyone know the whole truth)
Joe had been leading a double life, seeing an ex-model while his wife believed he was on business.
They lead a nomadic existence.
11. DISCUSSION ETC [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to control the way a discussion, conversation etc develops:
I tried to lead the conversation back to the subject of money.
12. lead somebody up the garden path informal to deliberately deceive someone
13. lead somebody astray
a) to encourage someone to do bad or immoral things which they would not normally do
b) to make someone believe something that is not true
14. lead nowhere/not lead anywhere to not produce any useful result:
So far police investigations seem to have led nowhere.
15. lead by example to show the people you are in charge of what you want them to do by doing it yourself:
The best managers lead by example.
16. lead somebody by the nose to influence someone so much that you can completely control everything that they do:
Politicians think they can easily lead people by the nose.
17. this/that leads (me) to something used to introduce a new subject that is connected to the previous one:
That leads me to my final point. Where are we going to get the money?
18. somebody has their own life to lead used to say that someone wants to be able to live their life independently, without having to do things that other people want them to do
19. lead somebody a merry old dance/a right old dance British English to cause a lot of problems or worries for someone
20. market-led/export-led etc most influenced by the market, by ↑exports etc:
an export-led economic recovery
21. lead the eye if a picture, view etc leads the eye in a particular direction, it makes you look in that direction:
marble columns that lead the eye upward
22. CARD GAME [intransitive and transitive] to play a particular card as your first card in one part of a card game
• • •
THESAURUS
▪ lead to take a person or animal somewhere by going in front of them while they follow, or by pulling them gently: Rachel led Jo into the kitchen. | She was leading a horse, which seemed to have a bad leg.
▪ take to take someone somewhere with you when you have the transport, know the way, are paying etc: I took her to see a film. | Matt’s taking me in his car.
▪ guide to take someone through or to a place you know, showing them the way: Ali guided us through the streets to his house on the edge of the town.
▪ show to take someone to a place such as a table in a restaurant or a hotel room and leave them there: A waitress showed us to our table. | We were shown to our seats near the front of the theatre.
▪ point to show someone which direction to go using your hand or a sign: The sign back there pointed this way.
▪ escort to take someone somewhere, protecting them, guarding them, or showing them the way: He was escorted from the court by police. | The President’s car will be escorted by a military convoy.
▪ usher to show someone the way to a room or building nearby, usually as part of your job: His housekeeper ushered us into the living room.
▪ shepherd to carefully take someone somewhere – used especially about a group of people: The police shepherded thousands of people to safety in the cathedral.
▪ direct formal to tell someone where to go or how to get somewhere: He directed us to a cafe a few blocks away. | Can you direct me to the station?
lead off phrasal verb
1. to start a meeting, discussion, performance etc by saying or doing something:
I’d like to lead off by thanking Rick for coming.
lead off with
The French team led off with two quick goals in the first five minutes.
lead something ↔ off
Hal led the evening off with some folk songs.
2. lead off (something) if a road, room etc leads off a place, you can go directly from that place along that road, into that room etc
lead off from something
He pointed down a street leading off from the square.
a large room, with doors leading off it in all directions
3. to be the first player to try to hit the ball in an ↑inning (=period of play) in a game of baseball
lead somebody on phrasal verb
to deceive someone, especially to make them think you love them:
He thought she loved him, but in fact she was just leading him on.
lead on to something (also lead onto something) phrasal verb especially British English
to cause something to develop or become possible at a later time:
Alan Turing’s work led onto the development of modern computers.
lead with something phrasal verb
1. if a newspaper or television programme leads with a particular story, that story is the main one:
The Washington Post leads with the latest news from Israel.
2. to use a particular hand to begin an attack in ↑boxing, or a particular foot to begin a dance:
Adam led with his left and punched his opponent on the jaw.
lead up to something phrasal verb [not in passive]
1. if a series of events or a period of time leads up to an event, it comes before it or causes it:
the weeks that led up to her death
the events leading up to his dismissal
2. to gradually introduce an embarrassing, upsetting, or surprising subject into a conversation:
She had already guessed what he was leading up to.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

lead

▪ I. lead 1 [lead leads led leading] verb, noun [liːd] [liːd]

see also lead2

verb (led, led [led] ; [led] )

SHOW THE WAY
1. intransitive, transitive to go with or in front of a person or an animal to show the way or to make them go in the right direction
Syn: guide
• If you lead, I'll follow.
• ~ sb/sth + adv./prep. He led us out into the grounds.
• The receptionist led the way to the boardroom.
• She led the horse back into the stable.

• (figurative) I tried to lead the discussion back to the main issue.

CONNECT TWO THINGS

2. intransitive ~ from/to sth (to/from sth) to connect one object or place to another
• the pipe leading from the top of the water tank

• The wire led to a speaker.

OF ROAD/PATH/DOOR

3. intransitive, transitive to go in a particular direction or to a particular place
• + adv./prep. A path led up the hill.
• Which door leads to the yard?

• ~ sb + adv./prep. The track led us through a wood.

CAUSE

4. intransitive ~ to sth to have sth as a result
Syn: result in
• Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.

• A reward was offered for information leading to an arrest.

5. transitive to be the reason why sb does or thinks sth
• ~ sb (to sth) What led you to this conclusion?
• He's too easily led (= easily persuaded to do or think sth).
• ~ sb to do sth This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of other galaxies.

• The situation is far worse than we had been led to believe.

LIFE

6. transitive ~ sth to have a particular type of life

• to lead a quiet life/a life of luxury/a miserable existence

BE BEST/FIRST

7. transitive, intransitive to be the best at sth; to be in first place
• ~ (sb/sth) (in sth) The department led the world in cancer research.
• We lead the way in space technology.

• ~ (sb/sth) by sth The champion is leading (her nearest rival) by 18 seconds.

BE IN CONTROL

8. transitive, intransitive ~ (sth) to be in control of sth; to be the leader of sth
• to lead an expedition
• to lead a discussion

• Who will lead the party in the next election?

