British English

pocket

pocket [noun] (BAG)

a small bag for carrying things in, made of cloth and sewn into the inside or onto the outside of a piece of clothing

US /ˈpɑː.kɪt/ 
UK /ˈpɒk.ɪt/ 
Example: 

He took some coins from/out of his pocket.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

pocket

 noun
the part of a piece of clothing that you can put things in:
I put the key in my pocket.

pick somebody's pocket to steal money from somebody's pocket or bag

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

pocket

I. pocket1 S2 W2 /ˈpɒkət, ˈpɒkɪt $ ˈpɑː-/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old North French; Origin: pokete, from poke 'bag']
1. IN CLOTHES a type of small bag in or on a coat, trousers etc that you can put money, keys etc in:
Luke came in with his hands in his pockets.
jacket/trouser etc pocket
The keys are in my trouser pocket.
pocket of
the inside pocket of his jacket
The policeman told me to turn out my pockets (=take everything out of them).
2. MONEY the amount of money that you have to spend:
There are eight hotels, with a price range to suit every pocket.
from/out of/into your own pocket
Dan had to pay for the repairs out of his own pocket.
He was accused of diverting some of the firm’s money into his own pocket.
The deepening recession has hit people’s pockets.
For investors with deep pockets (=a lot of money), the Berlin property market is attractive.
3. SMALL CONTAINER a small bag or piece of material fastened to something so that you can put things into it:
Please read the air safety card in the pocket of the seat in front.
4. SMALL AREA/AMOUNT a small area or amount of something that is different from what surrounds it
pocket of
In some parts, there are still pockets of violence and unrest.
pockets of air inside the hull of the ship
5. be in sb’s pocket to be controlled or strongly influenced by someone in authority, and willing to do whatever they want:
The judge was in the defense lawyer’s pocket.
6. have something in your pocket to be certain to win something such as a competition or an election:
The Democrats had the election in their pocket.
7. out of pocket especially British English informal if you are out of pocket, you have less money than you should have, especially as a result of making a mistake or being unlucky:
If he loses the deal, he’ll be badly out of pocket.
8. be/live in each other’s pockets British English informal if two people are in each other’s pockets, they are together too much
9.
GAME a small net on a ↑pool, ↑snooker, or ↑billiard table, which you try to hit balls into ⇨ ↑air pocket, ⇨ burn a hole in your pocket at ↑burn1(17), ⇨ line your own pockets at ↑line2(4), ⇨ pick sb’s pocket at ↑pick1(14)

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

pocket / ˈpɒk.ɪt /   / ˈpɑː.kɪt / noun [ C ] (BAG)

pocket

A2 a small bag for carrying things in, made of cloth and sewn into the inside or onto the outside of a piece of clothing:

a jacket/trouser/coat pocket

a hip/breast pocket

She thrust her hands deep in/into her pockets.

He took some coins from/out of his pocket.

B1 a container, usually made of cloth, that is sewn into or onto a bag or fixed to a seat or door in a vehicle:

Sarah put her maps in the outside pocket of her rucksack.

The safety instructions are in the pocket of the seat in front of you.

one of several holes around the edge of a billiard or snooker table, into which balls are hit C2 informal the amount of money that someone has for spending:

You need deep pockets (= a lot of money) if you're involved in a long law suit.

I paid for my ticket out of my own pocket (= with my own money) , but I can claim the cost of it back from my employer.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

pocket

[pɒ̱kɪt]
 ♦♦♦
 pockets, pocketing, pocketed

 1) N-COUNT: oft poss N, n N A pocket is a kind of small bag which forms part of a piece of clothing, and which is used for carrying small things such as money or a handkerchief.
  He took his flashlight from his jacket pocket and switched it on...
  The man stood with his hands in his pockets.
 2) N-COUNT You can use pocket in a lot of different ways to refer to money that people have, get, or spend. For example, if someone gives or pays a lot of money, you can say that they dig deep into their pocket. If you approve of something because it is very cheap to buy, you can say that it suits people's pockets.
  When you come to choosing a dining table, it really is worth digging deep into your pocket for the best you can afford.
  ...ladies' fashions to suit all shapes, sizes and pockets...
  You would be buying a piece of history as well as a boat, if you put your hand in your pocket for this one...
  We don't believe that they have the economic reforms in place which would justify putting huge sums of Western money into their pockets.
 3) ADJ: ADJ n You use pocket to describe something that is small enough to fit into a pocket, often something that is a smaller version of a larger item.
  ...a pocket calculator.
  ...my pocket edition of the Oxford English Dictionary.
 4) N-COUNT: usu N of n A pocket of something is a small area where something is happening, or a small area which has a particular quality, and which is different from the other areas around it.
  Trapped in a pocket of air, they had only 40 minutes before the tide flooded the chamber...
  The newly established government controls the bulk of the city apart from a few pockets of resistance.
 5) VERB If someone who is in possession of something valuable such as a sum of money pockets it, they steal it or take it for themselves, even though it does not belong to them.
  [V n] Dishonest importers would be able to pocket the VAT collected from customers.
 6) VERB If you say that someone pockets something such as a prize or sum of money, you mean that they win or obtain it, often without needing to make much effort or in a way that seems unfair. [JOURNALISM]
  [V n] He pocketed more money from this tournament than in his entire three years as a professional.
 7) VERB If someone pockets something, they put it in their pocket, for example because they want to steal it or hide it.
  [V n] Anthony snatched his letters and pocketed them...
  [V n] He pocketed a wallet containing ₤40 cash from the bedside of a dead man.
 8) PHRASE: V inflects If you say that some money is burning a hole in someone's pocket, you mean that they want to spend it as soon as possible.
  It's Saturday, you're down the high street and you've got a few quid burning a hole in your pocket.
 9) PHRASE: usu v-link PHR (disapproval) If you say that someone is in someone else's pocket, you disapprove of the fact that the first person is willing to do whatever the second person tells them, for example out of weakness or in return for money.
  The board of directors must surely have been in Johnstone's pocket.
 10) PHRASE: V inflects (disapproval) If you say that someone is lining their own or someone else's pockets, you disapprove of them because they are making money dishonestly or unfairly.
  It is estimated that 5,000 bank staff could be lining their own pockets from customer accounts.
  ...a government that ignores the needs of the majority in order to line the pockets of the favoured few.
 11) PHRASE: v-link PHR, PHR after v If you are out of pocket, you have less money than you should have or than you intended, for example because you have spent too much or because of a mistake.
 → See also out-of-pocket
  They were well out of pocket - they had spent far more in Hollywood than he had earned...
  Statements with errors could still be going out, but customers who notify us will not be left out of pocket.
 12) PHRASE: V and N inflect If someone picks your pocket, they steal something from your pocket, usually without you noticing.
  They were more in danger of having their pockets picked than being shot at.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