IN CARD GAMES

9. intransitive, transitive to play first; to play sth as your first card
• It's your turn to lead.
• ~ sth to lead the ten of clubs
Syn: mislead, see the blind leading the blind at blind adj., you can lead/take a horse to water, but you can't make it drink at horse n., lead/live the life of Riley at life, one thing leads to another at thing
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
Old English lǣdan Germanic Dutch leiden German leiten load lode

Thesaurus:
lead verb
1. T, I
• The survivors were led to safety.
take • • escort • • show • • walk • • guide • • usher • |formal accompany •
Opp: follow
lead/take/escort/show/walk/guide/usher/accompany sb to/out of/into sth
lead/take/escort/walk/guide/usher/accompany sb there/somewhere
lead/take/escort/show/walk/guide sb round/around
lead/show the way
2. I, T (always used with an adverb or preposition)
• A path leads to the beach.
go • • continue • • reach • • stretch • • extend •
lead/go/continue/reach/stretch/extend beyond/across sth
lead/go/continue/reach/stretch/extend from sth to sth
3. T
• What led you to this conclusion?
prompt • • make • • motivate • |formal induce • • predispose •
lead/predispose sb to sth
lead/prompt/motivate/induce/predispose sb to do sth
make sb do sth
4. I, T
• The champion is leading by 18 seconds.
• They lead the world in cancer research.
be ahead of sb • • leave sb/sth behind • • get ahead • • overtake • • pass • |written, especially business outpace •
Opp: trail
lead/be ahead of sb/leave sb behind/get ahead/overtake in sth
lead/be ahead of sb/overtake a rival
5. T, I
• He led an expedition to the North Pole.
head • • chair • • captain • |formal preside • |especially journalism spearhead •
lead/head/captain a team
lead/head a (political) party/the government
lead/head/chair/preside over a/an commission/committee/inquiry
Head or lead? A person who heads sth has the official position of being the head of it. A person who leads sth may also have an official position, but the verb lead emphasizes their leadership qualities. An individual usually heads sth, but a group of people can lead sth.
Language Bank:
cause
X causes Y
▪ Childhood obesity can cause ▪ / lead to ▪ long-term health problems.
▪ Changes in lifestyle and diet over the last twenty years have caused ▪ / led to ▪ / resulted in ▪ a sharp increase in childhood obesity.
▪ Several factors, including changes in diet and lifestyle, have contributed to ▪ the increase in childhood obesity.
▪ Research suggests that fast food and soft drinks directly contribute to ▪ childhood obesity.
▪ Genetics, lifestyle and diet are ▪ all important factors ▪ in cases of childhood obesity.
▪ Even small changes in lifestyle and diet can bring about ▪ significant weight loss.
Language Banks at because of, consequently, therefore
Synonyms:
take
lead • escort • drive • show • walk • guide • usher • direct
These words all mean to go with sb from one place to another.
take • to go with sb from one place to another, for example in order to show them sth or to show them the way to a place: ▪ It's too far to walk— I'll take you by car.
lead • to go with or go in front of sb in order to show them the way or to make them go in the right direction: ▪ Firefighters led the survivors to safety.
escort • to go with sb in order to protect or guard them or to show them the way: ▪ The president arrived, escorted by twelve bodyguards.
drive • to take sb somewhere in a car, taxi, etc: ▪ My mother drove us to the airport.
show • to take sb to a particular place, in the right direction, or along the correct route: ▪ The attendant showed us to our seats.
walk • to go somewhere with sb on foot, especially in order to make sure that they get there safely; to take an animal, especially a dog, for a walk or make an animal walk somewhere: ▪ He always walked her home. ◊ ▪ Have you walked the dog yet today?
guide • to show sb the way to a place, often by going with them; to show sb a place that you know well: ▪ She guided us through the busy streets. ◊ ▪ We were guided around the museums.
usher • (rather formal) to politely take or show sb where they should go, especially within a building: ▪ She ushered her guests to their seats.
direct • (rather formal) to tell or show sb how to get somewhere or where to go: ▪ A young woman directed them to the station.
to take/lead/escort/drive/show/walk/guide/usher/direct sb to/out of/into sth
to take/lead/escort/drive/show/walk/guide sb around/round
to take/lead/escort/drive/walk sb home
to take/lead/escort/guide sb to safety
to lead/show the way
Example Bank:
• ‘Lead on!’ said Arnold.
• An old track led back through the wood.
• Business success does not automatically lead to financial success.
• Discussion of a client's tax affairs will lead naturally into consideration of investment options.
• Five people helping to lead a convoy of aid are feared dead.
• I tried to lead as normal a life as possible.
• Industrialization inevitably led to the expansion of the urban working class.
• Let me lead the way.
• Often there are discoveries which lead nowhere.
• She led them along a dark corridor to a small room.
• Some children are easily led.
• Such actions would most likely lead to the decline of rural communities.
• Sugar and fat can easily lead to obesity.
• Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.
• The carbon tax might well lead to a doubling of prices for fossil fuels.
• The gardens lead directly onto a beach.
• The glass doors lead out onto a rooftop garden.
• The use of soft drugs does not necessarily lead to a progression to hard drugs.
• These measures in turn led to an increased opportunity for independent music production.
• Worrying about your weight is more likely to lead to comforting yourself with a piece of chocolate.
• Worrying about your weight is more likely to lead to low self-esteem.
• You lead the way and we'll follow.
• a path leading from the village to the old church
• the events that led eventually to war
• Detective Inspector Adrian Eakins, who is leading the hunt for the killer, has called a press conference.
• Disconnect the pipe leading from the top of the water tank.
• Firefighters led the survivors to safety.
• He led the first expedition to the North Pole.
• He led the race for eight laps until his engine blew.
• If you lead, I'll follow.
• She is leading her nearest rival by 18 seconds.
• The campaign for the ban had been led by Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature.
• The firm's solid construction standards still lead the field.
• The project is run by a team of experts led by Andrew Hall.
• The situation is far worse than we had been led to believe.
• This has led scientists to speculate on the existence life on other planets.
• Top management should be seen to lead by example.
• What we found leads us to suspect that more people may be involved.
• Who will lead the party into the next election?
Idioms: lead from the front ▪ lead nowhere ▪ lead somebody a dance ▪ lead somebody by the nose ▪ lead somebody up the garden path

Derived: lead off ▪ lead off something ▪ lead somebody on ▪ lead something off ▪ lead up to something ▪ lead with something

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

lead / liːd / verb [ I or T ] ( led , led / led / ) (CONTROL)

B2 to control a group of people, a country, or a situation:

I think we've chosen the right person to lead the expedition.

I've asked Gemma to lead the discussion.

Who will be leading the inquiry into the accident?

lead / liːd / verb [ I or T ] ( led , led / led / ) (BE WINNING)

B2 (especially in sport or other competitions) to be in front, to be first, or to be winning:

After 30 minutes the challengers were leading by two goals.

With two laps to go Ngomo led by less than two seconds.

The Lions are leading the Hawks 28–9.

lead / liːd / verb [ T ] ( led , led / led / ) (INFLUENCE)

C2 to cause someone to do something, especially something bad:

[ + to infinitive ] The brochure led me to believe that the price included home delivery.

It's worrying that such a prominent politician is so easily led.

He was a weak man, led astray by ambition.

lead / liːd / verb ( led , led / led / ) (SHOW WAY)

B1 [ I ] to show the way to a group of people, animals, vehicles, etc. by going in front of them:

I don't know the way, so you'd better lead.

If you lead in the jeep, we'll follow behind on the horses.

[ T ] To lead a group of moving people or vehicles is to walk or drive in front of them:

The local youth band will lead the parade this weekend.

A large black hearse led the funeral procession.

B1 [ T usually + adv/prep ] to take someone somewhere, by going with them:

She led them down the hall.

The waiter led us to our table.

Our guide led us through the mountains.

B1 [ T usually + adv/prep ] to take hold of a person or an animal, or of something fastened to them, and take them somewhere:

She took the child by the hand and led him upstairs to bed.

He led the horse out of the stable.

lead the way to show the way by going in front:

You've been there before - why don't you lead the way?

to make more progress than other people in the development of something:

The company has been leading the way in network applications for several years.

lead / liːd / verb [ I or T , usually + adv/prep ] ( led , led / led / ) (DIRECTION)

B2 (especially of roads, paths, doors, signs, information, etc.) to go in a particular direction or have a particular result, or to allow or cause this:

There's a track that leads directly to the reservoir.

The French windows lead out onto a wide, shady terrace.

A narrow trail of blood led directly into the cave.

This information led the police to a house near the harbour.

lead / liːd / verb ( led , led / led / ) (LIVE)

lead a busy, normal, quiet, etc. life B2 to live a particular type of life:

He was able to lead a normal life, despite the illness.

We certainly don't lead a life of luxury but we're not poor either.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

lead

I BEING AHEAD OR TAKING SOMEONE SOMEWHERE
♦
leads, leading, led
(Pronounced [li͟ːd] in lead 1, and [le̱d] in lead 2.)
1) VERB If you lead a group of moving people, you walk or ride in front of them.
  [V n] John Major and the Duke of Edinburgh led the mourners...
  [V n prep/adv] He walks with a stick but still leads his soldiers into battle...
  Tom was leading, a rifle slung over his back.
2) VERB If you lead someone to a particular place or thing, you take them there.
  [V n prep/adv] He took Dickon by the hand to lead him into the house...
  [V n prep/adv] She confessed to the killing and led police to his remains...
  [V n] Leading the horse, Evandar walked to the door.
3) VERB If a road, gate, or door leads somewhere, you can get there by following the road or going through the gate or door.
  [V prep/adv] ...the doors that led to the yard.
  [V prep/adv] ...a short roadway leading to the car park...
  [V prep/adv] Hundreds of people are said to have blocked a main highway leading north.
4) VERB If you are leading at a particular point in a race or competition, you are winning at that point.
  He's leading in the presidential race...
  [V by amount] So far Fischer leads by five wins to two...
  [V n] Aston Villa last led the League in March 1990.
5) N-SING: the N, oft in/into the N If you have the lead or are in the lead in a race or competition, you are winning.
  England took the lead after 31 minutes with a goal by Peter Nail...
  Labour are still in the lead in the opinion polls.
6) N-SING: with supp, oft N over n Someone's lead over a competitor at a particular point in a race or competition is the distance, amount of time, or number of points by which they are ahead of them.
  ...a commanding lead for the opposition is clearly emerging throughout the country.
  His goal gave Forest a two-goal lead against Southampton...
  Sainz now has a lead of 28 points.
7) VERB If one company or country leads others in a particular activity such as scientific research or business, it is more successful or advanced than they are in that activity.
  [V n] When it comes to pop music we not only lead Europe, we lead the world.
  [V n in n] ...foodstores such as Marks & Spencer, which led the market in microwavable meals.
8) VERB If you lead a group of people, an organization, or an activity, you are in control or in charge of the people or the activity.
  [V n] He led the country between 1949 and 1984...
  [V n] Mr Mendes was leading a campaign to save Brazil's rainforest from exploitation.
9) N-COUNT: usu supp N If you give a lead, you do something new or develop new ideas or methods that other people consider to be a good example or model to follow.
  ...the need for the president to give a moral lead...
  The American and Japanese navies took the lead in the development of naval aviation...
  Over the next 150 years, many others followed his lead.
10) VERB You can use lead when you are saying what kind of life someone has. For example, if you lead a busy life, your life is busy.
  [V n] She led a normal, happy life with her sister and brother...
  [V n] Most of the women in here are not people who have led a life of crime.
11) VERB If something leads to a situation or event, usually an unpleasant one, it begins a process which causes that situation or event to happen.
  [V to n] Ethnic tensions among the republics could lead to civil war...
  [V to n] He warned yesterday that a pay rise for teachers would lead to job cuts.
12) VERB If something leads you to do something, it influences or affects you in such a way that you do it.
  [V n to-inf] His abhorrence of racism led him to write The Algiers Motel Incident...
  [V n to-inf] What was it ultimately that led you to leave Sarajevo for Zagreb?
13) VERB If you say that someone or something led you to think something, you mean that they caused you to think it, although it was not true or did not happen.
  [V n to-inf] Mother had led me to believe the new baby was a kind of present for me...
  [V n to-inf] It was not as straightforward as we were led to believe.
14) VERB If you lead a conversation or discussion, you control the way that it develops so that you can introduce a particular subject.
  [V n adv/prep] After a while I led the conversation around to her job...
  [V n] He planned to lead the conversation and keep Matt from changing the subject.
15) VERB You can say that one point or topic in a discussion or piece of writing leads you to another in order to introduce a new point or topic that is linked with the previous one.
  [V n to n] Well, I think that leads me to the real point.
  Syn:
  bring
16) N-COUNT A lead is a piece of information or an idea which may help people to discover the facts in a situation where many facts are not known, for example in the investigation of a crime or in a scientific experiment.
  The inquiry team is also following up possible leads after receiving 400 calls from the public.
17) N-COUNT The lead in a play, film, or show is the most important part in it. The person who plays this part can also be called the lead.
  Nina Ananiashvili and Alexei Fadeyechev from the Bolshoi Ballet dance the leads...
  The leads are Jack Hawkins and Glynis Johns.
18) N-COUNT A dog's lead is a long, thin chain or piece of leather which you attach to the dog's collar so that you can control the dog. [mainly BRIT]
  An older man came out with a little dog on a lead.
  Syn:
  leash(in AM, use leash)
19) N-COUNT A lead in a piece of equipment is a piece of wire covered in plastic which supplies electricity to the equipment or carries it from one part of the equipment to another.
20) N-SING: oft N n The lead story or lead in a newspaper or on the television or radio news is the most important story.
  The Turkish situation makes the lead in tomorrow's Guardian...
  Cossiga's reaction is the lead story in the Italian press.
21) → See also leading, -led
to lead someone astray → see astray
one thing led to another → see thing
to lead the way → see way
  Phrasal Verbs:
  - lead off
  - lead on
  - lead on to
  - lead up toII SUBSTANCES
leads
(Pronounced [li͟ːd] in lead 1, and [le̱d] in lead 2.)
1) N-UNCOUNT Lead is a soft, grey, heavy metal.
  ...drinking water supplied by old-fashioned lead pipes.
2) N-UNCOUNT Lead is sometimes used to refer to bullets. [INFORMAL]
  Eventually Bogart pumps him full of lead.
  Syn:
  bullets
3) N-COUNT The lead in a pencil is the centre part of it which makes a mark on paper.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹lead /ˈliːd/ verb leads; led /ˈlɛd/; lead·ing
1 a : to guide someone to a place especially by going in front