1pock·et /ˈpɑːkət/ noun, pl -ets [count]
1 : a usually small cloth bag that is sewn into a piece of clothing, a larger bag, etc., and that is open at the top or side so that you can put things into it
• He keeps his gloves in his coat pocket.
• She was standing there with her hands in her pockets.
• a hip/breast/shirt pocket
• I have a hole in my pocket.
• Her pocket was full of change/coins.
• The security guard asked us to empty our pockets. [=to take out everything in our pockets]
- see color picture 
2 : the amount of money that someone has available to spend
• We're looking for investors with pockets that are deep enough to pay for the project. [=investors with enough money to pay for the project]
• There are items in our store that suit every pocket. [=that everyone can afford to buy]
• The governor paid for the event out of his own pocket. [=with his own money rather than the state's money]
• The mayor diverted city funds into his own pockets. [=he took money that belonged to the city]
- see also deep pockets
3 : a small bag or container that is attached to something and used to hold things
• There are pockets on the back of each car seat.
• The tickets are in the zippered pocket on the front of the suitcase.
4 : a small area or group that is different from the larger area or group it is in or near - usually + of
• Military forces have encountered a few pockets of resistance.
5 pool and billiards : a bag or cup that you hit the ball into at the corner or side of a pool table or billiard table
• He knocked the ball into the corner/side pocket.
6 : air pocket
be/live in each other's pockets Brit informal : to be too close to someone or spend too much time with someone
in someone's pocket or in the pocket of someone disapproving : under someone's control or influence
• The judge in the case was in the senator's pocket. [=was controlled by the senator]
• researchers/scientists who are in the pocket of pharmaceutical companies
in your pocket informal
✦If you have something in your pocket, you are certain to win or get it.
• The interview went really well. I thought I had the job in my pocket.
• She knew that she had the game/match in her pocket. [=she knew she would win the game]
line your pockets
- see 3line
out of pocket chiefly Brit informal : having less money because of something that has happened
• The lawsuit has left company shareholders $30 million out of pocket.
- see also out-of-pocket
pick pockets
- see 1pick

nephew

nephew [noun]

a son of your sister or brother, or a son of the sister or brother of your husband or wife

US /ˈnef.juː/ 
UK /ˈnef.juː/ 
Example: 

I am planning a 25th birthday party for my nephew.

 

Oxford Essential Dictionary

nephew

 noun
the son of your brother or sister

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

nephew

nephew /ˈnefjuː, ˈnev- $ ˈnef-/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: neveu, from Latin nepos 'grandson, nephew']
the son of your brother or sister, or the son of your husband’s or wife’s brother or sister ⇨ niece, uncle, aunt
 

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

nephew

nephew [nephew nephews]   [ˈnefjuː]    [ˈnefjuː]    [ˈnevjuː]    [ˈnevjuː]  noun
the son of your brother or sister; the son of your husband's or wife's brother or sister
compare  niece  
Word Origin:

Middle English: from Old French neveu, from Latin nepos ‘grandson, nephew’, from an Indo-European root shared by Dutch neef and German Neffe.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

nephew / ˈnef.juː / / ˈnev- / noun [ C ]

B1 a son of your sister or brother, or a son of the sister or brother of your husband or wife

→  Compare niece

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

nephew

[ne̱fjuː, ne̱v-]
 nephews
 N-COUNT: oft poss N
 Someone's nephew is the son of their sister or brother.
  I am planning a 25th birthday party for my nephew.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

nephew

neph·ew /ˈnɛfju/ noun, pl -ews [count] : a son of your brother or sister - compare niece

niece

niece [noun]

a daughter of your brother or sister, or a daughter of your husband's or wife's brother or sister

US /niːs/ 
UK /niːs/ 
Example: 