[no obj]

• You lead and we'll follow right behind you.

[+ obj]

• He led [=took] me into a room in the back of the house.
• You lead us and we'll follow right behind you.
- often + to
• The teacher led the child by the hand to his seat. = The teacher took the child's hand and led him to his seat.
• Our hostess led us to the dinner table.
- often used as (be) led
• The passengers were led onto/aboard the ship by the steward.
• The prisoner was led off to jail [=was taken to jail] in handcuffs.
- often used figuratively
• I gradually led the interview around/back to the subject of his failed marriage.
• He says that he will follow the evidence wherever it leads (him).
• This leads me to my next point, which is that the building needs a new roof.
• The painting's composition leads the/your eye to the figures in the foreground. [=causes you to look at the figures in the foreground]
b [+ obj] : to go or be at the front part of (something)
• The veterans will lead a parade down Main Street.
• lead a march
2 [no obj] : to lie or go in a specified direction
• The path leads uphill.
• This road doesn't lead to the village as we thought it did.
• a set of stairs that leads down to the basement
• There was a path leading (off) from the meadow into the woods.
- often used figuratively
• She realized that their relationship would never lead to marriage.
• The investigation into the murder was leading nowhere. [=the investigation was not solving the crime]
3 : to guide the actions of a person or group : to be in charge of a person, group, activity, etc.

[no obj]

• We need to elect someone who can lead.
• bosses who lead by example [=who show employees how they should act by acting that way themselves]

[+ obj]

• She leads her employees by setting a good example for them.
• She led a successful boycott of the store.
• lead an expedition
• A visiting professor will be leading the seminar.
• lead [=direct] an orchestra
• She led the children in a song. [=she sang a song and the children sang with her]
4 [+ obj] : to cause (a person, group, etc.) to do something or to follow some course of action
• Her interest in art led her into the field of art history.
- usually followed by to or to + verb
• His volunteer work in the hospital led him to a career in nursing. = His volunteer work in the hospital led [=inspired] him to become a nurse.
• Her experience with cancer led her to consider writing a book on the subject.
• The evidence leads me to believe [=makes me believe] that this disease is curable.
• We've been led to believe that the labels on food items disclose all ingredients, but it's becoming clear that this is not the case.
• I had been led to expect that someone would meet me at the airport, but no one came.
• He led me to understand [=he told me or caused me to think] that the deadline was January 7.
5 : to be first, best, or ahead in a race or competition

[no obj]

• the team that is currently leading in the pennant race
• At the end of the fourth inning, the Red Sox led by two runs.

[+ obj]

• lead a race
• They led their opponents by 20 points at the end of the third quarter.
• the team that is leading the league [=the team that is in first place]
• a batter who leads the league in home runs [=who has hit more home runs than any other batter]
• a runner who is leading the pack/field [=a runner who is ahead of the group of other runners]
- often used figuratively
• Their company leads the world [=is the most successful company in the world] in developing new technology to assist people with disabilities.
6 [+ obj] : to go through (life) in a certain way : to have (a specified kind of life)
• They chose to lead [=live] a quiet life.
• He leads a peaceful existence.
• It turned out that he had been leading a double life. [=deceiving people about his life, not telling the whole truth about his life]
• He has always led a charmed life. [=he has always been lucky]
• She needs to lead her own life. [=she needs to make her own decisions about her life]
7 : to begin play in a card game with (a certain card or kind of card)

[+ obj]

• lead trumps
• led a spade

[no obj]

• lead with a spade
8 [no obj] : to guide a dance partner through the steps of a dance
• I don't know this dance, so I'd prefer it if you lead.
9 [+ obj] law : to ask (a witness) a question in a way that suggests what the answer should be : to ask (a witness) a leading question
• The judge ruled that the lawyer was leading the witness.
lead off [phrasal verb] lead off or lead (something) off or lead off (something)
1 : to start something (such as an activity or performance) in a specified way
• She led off [=started, kicked off] the presentation with a brief overview of the project.
• She led off [=began] with a brief overview of the project.
2 baseball : to be the first batter in an inning
• He led off with a walk. [=he was the first batter in his team's half of the inning and he was walked]
• He led off the inning with a home run.
- see also leadoff
lead on [phrasal verb] lead (someone) on : to cause (someone) to wrongly continue believing or doing something
• She was devastated when she found out that he didn't really love her, and had only been leading her on. [=he had been leading her to believe that he loved her]
lead someone a merry chase US or Brit lead someone a (merry) dance old-fashioned : to cause a series of troubles or worries for (someone)
• He led me a merry chase before I finally got him to agree to a meeting.
lead someone (around) by the nose
- see ¹nose
lead someone down/up the garden path informal : to deceive someone : to cause someone to go, think, or proceed wrongly
• He believes the average consumer is being led down the garden path by the promises in advertisements.
lead the way : to be the first person to go somewhere
• You lead the way, and we'll follow.
- often used figuratively
• Their company led the way in developing this technology. [=was the first to have success developing the technology]
lead to [phrasal verb] lead to (something) : to result in (something)
• a course of study leading to a degree in agriculture
• Her investigations ultimately led to the discovery of the missing documents.
• His volunteer work in the hospital led to a career in nursing. = His volunteer work in the hospital led to him becoming a nurse.
- see also ¹lead 1a, 4 (above)
lead up to [phrasal verb] lead up to (something)
1 : to occur in the time that comes before (something)
• Many voters were still undecided in the days leading up to [=approaching] the election.
2 : to come before and help to cause (something)
• There was a series of errors leading up to the accident.
3 : to come before and help to introduce (something)
• a chapter leading up to the main topic of the book
• I had no idea what he was leading up to when he started talking about his father.
lead with [phrasal verb] lead with (something)
1 : to begin something (such as a story or speech) with (something specified)
• The newspaper story led [=opened, began] with a long report on the funeral.
2 : to begin a series of punches in boxing with (a punch thrown by a specified hand)
• The champion led with a left to the body, followed up quickly with a right to the jaw.
the blind leading the blind
- see ¹blind