If he's my uncle, then I'm his niece.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

niece

 noun
the daughter of your brother or sister Look at nephew.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

niece

niece /niːs/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin neptia 'granddaughter, niece']
the daughter of your brother or sister, or the daughter of your wife’s or husband’s brother or sister ⇨ nephew, aunt, uncle

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

niece

niece [niece nieces]   [niːs]    [niːs]  noun
the daughter of your brother or sister; the daughter of your husband's or wife's brother or sister
compare  nephew  
Word Origin:

Middle English: from Old French, based on Latin neptis ‘granddaughter’, feminine of nepos ‘nephew, grandson’, from an Indo-European root shared by Dutch nicht, German Nichte.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

niece / niːs / noun [ C ]

B1 a daughter of your brother or sister, or a daughter of your husband's or wife's brother or sister

→  Compare nephew

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

niece

[ni͟ːs]
 nieces
 N-COUNT: oft poss N
 Someone's niece is the daughter of their sister or brother.
  ...his niece from America, the daughter of his eldest sister.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

niece

niece /ˈniːs/ noun, pl niec·es [count] : a daughter of your brother or sister
• If he's my uncle, then I'm his niece.
- compare nephew

 

cousin

cousin [noun]

a child of a person's aunt or uncle, or, more generally, a distant (= not close) relation

US /ˈkʌz.ən/ 
UK /ˈkʌz.ən/ 
Example: 

My brother's wife and I both had babies around the same time, so the cousins are very close in age.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

cousin

 noun
the child of your aunt or uncle You use the same word for both male and female cousins.

 

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

cousin

cousin S2 /ˈkʌzən/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: cosin, from Latin consobrinus, from com- ( ⇨ COM-) + sobrinus 'cousin on the mother's side' (from soror 'sister')]
1. the child of your ↑uncle or ↑aunt ⇨ ↑first cousin, ↑kissing cousin, SECOND COUSIN
2. something that has the same origins as something else
cousin of/to
a drug that is a chemical cousin to amphetamines
close/distant cousin
The Alaskan brown bear is a close cousin of the grizzly bear.
3. someone or something that is similar to someone or something else:
His avant-garde music, sometime cousin to jazz, had limited appeal.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

cousin

cousin [cousin cousins]   [ˈkʌzn]    [ˈkʌzn]  noun
1. (also ˌfirst ˈcousin) a child of your aunt or uncle
She's my cousin.
We're cousins.

see also  country cousin, second cousin

2. a person who is in your wider family but who is not closely related to you

He's a distant cousin of mine.

3. usually plural a way of describing people from another country who are similar in some way to people in your own country

our American cousins

4. usually plural a way of describing things that are similar or related in some way
Asian elephants are smaller than their African cousins.
See also: first cousin  
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French cosin, from Latin consobrinus ‘mother's sister's child’, from con- ‘with’ + sobrinus ‘second cousin’ (from soror ‘sister’).  
Example Bank:
Completely out of the blue, she got a letter from her long-lost cousin in New York.
I have a new baby cousin.
She's my first cousin once removed.
These pigs are close cousins of the wild hog.

the popular idea that creativity and madness are kissing cousins

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

cousin / ˈkʌz. ə n / noun [ C ]

A2 ( also first cousin ) a child of a person's aunt or uncle, or, more generally, a distant (= not close) relation:

My brother's wife and I both had babies around the same time, so the cousins are very close in age.

Many of our distant cousins, whom we hadn't seen for years, came to my sister's wedding.

a member of a group of people with similar origins:

We Americans owe a great deal to our European cousins.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

cousin

[kʌ̱z(ə)n]
 ♦♦
 cousins

 1) N-COUNT: oft with poss Your cousin is the child of your uncle or aunt.
 → See also second cousin
  My cousin Mark helped me...
  We are cousins.
  Syn:
  first cousin
 2) N-COUNT If you refer to two things or groups of people as cousins, you mean that they are equivalents or that there is a connection between them.
 → See also country cousin
  Whereas West Germans drink wine, their Eastern cousins prefer Schnapps...
  The average European kitchen is smaller than its American cousin.
  ...misanthropy and its cousin racism.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

cousin

cous·in /ˈkʌzən/ noun, pl -ins [count]
1 a : a child of your uncle or aunt - called also first cousin,
- see also second cousin
b : a person who is related to you but not in a close or direct way
• Everyone came to the wedding, including a distant cousin no one had heard from in years.
- see also kissing cousin
2 : a person who is from another country but whose culture is similar to your own
• our English cousins
3 : something that is similar or related to something else
• The cricket is a cousin of the grasshopper.
• hurricanes and their cousins, typhoons

aunt

aunt [noun]

the sister of someone's father or mother, or the wife of someone's uncle or aunt

US /ænt/ 
UK /ɑːnt/ 
Example: 

I have an aunt in Australia.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

aunt

 noun (also informal) auntie, aunty )

pronunciation
The word aunt sounds like plant.

the sister of your mother or father, or the wife of your uncle:
Aunt Mary

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

aunt

aunt S3 W3 /ɑːnt $ ænt/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ante, from Latin amita]
the sister of your father or mother, or the wife of your father’s or mother’s brother:
Aunt Mary

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

aunt

aunt [aunt aunts]   [ɑːnt]    [ænt]  noun
1. the sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle
Aunt Alice

My aunt lives in Canada.