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

lead

verb

effective

effective [adjective] (SUCCESSFUL)

/əˈfek.tɪv/

/ɪˈfek.tɪv/

Example:

It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.

someone or something that is effective works well and produces the result that was intended

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

He played his role most effectively.

او به‌ طور چشمگيرى نقش‌ خود را بازى كرد.‏

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

efficient and effective

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

effective

ef‧fec‧tive S2 W1 /ɪˈfektɪv/ adjective
[Word Family: noun: effect, effectiveness ≠ ineffectiveness; adjective: effective ≠ ineffective, effectual ≠ ineffectual; verb: effect; adverb: effectively ≠ ineffectively]
1. successful, and working in the way that was intended OPP ineffective:
   • The cheaper drugs are just as effective in treating arthritis.
   • the painting’s highly effective use of colour
   • Training is often much less effective than expected.
   • the most effective ways of reducing inner city congestion
  REGISTER
   In everyday English, people usually say that something works (well), rather than say that it is effective:
   ▪ • The cheaper drugs work just as well.
2. [no comparative, not before noun] if a law, agreement, or system becomes effective, it officially starts
  effective from
   • The cut in interest rates is effective from Monday.
3. [no comparative, only before noun] real rather than what is officially intended or generally believed:
   • The rebels are in effective control of the city.
—effectiveness noun [uncountable]
     • • •

COLLOCATIONS

■ adverbs

▪ extremely/highly effective • The company launched a highly effective advertising campaign.

■ nouns

   ▪ an effective way • What’s the most effective way to control crime?
   ▪ an effective method • Exams are not the most effective method of assessing students’ abilities.
   ▪ an effective means • Is reducing the speed limit an effective means of reducing accidents?
   ▪ effective action • The police must take effective action to protect the public.
   ▪ an effective solution • The most effective solution to traffic congestion is to build more roads.
   ▪ an effective treatment • Antibiotics are still the most effective treatment for this disease.
   ▪ an effective system • The country has a simple but effective welfare system.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ successful achieving what you wanted, or having the effect or result you intended: • He applied for a visa three times and in the end he was successful. | • The treatment was successful. | • It was a highly successful campaign.
   ▪ effective having the effect or result that was wanted - used especially about treatments, drugs, or methods: • The drug is effective against a range of diseases. | • We still haven't found an effective way to solve the problem.
   ▪ victorious successful as a result of winning in a game, election, war etc: • the captain of the victorious team | • She emerged victorious in the second round of voting.
   ▪ promising likely to be very successful in the future, used especially about someone who is good at a job, sport, art etc: • a promising young athlete | • He gave up a promising career in banking.
   ▪ thriving very successful – used about a company, industry, or organization that is doing well at a particular time: • The area has a thriving tourist industry. | • The school is thriving academically.
   ▪ booming extremely successful – used about an economy, or when business or trade is increasing: • the booming economy in China | • Business is booming.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

effective

ef·fect·ive [ɪˈfektɪv] [ɪˈfektɪv] adjective

1. producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result

• Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders.

• Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.

• drugs that are effective against cancer

• Some people believe that violence is an effective way of protesting.

• I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.

Opp: ineffective

see also cost-effective

2. only before noun in reality, although not officially intended

• the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party

• In spite of what they are told, parents have no effective choice of schools.

• He has now taken effective control of the country.

3. (formal) (of laws and rules) coming into use

• The new speed limit on this road becomes effective from 1 June.

Derived Word: effectiveness

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

effect

effect (USE) /ɪˈfekt/
noun [U]
use:
The present system of payment will remain in effect (= be used) until the end of the rental agreement.
When do the new driving laws come into effect?
The new salary increases will take effect (= begin) from January onwards.

effective /ɪˈfek.tɪv/
adjective
The new laws will become effective next month.
See also effective at effect (RESULT).

effect (RESULT) /ɪˈfekt/
noun [C or U]
1 the result of a particular influence:
The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment.
I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect.
I think I'm suffering from the effects of too little sleep.
She has a lot of confidence which she uses to good effect (= to her advantage) in interviews.
See also after effects.

2 take effect to produce or achieve the results you want:
They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut.

3 MAINLY DISAPPROVING for effect If you say or do something for effect, you intentionally do it to shock people or attract their attention:
I get the impression that she uses bad language in meetings for effect.

4 in effect in fact, or in practice:
So in effect the government have lowered taxes for the rich and raised them for the poor.
See also effect (USE). effective /ɪˈfek.tɪv/
adjective
1 successful or achieving the results that you want:
It's an extremely effective cure for a headache.
The lighting for the production made a very effective use of shadow.
She's a very effective teacher.
NOTE: The opposite is ineffective.

2 [before noun] in fact, although not officially:
Although she's not officially our boss, she's in effective control of the office.
See also effective at effect (USE).

effectively /ɪˈfek.tɪv.li/
adverb
1 in a way that is successful and achieves what you want:
The tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them.