2. (informal) used by children, with a first name, to address a woman who is a friend of their parents
see also  agony aunt  
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French ante, from Latin amita.  
Example Bank:

Great Aunt Emily

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

aunt / ɑːnt /   / ænt / noun [ C ] ( informal auntie , aunty )

A2 the sister of someone's father or mother, or the wife of someone's uncle or aunt:

I have an aunt in Australia.

This is my Aunt Camille.

[ as form of address ] Do you want some tea, Aunt Alice?

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

aunt

[ɑ͟ːnt, æ̱nt]
 ♦♦
 aunts
 N-FAMILY; N-TITLE

 Someone's aunt is the sister of their mother or father, or the wife of their uncle.
 → See also agony aunt
  She wrote to her aunt in America...
  It was a present from Aunt Vera.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

aunt

aunt /ˈænt, ˈɑːnt/ noun, pl aunts [count] : the sister of your father or mother or the wife of your uncle
• He has three aunts and two uncles.
• This is my Aunt Mary.

uncle

uncle [noun]

the brother of someone's mother or father, or the husband of someone's aunt or uncle

US /ˈʌŋ.kəl/ 
UK /ˈʌŋ.kəl/ 
Example: 

I've got several uncles and aunts.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

uncle

 noun
the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt:
Uncle Paul

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

uncle

uncle S2 W3 /ˈʌŋkəl/ BrE AmE noun [countable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin avunculus 'mother's brother']
1. the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt ⇨ aunt:
I went to stay with my uncle and aunt for a few days.
Uncle Philip
I was very excited about becoming an uncle (=your sister or your brother’s wife has a child).
2. used by children, in front of a first name, to address or refer to a man who is a close friend of their parents
3. say uncle American English spoken used by children to tell someone to admit they have been defeated

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

uncle

uncle [uncle uncles]   [ˈʌŋkl]    [ˈʌŋkl]  noun
1. the brother of your mother or father; the husband of your aunt
Uncle Ian
I'm going to visit my uncle.

I've just become an uncle (= because your brother/sister has had a baby).

2. used by children, with a first name, to address a man who is a close friend of their parents
see Bob's your uncle at  Bob  
Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French oncle, from late Latin aunculus, alteration of Latin avunculus ‘maternal uncle’, diminutive of avus ‘grandfather’.  
Example Bank:
He looks so much like his late uncle.
The boss smiled at us all like a benevolent uncle.

the fortune left to her by her dead uncle

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary - 4th Edition
 

uncle / ˈʌŋ.kl̩ / noun [ C ]

A2 the brother of someone's mother or father, or the husband of someone's aunt or uncle:

I've got several uncles and aunts.

We invited my Uncle Steve round.

[ as form of address ] Did you bring me a present, Uncle Jack?

Indian English any male adult that you know who is older than you:

John Uncle

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

uncle

[ʌ̱ŋk(ə)l]
 ♦♦
 uncles
 N-FAMILY; N-TITLE

 Someone's uncle is the brother of their mother or father, or the husband of their aunt.
  My uncle was the mayor of Memphis...
  A telegram from Uncle Fred arrived...
  Uncle, pa wants to see you.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

uncle

un·cle /ˈʌŋkəl/ noun, pl un·cles
1 [count] : the brother of your father or mother or the husband of your aunt
• I have three uncles and two aunts.
• My Uncle David is visiting next week.
2 US informal
- used as a word that you say when you are being hurt in a fight to show that you admit being defeated and do not want to continue fighting
• He was forced to cry/say uncle. [=forced to surrender]
and Bob's your uncle
- see bob

happiness

happiness [noun]

the feeling of being happy

US /ˈhæp.i.nəs/ 
UK /ˈhæp.i.nəs/ 
Example: 

It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind

Oxford Essential Dictionary

happiness

 noun (no plural)
the feeling of being happy

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

happiness

happiness /ˈhæpinəs, ˈhæpinɪs/ BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
[Word Family: noun: ↑happiness ≠ ↑unhappiness; adverb: ↑happily ≠ ↑unhappily; adjective: ↑happy ≠ ↑unhappy]
the state of being happy:
Juliet’s eyes shone with happiness.
We want our children to have the best possible chance of happiness.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

happiness

hap·pi·ness [happiness happinesses]   [ˈhæpinəs]  ;   [ˈhæpinəs]  noun uncountable

to find true happiness

Her eyes shone with happiness.

Their grandchildren are a constant source of happiness.

Main entry: happyderived

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

happiness / ˈhæp.i.nəs / noun [ U ]

B1 the feeling of being happy:

It was only later in life that she found happiness and peace of mind.

formal Will you join me in wishing the bride and groom every happiness?

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

happiness

hap·pi·ness /ˈhæpinəs/ noun, pl -ness·es
1 [noncount] : the state of being happy : joy
• They made a toast to long life and happiness.
• They found happiness together.
2 [count] somewhat formal : an experience that makes you happy
• I wish them every happiness. [=I hope that they will be very happy

treat

treat [verb] (DEAL WITH)

to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way

US /triːt/ 
UK /triːt/ 
Example: 

He treated his wife very badly.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

 verb (treats, treating, treated)

1 to behave in a certain way towards somebody or something:
How does your boss treat you?
Treat these glasses with care.

2 to think about something in a certain way:
They treated my idea as a joke.

3 to try to make a sick person well again:
Several people are being treated for burns.