2 used when you describe what the real result of a situation is:
His wife left him when the children were small, so he effectively brought up the family himself.
Effectively, we have to start again from scratch.

effectiveness /ɪˈfek.tɪv.nəs/
noun [U]
There are doubts about the effectiveness of the new drug (= how successful it is) in treating the disease.

effectual /ɪˈfek.tju.əl/
adjective FORMAL
effective and successful:
They wish to promote a real and effectual understanding between the two countries.

effectually /ɪˈfek.tju.əl.i/
adverb FORMAL

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

effective

adjective

energetic

/ˌen.ɚˈdʒet̬.ɪk/

/ˌen.əˈdʒet.ɪk/

Example:

My father was an energetic man.

an energetic person has a lot of energy and is very active

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

energetic and lively

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

energetic

adjective
full of energy so that you can do a lot of things

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

energetic

en‧er‧get‧ic AC /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk◂ $ -ər-/ adjective
[Word Family: adjective: energetic, energizing; verb: energize; noun: energy; adverb: energetically]
having or needing a lot of energy or determination:
   • an energetic man
   • an energetic drive to get more customers
  energetic in doing something
   • We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves abroad.
—energetically /-kli/ adverb:
   • He fought energetically against apartheid.
     • • •

THESAURUS

   ▪ energetic having a lot of energy: • If you’re feeling energetic, we could go out for a run.
   ▪ full of energy/bursting with energy energetic and ready to work hard or do a lot of things: • I admire her because she’s so full of energy and enthusiasm. | • When she first started at the college she was bursting with energy and full of new ideas.
   ▪ dynamic very energetic and always wanting to do new things: • What this country needs is a dynamic new leader.
   ▪ hyperactive having more energy than is normal or good, because you cannot keep still or quiet for very long – used especially about children: • Our youngest daughter was hyperactive, and it had a damaging effect on the whole family.
   ▪ tireless working with a lot of energy in a determined way, especially to achieve a particular thing: • She was a tireless campaigner against apartheid in South Africa.
   ▪ full of beans informal feeling energetic and happy and showing this in the way you behave: • He’s one of those people who leap out of bed full of beans every morning.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

energetic

en·er·get·ic AW [ˌenəˈdʒetɪk] [ˌenərˈdʒetɪk] adjective

having or needing a lot of energy and enthusiasm

• He knew I was energetic and dynamic and would get things done.

• an energetic supporter

• The heart responds well to energetic exercise.

• For the more energetic (= people who prefer physical activities), we offer windsurfing and diving.

• I think I'd prefer something a little less energetic.

Derived Word: energetically

Word Origin:

mid 17th cent. (in the sense ‘powerfully effective’): from Greek energētikos, from energein ‘operate, work in or upon’ (based on ergon ‘work’).

Thesaurus:

energetic [energetic energetically] adj.

• He's an energetic person who will get things done.

vigorous • • active • |approving lively • • dynamic • • spirited •

energetic/active/lively/dynamic/spirited person/man/woman

energetic/active member of sth

energetic/vigorous/active/lively/dynamic/spirited campaign

Energetic or vigorous? Energetic tends to refer more to physical energy and activities; vigorous often refers to business and political activities

• a vigorous opponent/supporter/campaigner

Example Bank:

• Quasars are the highly energetic cores of distant galaxies.

• She seems remarkably energetic for a woman her age.

• For the more energetic we offer windsurfing and diving.

• He knew I was energetic and would get things done.

• I think I'd prefer something a little less energetic.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

energetic / ˌen.əˈdʒet.ɪk / / -ɚˈdʒet̬- / adjective

B2 having or involving a lot of energy:

an energetic young woman

I tried aerobics but it was too energetic for me.

energetically / -ɪ.k ə l.i / adverb

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

energetic

[e̱nə(r)ʤe̱tɪk]
1) ADJ-GRADED If you are energetic in what you do, you have a lot of enthusiasm and determination.
  Blackwell is 59, strong looking, enormously energetic and accomplished...
  The next government will play an energetic role in seeking multilateral nuclear disarmament.
  Derived words:
  energetically [e̱nə(r)ʤe̱tɪkli] ADV-GRADED ADV with v He talked on energetically... He had worked energetically all day on his new book.
2) ADJ-GRADED An energetic person is very active and does not feel at all tired. An energetic activity involves a lot of physical movement and power.
  Ten year-olds are incredibly energetic.
  ...an energetic exercise routine.
  Derived words:
  energetically ADV-GRADED ADV with v Gretchen chewed energetically on the gristled steak.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

energetic

en·er·get·ic /ˌɛnɚˈʤɛtɪk/ adj [more ~; most ~]
1 : having or showing a lot of energy
• She has an energetic personality.
• The children are energetic workers.
2 : involving a lot of effort
• They mounted an energetic campaign.
- en·er·get·i·cal·ly /ˌɛnɚˈʤɛtɪkli/ adv [more ~; most ~]
• They were working energetically.

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

energetic

adjective

loose

loose [adjective] (NOT TIGHT)

/luːs/

Example:

a loose shirt

loose clothes are large and do not fit your body tightly

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Example:

a loose shirt

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Theme:

flexible - loose and yielding

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

loose

adjective (looser, loosest)

spelling
Remember! Don't confuse loose with lose, which is a verb: We mustn't lose this game.

1 not tied or fixed:
The dog broke its chain and got loose.
One of his teeth is loose.

2 not fitting closely:
a loose white shirt
opposite tight

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

loose

I. loose1 S3 W3 /luːs/ BrE AmE adjective
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: lauss]
1. NOT FIRMLY ATTACHED not firmly fastened in place:
a loose floorboard
This tooth feels very loose.
The screw has come loose (=became loose).
► Do not confuse the adjective loose /luːs/ with the verb lose /luːz/ (=stop having something, become unable to find something etc): They thought they might lose their jobs.
2. NOT ATTACHED not attached to anything else:
loose papers
His rear wheel spun on the loose stones.
The potatoes are sold loose (=not packed in a container).
The driver had forgotten to fasten the safety chain and the trailer came loose (=became unattached).
3. NOT TIED TIGHTLY not tied or fastened very tightly:
a loose knot
4. HAIR if your hair is loose, it hangs freely rather than being tied back:
Her hair fell loose around her shoulders.
5. CLOTHES loose clothes are big and do not fit your body tightly SYN loose-fitting, baggy OPP tight:
a loose sweatshirt
6. FREE free from being controlled or held in a cage, prison, or institution
break/get loose (=escape)
A 34-year-old inmate broke loose from the sheriff’s office yesterday.
turn/let/set something loose (=let something go free)
Don’t let your dog loose on the beach.
7. NOT EXACT [usually before noun] not exact or thoroughly done:
a loose translation
a loose interpretation of the law
8. NOT VERY CONTROLLED not strictly controlled or organized
loose federation/alliance/group etc
a loose federation of political groups
loose arrangement (=an arrangement that can easily be changed)
9. NOT SOLID not pressed tightly together in a solid mass
loose soil/earth
10. SPORT not under the control of either team in a game of football, ↑rugby etc:
Sheringham was the first player to reach the loose ball.
11. cut loose
a) to free yourself from someone or something, or their influence
cut yourself loose (from something)
He cut himself loose from the constraints of family life.
b) American English informal to start enjoying yourself in a happy noisy way after a period of controlled behaviour:
I’m ready to cut loose and enjoy the weekend.
12. let (something ↔) loose to speak or behave in an uncontrolled way:
She let loose a string of four-letter words.
13. let somebody loose on something to allow someone to deal with something in the way they want to, when you think they will make mistakes or do something wrong:
Whatever you do, don’t let Derek loose on the garden.
14. be at a loose end (also be at loose ends American English) to have nothing to do:
I was at a loose end so I decided to go see an old movie.
15. loose ends parts of something that have not been completed or correctly done:
We’ve nearly finished, but there are still a few loose ends to be tied up (=dealt with or completed).
16. loose change coins that you have in your bag or pocket
17. loose cannon someone who cannot be trusted because they say or do things you do not want them to
18. hang/stay loose American English spoken used to tell someone to stay calm, or not to worry about something
19. BODY WASTE having a problem in which the waste from your ↑bowels has too much liquid in it:
loose bowels
20. IMMORAL old-fashioned behaving in a way that is considered to be sexually immoral:
a loose woman
loose morals
21. TALK old-fashioned not careful about what you say or who is listening:
There’s been a bit of loose talk about it.
—loosely adverb:
A towel was loosely wrapped around his neck.
The film is loosely based on the novel.
—looseness noun [uncountable]

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

loose

loose [loose looses loosed loosing] adjective, verb, noun [luːs] [luːs]

adjective (loos·er, loos·est)

NOT FIXED/TIED
1. not firmly fixed where it should be; able to become separated from sth
• a loose button/tooth

• Check that the plug has not come loose.

2. not tied together; not held in position by anything or contained in anything
• She usually wears her hair loose.

• The potatoes were sold loose, not in bags.

3. not usually before noun free to move around without control; not tied up or shut in somewhere
• The sheep had got out and were loose on the road.
• The horse had broken loose (= escaped) from its tether.

• During the night, somebody had cut the boat loose from its moorings.

CLOTHES

4. not fitting closely
• a loose shirt

Opp: tight

NOT SOLID/HARD

5. not tightly packed together; not solid or hard
• loose soil

• a fabric with a loose weave

NOT STRICT/EXACT

6. not strictly organized or controlled
• a loose alliance/coalition/federation

• a loose association of artists, writers and composers

7. not exact; not very careful
• a loose translation

• loose thinking

IMMORAL

8. usually before noun (old-fashioned) having or involving an attitude to sexual relationships that people consider to be immoral

• a young man of loose morals

BALL

9. (sport) not in any player's control

• He pounced on a loose ball.

BODY WASTE

10. having too much liquid in it
• a baby with loose bowel movements
more at play fast and loose at fast adv., all hell broke loose at hell, have a screw loose at screw n.
Word Origin:
Middle English loos ‘free from bonds’, from Old Norse lauss, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch and German los.
Example Bank:
• He felt he had to cut loose from his family.
• Her hair hung loose about her shoulders.
• I let my hair fall loose down my back.
• I'm going to let the dogs loose.
• One of the bricks feels slightly loose.
• Shall I wear my hair loose?
• The animals had broken loose from their pens.
• The committees work within fairly loose guidelines.
• The top of the tap has come loose.
• During the night, somebody had cut the boat loose from its moorings.
• The horse had broken loose from its tether.
• This book is an antidote for much of the loose thinking in the world of today.
• This is only a loose translation as I am not fluent in Japanese.
Idioms: cut loose from somebody ▪ hang loose ▪ have a loose tongue ▪ let loose ▪ let loose something ▪ let somebody loose ▪ on the loose

Derived Word: looseness

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition

loose / luːs / adjective (NOT FIXED)

B2 not firmly fixed in place:

There were some loose wires hanging out of the wall.

The nails in the bridge had worked them selves loose.

The prisoners were so thin that their skin hung loose.

B2 describes hair that is not tied back:

Her hair was hanging loose about her shoulders.

describes things that are not fixed or held together or to anything else:

A few loose sheets of paper were lying around.

loose / luːs / adjective (NOT TIGHT)

B1 (of clothes) not fitting closely to the body:

Wear comfortable, loose clothing to your exercise class.

loose / luːs / adjective (NOT EXACT)

C2 not tightly controlled, or not exact:

It's a fairly loose adaptation of the novel.

It's only a loose translation of the poem.

loose / luːs / adjective old-fashioned disapproving (IMMORAL)

having low morals; sexually free:

a loose woman

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

loose

/lu:s/
(looser, loosest, looses, loosing, loosed)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

1.
Something that is loose is not firmly held or fixed in place.
If a tooth feels very loose, your dentist may recommend that it’s taken out...
Two wooden beams had come loose from the ceiling...
She idly pulled at a loose thread on her skirt.
ADJ
• loose‧ly
Tim clasped his hands together and held them loosely in front of his belly.
ADV: ADV with v

2.
Something that is loose is not attached to anything, or held or contained in anything.
Frank emptied a handful of loose change on the table...
A page came loose and floated onto the tiles.
ADJ: usu ADJ n

3.
If people or animals break loose or are set loose, they are no longer held, tied, or kept somewhere and can move around freely.
She broke loose from his embrace and crossed to the window...
Why didn’t you tell me she’d been set loose?...
= free
ADJ: ADJ after v, ADJ n, v-link ADJ

4.
Clothes that are loose are rather large and do not fit closely.
Wear loose clothes as they’re more comfortable.
= baggy
≠ tight
ADJ
• loose‧ly
His shirt hung loosely over his thin shoulders.
ADV: ADV after v, ADV -ed

5.
If your hair is loose, it hangs freely round your shoulders and is not tied back.
She was still in her nightdress, with her hair hanging loose over her shoulders.
ADJ

6.
If something is loose in texture, there is space between the different particles or threads it consists of.
She gathered loose soil and let it filter slowly through her fingers.
ADJ