4 to give yourself or another person something special or enjoyable:
I treated the children to an ice cream.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

treat

I. treat1 S2 W1 /triːt/ BrE AmE verb [transitive]
[Word Family: noun: ↑treat, ↑treatment, ↑mistreatment; verb: ↑treat, ↑mistreat; adjective: ↑untreated, ↑treatable]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: traitier, from Latin tractare; ⇨ ↑tractable]
1. BEHAVE TOWARDS SOMEBODY/SOMETHING [always + adverb/preposition] to behave towards someone or something in a particular way ⇨ treatment
treat somebody like/as something
She treats me like one of the family.
Penny doesn’t think her co-workers treat her as an equal.
He treated his automobiles almost as tenderly as he did his wife.
badly treated/well treated
The prisoners were well treated by their guards.
treat somebody with respect/contempt/courtesy etc
Despite her seniority, Margot was never treated with much respect.
treat somebody like dirt/a dog (=treat someone unkindly and without respect)
I don’t know why he stays with her – she treats him like dirt.
2. DEAL WITH SOMETHING [always + adverb/preposition] to deal with, regard, or consider something in a particular way ⇨ treatment
treat something as something
Please treat this information as completely confidential.
She treats everything I say as a joke.
treat something favourably/seriously/carefully etc
Any complaint about safety standards must be treated very seriously.
3. ILLNESS/INJURY to try to cure an illness or injury by using drugs, hospital care, operations etc ⇨ treatment:
It was difficult to treat patients because of a shortage of medicine.
treat somebody/something with something
Nowadays, malaria can be treated with drugs.
4. BUY SOMETHING FOR SOMEBODY to buy or do something special for someone that you know they will enjoy
treat somebody to something
We treated Mom to lunch at the Savoy.
I treated myself to a new dress.
5. PROTECT/CLEAN to put a special substance on something or use a chemical process in order to protect, clean, or preserve it ⇨ treatment:
sewage treated so that it can be used as fertilizer
⇨ ↑trick or treat
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
■ adverbs
well The majority of workers are well treated.
badly Why did he treat me so badly?
fairly/unfairly I just want to be treated fairly.
equally All people should be treated equally, whatever their age.
differently Should girls be treated differently from boys in school?
harshly The guards treated the prisoners harshly.
kindly The world had not treated him kindly.
■ phrases
treat somebody with respect/contempt/suspicion etc When you treat the kids with respect, they act responsibly.
treat somebody like dirt informal (=very badly and with no respect) He treated this wife like dirt.
• • •
THESAURUS
behave to do and say things that are good, bad, normal, strange etc: His teacher said he’d been behaving badly at school. | I’m not going to talk to her until she starts behaving reasonably. | Oh, be quiet! You’re behaving like a two-year-old.
act to behave in a particular way, especially in a way that seems unusual, surprising, or annoying to other people: Tina’s been acting very strangely lately. | What makes grown people act like that?
treat to behave towards someone or deal with someone in a particular way: She said that he’d treated her really badly throughout their two-year marriage. | I’m sick of my parents treating me like a child.
conform to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave: Young people sometimes want to rebel and therefore they refuse to conform. | Society typically brings pressure on individuals and groups to conform to civilised norms.
conduct yourself formal to behave in a particular way, especially in a situation where people will notice and judge the way you behave: Public figures have a duty to conduct themselves responsibly, even in their private lives. | By the end of the course, you should be able to conduct yourself with confidence in any meeting.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

treat

▪ I. treat [treat treats treated treating] verb, noun   [triːt]    [triːt] 

 

verb  

 

BEHAVE TOWARDS SB/STH
1. to behave in a particular way towards sb/sth
~ sb/sth (with sth) to treat people with respect/consideration/suspicion, etc.
Treat your keyboard with care and it should last for years.
~ sb/sth like sth My parents still treat me like a child.

~ sb/sth as sth) He was treated as a hero on his release from prison.  

 

CONSIDER

2. ~ sth as sth to consider sth in a particular way
• I decided to treat his remark as a joke.

• All cases involving children are treated as urgent.

3. ~ sth + adv./prep. to deal with or discuss sth in a particular way

• The question is treated in more detail in the next chapter.  

 

ILLNESS/INJURY

4. ~ sb (for sth) (with sth) to give medical care or attention to a person, an illness, an injury, etc
She was treated for sunstroke.
• The condition is usually treated with drugs and a strict diet.

• The hospital treated forty cases of malaria last year.  

 

USE CHEMICAL

5. ~ sth (with sth) to use a chemical substance or process to clean, protect, preserve, etc. sth
• to treat crops with insecticide

• wood treated with preservative  

 

PAY FOR STH ENJOYABLE

6. ~ sb/yourself (to sth) to pay for sth that sb/you will enjoy and that you do not usually have or do
She treated him to lunch.
Don't worry about the cost— I'll treat you.
I'm going to treat myself to a new pair of shoes.
Verb forms:

 
Word Origin:
Middle English (in the senses ‘negotiate’ and ‘discuss a subject’): from Old French traitier, from Latin tractare ‘handle’, frequentative of trahere ‘draw, pull’. The current noun sense dates from the mid 17th cent.  
Collocations:
Injuries
Being injured
have a fall/an injury
receive/suffer/sustain a serious injury/a hairline fracture/(especially BrE) whiplash/a gunshot wound
hurt/injure your ankle/back/leg
damage the brain/an ankle ligament/your liver/the optic nerve/the skin
pull/strain/tear a hamstring/ligament/muscle/tendon
sprain/twist your ankle/wrist
break a bone/your collarbone/your leg/three ribs
fracture/crack your skull
break/chip/knock out/lose a tooth
burst/perforate your eardrum
dislocate your finger/hip/jaw/shoulder
bruise/cut/graze your arm/knee/shoulder
burn/scald yourself/your tongue
bang/bump/hit/ (informal) bash your elbow/head/knee (on/against sth)
Treating injuries
treat sb for burns/a head injury/a stab wound
examine/clean/dress/bandage/treat a bullet wound
repair a damaged/torn ligament/tendon/cartilage
amputate/cut off an arm/a finger/a foot/a leg/a limb
put on/ (formal) apply/take off (especially NAmE) a Band-Aid™/(BrE) a plaster/a bandage
need/require/put in/ (especially BrE) have (out)/ (NAmE) get (out) stitches
put on/rub on/ (formal) apply cream/ointment/lotion
have/receive/undergo (BrE) physiotherapy/(NAmE) physical therapy 
Example Bank:
Chemically treated hair can become dry and brittle.
Don't treat me like a child!
He is guilty and should be treated accordingly.
He treated the idea with suspicion.
Parents still tend to treat boys differently from girls.
She was treated for cuts and bruises.
The drug is effective at treating depression.
The timber has been treated with chemicals to preserve it.
These allegations are being treated very seriously indeed.
They deserve to be treated with patience and respect.
They treat their animals quite badly.
We can treat this condition quite successfully with antibiotics.
You need to treat this wood for woodworm.
the tendency to treat older people as helpless and dependent
Remember that chemically treated hair is delicate.
The crops are treated with insecticide.
The wood panels will become brittle if not treated with preservative.
Water is discharged from the sewage works after being treated.
You should treat people with more respect.
Idiom: treat somebody like dirt
Derived Word: treatable

Derived: treat somebody to something

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

treat / triːt / verb [ T usually + adv/prep ] (DEAL WITH)

B2 to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way:

My parents treated us all the same when we were kids.

He treated his wife very badly.

It's wrong to treat animals as if they had no feelings.

I treat remarks like that with the contempt that they deserve.

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

treat

[tri͟ːt]
 ♦♦
 treats, treating, treated

 1) VERB If you treat someone or something in a particular way, you behave towards them or deal with them in that way.
  [V n with n] Artie treated most women with indifference...
  [V n as/like n] Police say they're treating it as a case of attempted murder...
  [V n adv] She adored Paddy but he didn't treat her well...
  [V n adv] The issues should be treated separately.
 2) VERB When a doctor or nurse treats a patient or an illness, he or she tries to make the patient well again.
  [V n with n] Doctors treated her with aspirin...
  [V n for n] The boy was treated for a minor head wound...
  [V n] An experienced nurse treats all minor injuries.
 3) VERB If something is treated with a particular substance, the substance is put onto or into it in order to clean it, to protect it, or to give it special properties.
  [be V-ed with n] About 70% of the cocoa acreage is treated with insecticide...
  [V n] It was many years before the city began to treat its sewage.
 4) VERB If you treat someone to something special which they will enjoy, you buy it or arrange it for them.
  [V n to n] She was always treating him to ice cream...
  [V pron-refl to n] Tomorrow I'll treat myself to a day's gardening...
  [V pron-refl] If you want to treat yourself, the Malta Hilton offers high international standards. [Also V n]
 5) N-COUNT If you give someone a treat, you buy or arrange something special for them which they will enjoy.
  Lettie had never yet failed to return from town without some special treat for him.
 6) N-SING: poss N If you say that something is your treat, you mean that you are paying for it as a treat for someone else. [SPOKEN]
 7) PHRASE: PHR after v If you say, for example, that something looks or works a treat, you mean that it looks very good or works very well. [BRIT, INFORMAL]
 to treat someone like dirtsee dirt
  The first part of the plan works a treat...
  The apricots would go down a treat.

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

1treat /ˈtriːt/ verb treats; treat·ed; treat·ing
1 always followed by an adverb or preposition [+ obj] : to deal with or think about (something) especially in a particular way
• The author treats this issue in the next chapter.
• You should treat [=consider, regard] this information as top secret.
• He treats [=regards] everything I say as a joke.
• This situation must be treated with great care.
2 always followed by an adverb or preposition [+ obj] : to think of and act toward (someone or something) in a specified way
• I try to treat everyone equally.
• She treats the horse cruelly.
• They treated me like a member of their family.
• I was treated like a queen/criminal.
• My parents still treat me like a child.
• Try to treat everyone as an equal.
• Young people should always treat their elders with respect.
• He treated me like dirt. [=he was very rude, disrespectful, or unkind to me]
3 a : to pay for someone's food, drink, or entertainment

[no obj]

• Let's go out to dinner. I'll treat.