7.
A loose grouping, arrangement, or organization is flexible rather than strictly controlled or organized.
Murray and Alison came to some sort of loose arrangement before he went home...
He wants a loose coalition of leftwing forces.
ADJ: usu ADJ n
• loose‧ly
The investigation had aimed at a loosely organised group of criminals.
ADV: ADV with v

8.
If a person or an animal is on the loose, they are free because they have escaped from a person or place.
Up to a thousand prisoners may be on the loose inside the jail...
PHRASE: v-link PHR

9.
a loose cannon: see cannon
all hell breaks loose: see hell

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

¹loose /ˈluːs/ adj loos·er; -est
1 : not tightly fastened, attached, or held
• a loose tooth
• a loose thread
• Some of the shingles on the roof were loose.
• The rope was tied in a loose knot.
• The nails had been pried loose.
• Some of the shingles had come/worked loose.
• The boat came loose from its moorings and floated out into the harbor.
• The ball popped loose from the shortstop's glove.
2 a : not pulled or stretched tight
• a loose belt
• loose reins on a horse
• loose skin
b of clothing : not fitting close to your body : not tight
• She was wearing a loose dress/skirt.
• a loose [=baggy] sweater
3 : not physically held or contained
• The dog was wandering loose in the streets.
• The lion had somehow gotten/broken loose [=free] from its cage.
- see also let loose 1 (below)
4 a : not held together in a solid or tight mass
• loose dirt
• loose rocks
• loose sandy soil
b : not held together in a bundle, container, etc.
• loose sheets of pages
• Loose hairs stuck out from under his cap.
• She let her hair hang down loose.
• You can buy a bag of potatoes or some loose potatoes.
5 : not stiff or tense : flexible or relaxed
• He walked with a loose stride.
• loose muscles
• I never relaxed that day; I just couldn't get loose.
• Runners should warm up for a few minutes to get loose.
• I tried to stay loose during the game, but I was too nervous.
- see also hang loose (below)
6 : not closely joined or united
• Ten advocacy groups from all parts of the country formed a loose alliance/association/coalition to present their shared interests to Congress.
7 a : not exact or precise
• a very loose translation
• a loose interpretation of the law
• This book is only a novel in the loose sense of the word. [=the word “novel” does not usually refer to a book like this; many people would not consider the book a novel]
b : not careful in speech : talking too freely
• Loose [=careless] talk spread the rumor.
• She has a loose tongue. [=she talks too much about things that are private, secret, etc.]
8 sports : not controlled or held by any of the players in a game
• a loose ball/puck
9 old-fashioned : not respectable sexually : not decent or moral
• He was accused of loose conduct/behavior.
• a loose woman
• loose morals
10 of solid waste from the body : containing a larger than normal amount of fluid
• loose stools also; : producing loose stools
• loose bowels
• loose bowel movements
all hell breaks loose
- see hell
break loose
- see ¹break
cut loose
1 cut (someone) loose : to stop supporting or employing (someone)
• He worked here for a few years but he didn't do a good job, so we finally had to cut him loose. : to end an official relationship or agreement with (someone)
• She's been cut loose from her contract. [=the company/organization with whom she had a contract to work has ended the contract]
2 chiefly US informal : to act in a free and relaxed way after behaving in a way that is controlled
• I enjoy cutting loose with friends on weekends.
hang loose chiefly US informal : to remain calm and relaxed
• Just hang loose for a minute. I'll be right back.
have a screw loose, have a loose screw
- see ¹screw
let loose
1 let (someone or something) loose or set/turn (someone or something) loose : to allow (someone or something) to move or go freely
• He let/set the dogs loose in the courtyard.
• cattle let loose to graze on the green fields
- often used figuratively
• It's the end of the school year, when schools turn students loose on our towns.
• a director who's willing to let her actors loose to interpret their roles however they see fit
• how to stop the violence that has been let loose [=loosed] on the city
2 : to produce (something, such as a cry) in a sudden and forceful way
• The crowd let loose [=let out] an enormous groan when the pass was intercepted.
• She let loose (with) a scream.
play fast and loose

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

loose

adjective

banker

banker [noun]

/ˈbæŋ.kɚ/

/ˈbæŋ.kər/

Persian equivalent:

Click here.

Theme, CEFR level & Tags

Level:

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

Region:

American English

British English

Oxford Essential Dictionary

banker

noun
a person who owns a bank or who has an important job in a bank

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

banker

bank‧er /ˈbæŋkə $ -ər/ noun [countable]
1. someone who works in a bank in an important position
2. the player who is in charge of the money in some gambling games

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

banker

bank·er [banker bankers] [ˈbæŋkə(r)] [ˈbæŋkər] noun

1. a person who owns a bank or has an important job at a bank

• a merchant banker

2. a person who is in charge of the money in particular games

Word Origin:

mid 16th cent.: from French banquier, from banque or Italian banca, from medieval Latin banca, bancus, of Germanic origin.

Example Bank:

• He's an investment banker in New York..

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

bank

bank (ORGANIZATION) /bæŋk/
noun [C]
1 an organization where people and businesses can invest or borrow money, change it to foreign money, etc., or a building where these services are offered:
High street banks have been accused of exploiting small firms.
I need to go to the bank at lunch time.
I had to take out a bank loan to start my own business.

2 A bank of something, such as blood or human organs for medical use, is a place which stores these things for later use:
a blood bank
a sperm bank

3 In gambling, the bank is money that belongs to the owner and can be won by the players.

bank /bæŋk/
verb [I or T]
I used to bank with Lloyd's (= keep my money there).

bankable /ˈbæŋ.kə.bļ/
adjective
likely to make money:
She is currently Hollywood's most bankable actress (= Her films make large profits).

bankability /bæŋ.kəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ US /-ə.ţi/
noun [C]
an ability to make money:
His bankability as a pop star decreased as he got older.

banker /ˈbæŋ.kəʳ/ US /-kɚ/
noun [C]
1 someone with an important position in a bank:
She was a successful banker by the time she was forty.

2 the person in gambling games who is responsible for looking after the money

banking /ˈbæŋ.kɪŋ/
noun [U]
the business of operating a bank:
The intricacies of international banking remained a mystery to him.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

banker

/bæŋkə(r)/
(bankers)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

A banker is someone who works in banking at a senior level.
...an investment banker.
...a merchant banker.

N-COUNT

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

banker

bank·er /ˈbæŋkɚ/ noun, pl -ers [count] : a person who owns a bank or who has an important job in a bank

American English

British English

B2 (Upper-intermediate)

banker

noun

TQEFB27P

Language English

TQEFB27V

Language English

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