[+ obj]

- usually + to
• They treated us to lunch.
b [+ obj] : to provide (someone) with something pleasant or amusing - + to
• At the end of the concert, the band treated their fans to a new song.
- often used as (be) treated
• The people on the tour were treated to a rare glimpse of the bird. [=the people on the tour had the rare and enjoyable experience of seeing the bird]
c [+ obj] : to buy or get something special and enjoyable for (yourself) - + to
• He treated himself to some ice cream.
• She treated herself to a massage.
4 [+ obj]
a : to give medical care to (a person or animal)
• Doctors immediately treated the patient.
• She was treated for dehydration.
b : to deal with (a disease, infection, etc.) in order to make someone feel better or become healthy again
• She is taking medication to treat the condition.
• The infection can be treated with antibiotics.
5 [+ obj] : to put a chemical or other substance on or in (something) in order to protect it, preserve it, clean it, etc. - often + with
• He treated the wood with a waterproof sealant.
- often used as (be) treated
• The crops were treated with a pesticide.
• Has the water been treated?

rhythm and blues

rhythm and blues [noun]

a type of popular music of the 1940s and 1950s

US /ˌrɪð.əm ən ˈbluːz/ 
UK /ˌrɪð.əm ən ˈbluːz/ 

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

rhythm and blues

ˌrhythm and ˈblues BrE AmE noun [uncountable]
↑R & B (=a type of popular music)

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

rhythm and blues

ˌrhythm and ˈblues [rhythm and blues]       noun uncountable (abbr. R & B)
a type of music that is a mixture of blues and jazz and has a strong rhythm 
Culture:

Rhythm and blues was developed in the 1950s and 1960s and played especially by African Americans. Leading R and B stars included ‘Muddy’ Waters, Joe Turner, B B King and ‘Fats’ Domino.

 

 

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

ˌ rhythm and ˈ blues noun [ U ] ( also R & B )

a type of popular music of the 1940s and 1950s

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

rhythm and blues

 N-UNCOUNT
 Rhythm and blues is a style of popular music developed in the 1940's from blues music, but using electrically amplified instruments. The abbreviation R & B is also used

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

rhythm and blues

rhythm and blues noun [noncount] : a type of popular music performed by African-Americans that was developed originally by combining elements of blues and jazz - abbr. R & B;

appearance

appearance [noun] (WAY YOU LOOK)

the way a person or thing looks to other people

US /əˈpɪr.əns/ 
UK /əˈpɪə.rəns/ 
Example: 

There was nothing unusual about/in her physical appearance.

Oxford Essential Dictionary

appearance

 noun

1 the way that somebody or something looks or seems:
A new hairstyle can completely change your appearance.

2 the coming of somebody or something; when somebody or something is seen:
Jane's appearance at the party surprised everybody.
Is this your first appearance on television?

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

appearance

appearance W2 /əˈpɪərəns $ əˈpɪr-/ BrE AmE noun
[Word Family: verb: ↑appear ≠ ↑disappear, ↑reappear; noun: ↑appearance ≠ ↑disappearance, ↑reappearance]
1. WAY SOMEBODY/SOMETHING LOOKS [uncountable and countable] the way someone or something looks to other people:
He was always criticising his wife’s appearance.
appearance of
They’ve changed the appearance of the whole building.
We are often attracted to somebody first by their physical appearance.
Women, in general, tend to be more concerned than men about their personal appearance.
She had an outward appearance of calm, but deep down she was really worried.
The metal posts spoiled the appearance of the garden.
A garnish helps to enhance the appearance of any dish.
She’s the kind of woman who takes pride in her appearance.
You shouldn’t judge by appearances.
They work hard at school without giving the appearance of being particularly hard-working.
The case had all the appearances of a straightforward murder.
The pupils looked angelic – but appearances can be deceptive.
He was, to all appearances, a respectable, successful businessman.
2. SOMEBODY TAKES PART IN A PUBLIC EVENT [countable] when a famous person takes part in a film, concert, or other public event:
It was his first public appearance since the election.
He made his last appearance for the club in the Cup Final.
appearance money/fee (=money paid to a famous person to attend an event)
3. SOMETHING NEW STARTS TO EXIST [singular] when something new begins to exist or starts being used
appearance of
The industry has changed greatly with the appearance of new technologies.
the appearance of buds on the trees
4. ARRIVAL [countable usually singular] the unexpected or sudden arrival of someone or something
appearance of
Eileen was deep in concentration, and the sudden appearance of her daughter startled her.
5. keep up appearances to dress and behave in the way in which people expect you to, especially to hide your true situation:
She just wanted to keep up appearances for the kids.
6. for appearances’ sake/for the sake of appearances if you do something for appearances’ sake, you are trying to behave how people expect you to, especially to hide your true situation or feelings
7. put in an appearance/make an appearance to go to an event for a short time, because you think you should rather than because you want to:
At least Marc managed to put in an appearance at the party.
8. AT A LAW COURT/MEETING [countable] an occasion when someone goes to a court of law or official meeting to give information, answer questions etc:
He is due to make another court appearance on Monday.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

appearance / əˈpɪə.rəns /   / -ˈpɪr. ə ns / noun (WAY YOU LOOK)

B1 [ C or U ] the way a person or thing looks to other people:

a middle-aged man of smart appearance

You can alter/change the whole appearance of a room just by lighting it in a certain way.

There was nothing unusual about/in her physical appearance.

The large car outside the house gave the appearance of wealth (= suggested wealthy people lived there) .

Appearances can be deceptive.

to/from all appearances judging from what can be seen:

To all appearances their marriage is fine, but I think she gives him a bad time in private.

Word partners for appearance (BEING PRESENT)

a brief / fleeting / sudden appearance • a rare / recent / regular appearance • sb's farewell / final / first appearance • a personal / public appearance • make / put in an appearance • sb's appearance as sth • sb's appearance in sth

Word partners for appearance (WAY YOU LOOK)

the external / outward appearance • sb's personal / physical appearance • a dishevelled / scruffy / unkempt appearance • a striking appearance • improve your/sth's appearance

 

Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary

appearance

[əpɪ͟ərəns]
 ♦♦
 appearances

 1) N-COUNT: usu with supp, oft supp N When someone makes an appearance at a public event or in a broadcast, they take part in it.
  It was the president's second public appearance to date...
  Keegan made 68 appearances in two seasons for Southampton, scoring 37 times.
 2) N-SING: with supp Someone's or something's appearance is the way that they look.
  She used to be so fussy about her appearance...
  He had the appearance of a college student...
  A flat-roofed extension will add nothing to the value or appearance of the house.
 3) N-SING: with supp, oft N of n The appearance of someone or something in a place is their arrival there, especially when it is unexpected.
  The sudden appearance of a few bags of rice could start a riot.
  ...last Christmas, when there'd been the welcome appearance of Cousin Fred.
 4) N-SING: with supp, oft N of n The appearance of something new is its coming into existence or use.
  Flowering plants were making their first appearance, but were still a rarity...
  Fears are growing of a cholera outbreak following the appearance of a number of cases in the city.
 5) N-SING: with supp If something has the appearance of a quality, it seems to have that quality.
  We tried to meet both children's needs without the appearance of favoritism or unfairness...
  The US president risked giving the appearance that the US was taking sides.
 6) PHRASE: PHR with cl/group If something is true to all appearances, from all appearances, or by all appearances, it seems from what you observe or know about it that it is true.
  He was a small and to all appearances an unassuming man.
 7) PHRASE: V inflects If you keep up appearances, you try to behave and dress in a way that people expect of you, even if you can no longer afford it.
  His parents' obsession with keeping up appearances haunted his childhood.
 8) PHRASE: V inflects If you put in an appearance at an event, you go to it for a short time although you may not really want to, but do not stay.
  You must put in an appearance, at least, or she'll think you're avoiding her.
  Syn:
  show your face

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary

Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Dictionary: 

appearance

ap·pear·ance /əˈpirəns/ noun, pl -anc·es
1 somewhat formal : the way that someone or something looks

[count]

• The room has a neat/fresh/clean appearance. [=look]
• The general appearance of the house is quite good.
• The museum restored the painting to its original appearance.
• lotions that improve your skin's appearance and texture
• It minimizes the appearance of wrinkles. [=it makes wrinkles more difficult to see]
• You shouldn't judge a man by his appearance.
• Have you noticed any changes in her appearance?
• He's very proud of his physical appearance. [=the way he looks]

[noncount]

• He is still very youthful in appearance. [=he still looks very young]
• They are very similar in appearance. [=they look the same]
2 [count] : a way of looking that is not true or real
• He appears to be happy, but appearances can be deceptive/deceiving.
• Their expensive home created a false appearance of success and happiness.
• The furniture has the appearance of being made by hand. [=the furniture was not made by hand but it looks/appears as if it was]
Despite appearances, her company is very successful. = Appearances to the contrary, her company is very successful. [=her company is very successful even though it does not appear to be]
• She is only attending the banquet for the sake of appearances. [=because people think that she should attend]
• He was, to/by all (outward) appearances, a happily married man. [=he seemed to be a happily married man, but he wasn't]
• Their meetings tend to take on the appearance of [=to look like] family gatherings.
• His white beard gave him the appearance of an old man. [=made him look like an old man]
• The playground gives every appearance of being a safe place for children [=the playground appears to be a safe place for children], but a tragic accident occurred there recently.
3 [count] : the action of appearing : the fact that something or someone arrives or begins to be seen - usually singular
• The appearance of buds on the trees tells us that spring has arrived.
• We were surprised by the appearance of smoke in the distance.
• I wasn't expecting him to come and was surprised by his sudden appearance. [=I was surprised when he suddenly appeared/arrived]
4 [count] : the time when something begins to exist or is seen for the first time - usually singular
• The appearance [=creation] of the Internet has changed our culture in many ways.
• The technology made its first appearance [=appeared for the first time] in the early 1980s.
• Before the appearance of the telephone, people sent messages by telegraph.
5 [count] : an act of being seen or heard by the public as an actor, politician, athlete, etc.
• He has announced that this will be his final/last appearance with the band. [=the last time that he will perform in public with the band]
• This is her first appearance [=the first time that she has competed] at/in the national championships.
- often used with make
• She is making her first appearance at/in the national championships.
• Tonight, he is making his first public appearance since winning the award.
• He'll be making a special guest appearance [=performing as a guest] on the popular television show next fall.
6 [count] : the formal act of going in front of a person or group to speak, answer questions, etc.
• One man has been convicted of the crime, and two others are awaiting court appearances. [=waiting to go to court]
- often + before
• He is awaiting his appearance before a judge.
• She made an appearance before Congress last year.
keep up appearances : to hide something bad by pretending that nothing is wrong
• Although they were getting a divorce, my parents thought it was important to keep up appearances.
make an appearance or put in an appearance : to go to an event, gathering, etc., usually for a short period of time
• The candidate made an appearance at the rally.
• The governor put in an appearance at the party

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